searc   e      er     tra  

               A Research Institute of the University of Central Florida

FLORIDA SOLAR ENERGY CENTER — A Re h Institut of the Univ sity of Cen l Florida

          searc   e      er     tra  

               

            

                

     

   

Heat Pump Water Heater Performance in Laboratory House

Building America Technical Update 2013

ACI National Home Performance Conference April 29‐ 30 , 2013

Carlos J. Colon carlos@fsec.ucf.edu

A Research Institute of the University of Central Florida

FLORIDA SOLAR ENERGY CENTER — A Re h Institut of the Univ sity of Cen l Florida

                       FLORIDA SOLAR ENERGY CENTER — A Research Institute of the University of Central Florida

                       

              

         

Hot Water Systems (HWS) Laboratory FSEC Grounds, Florida (east coast)

2009 –Present (Currently fourth testing rotation)

FLORIDA SOLAR ENERGY CENTER — A Research Institute of the University of Central Florida

4

                       

          

         

    

   

  

 

Hot Water Systems (HWS) Laboratory One‐Year Testing Rotation

Single element 50 Gal. Tank

HPWH

Solar Thermal Systems

Tankless Nat. Gas

80 Gal. 80 Gal.

FLORIDA SOLAR ENERGY CENTER — A Research Institute of the University of Central Florida

5

2010 – 2011 Testing Rotation (Phase II)

                       

                             

                

  

 

  

  

HWS Lab Testing Conditions, Cocoa, FL • 120 F Thermostat Setting

• Draws @1.5 gpm flowrate

• Real mains inlet water and ambient temperature

• Hot water draw schedules

Inlet W

ater

Weighted Av

g. (F

) 85

75

65

55

2009

2010

2011

– ASHRAE (64.3 gpd) Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May Jun Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov Dec

FLORIDA SOLAR ENERGY CENTER — A Research Institute of the University of Central Florida

– NREL/BA (varies magnitude monthly)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

Hot

water

gallons

NREL/BA May

ASH 90.2

0 50 100

JanuaryFebruaryMarch AprilMayJune July

AugustSeptember

October November December

6

                       

                

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

   

 

Performance History of Electric‐based Water Heaters at Laboratory (Cocoa, FL)

FLORIDA SOLAR ENERGY CENTER — A Research Institute of the University of Central Florida

7

7.61

7.3

7

4.9

3.32

3.03

2.75

1.9

1.7

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

E‐50

E‐50 Cap/Ins

Tankless E

ICS+ 50 gal

Sdiff/AC Pump

Sdiff/PV Pump

HPWH

Sol+Ret HPWH

ICS+Int HPWH

kilowatt‐hours / day

Electric Reduction

75%

60%

64%

56%

8%

kWh/day

36%

4%

78%

Baseline

                       

                

  

 

         

Ambien

t Air Tempe

rature

(F)

100

95

90

85

80

75

70

How’s your Garage Temperatures? …Probably not quite as Hot as Florida

August 29 ‐ Sep 5 2012 – Brevard(east) FL

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Lab

OutT

garage

Hours

FLORIDA SOLAR ENERGY CENTER — A Research Institute of the University of Central Florida

8

                       

                    

 

   

   

     

   

     

Averaged 1‐Year Performance of Water Heaters and HPWH in Laboratory (Cocoa, FL)

FLORIDA SOLAR ENERGY CENTER — A Research Institute of the University of Central Florida

9

0.85

0.56

0.71

2.27

0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00

Daily efficiencies (COP)

Heat Pump WH

Nat Gas Tankless

Nat Gas 40 Gal.

50 Gal. Electric

[2.35]

[0.83]

[0.91]

[0.59]

Annual Performance Published Energy Factor

                       

            

 

 

  

50 gal. HPWH Efficiency by Draw Pattern

FLORIDA SOLAR ENERGY CENTER — A Research Institute of the University of Central Florida

10

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

Jun Aug Oct Dec Feb Apr Jun Aug

COP Efficiency

Ash 90.2

NREL/BA

Lab Temp

68.5 ⁰F Dip

2010 2011

58.2 ⁰F Dip

                       

            

  

        

Heat Pump Water Heater Condensate Moisture Removal (Florida)

Average 3.2 pints per day

0 0.5 1

1.5 2

2.5 3

3.5 4

4.5 5

Jul‐…

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov Dec

Jan

Feb

Mar Apr…

May Jun Jul

Aug

Pints o

f Water/ da

y

FLORIDA SOLAR ENERGY CENTER — A Research Institute of the University of Central Florida

11

                       

              

                      

HPWH Average Daily Electricity Southern U.S. Region Examples

Atlanta Orlando 8 8

7 Living

7

6 6

5ay

Garage 5

4

kwh/d 4

3 Basemnt 3

2 2

1 1

0 0

* Simulations Performed using BEopt 2.0 Two‐story home 1500 ft2, 130 F setting

3.80 4.38 4.11

2.54 2.50

FLORIDA SOLAR ENERGY CENTER — A Research Institute of the University of Central Florida

12

                       

          

                    

HPWH Average Daily Electricity Denver – Colder Climate

* Simulations Performed using Beopt 2.0 : Two‐story home 1500 ft2 / Basement

5.40

6.95 6.18

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

kWh/day Living

Garage

Basemnt

FLORIDA SOLAR ENERGY CENTER — A Research Institute of the University of Central Florida

13

                       

        

                                

             

Baseline Gas and Electric HPWH

Baseline Natural Gas Annual Consumption HPWH Electric Annual Consumption

144

211

181 Orlando

Atlanta

Denver

928

1385

1971

0 50 100 150 200 250 0 500 1000 1500 2000

Therms/yr. kWh/yr.

*As reported in Beopt 2.0 simulations for 1500 ft2 3‐BedRm two‐story home Water heating systems simulated in Living Conditioned space.

FLORIDA SOLAR ENERGY CENTER — A Research Institute of the University of Central Florida

14

                       

           

           

50 Gal. Heat Pump Water Heater Efficiency

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4 CO

P

40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Average Daily HWS Lab Interior Temperature (F)

FLORIDA SOLAR ENERGY CENTER — A Research Institute of the University of Central Florida

15

                       

       

         

Heat Pump Water Power Consumption

HPWH Rated: 700W Measured Compressor Mode Averaged : 530W

52 ⁰F

FLORIDA SOLAR ENERGY CENTER — A Research Institute of the University of Central Florida

16

                       

               

                  

 

 

           

Standard Electric vs HPWH (50 gal.) Daily Outlet Temperatures Compared (2010‐2011)

FLORIDA SOLAR ENERGY CENTER — A Research Institute of the University of Central Florida

Indicates shortage of capacity due to slow recovery of Heat Pump

ASHRAE Draws

NREL/BA Draws

* Temperatures are weighted averaged by volume

17

                       

     

                 

                

                    

              

            

          

HPWH Recovery &Laboratory Facts

• FSEC Lab Florida Summer • Northern Climate Lab 67 ⁰F ambient air& 58 ⁰F Inlet water June 21, 2010: – Compressor took 6+ hours Ambient 85 ⁰F , 58% RH to heat tank to 135 ⁰F• Cold Fill (85⁰F inlet )HPWH Start

– Compressor operated 2hrs‐15 min. to heat tank (45.5 gal) to 120⁰F

– Cold air discharge 67.5⁰F (17.5 ∆t cooling)

Typical Cooling: 3000 – 4500 Btu/hr. SHR = 0.87

FLORIDA SOLAR ENERGY CENTER — A Research Institute of the University of Central Florida

18

                       

        

      

        

            

Lessons learned from Multi‐Family Housing Installations

Transfer Grills facing kitchen Service Door common HPWH in confined small and laundry exterior hallway volume closet (<100 ft3)

FLORIDA SOLAR ENERGY CENTER — A Research Institute of the University of Central Florida

19

                       

      

             

                    

               

                 

                                   

      

     

HPWH Survey Response Five Multi‐Family Complexes

• 720 HPWH Units installed in Multi‐family homes throughout Florida

• All 5 Multi‐family complexes

• Condensate Issues both at unit overflow and drainage

• One case reported having turn space heat ON because

change to electric‐heat mode

reported tenant complaints of cold air by HPWH mainly Fan noise

• Some complaints of insufficient hot water

Other : Quarterly • One tenant requested to maintenance for air Filter, Drainage check

• Few ask higher T’stat set

FLORIDA SOLAR ENERGY CENTER — A Research Institute of the University of Central Florida

+5 deg (125 ⁰F)

20

                       

              

                          

Laboratory Testing to Re‐create Field installations in confined space

Manufacturer Spec : Variable (170 – 100 cfm) Lab Measured (post 20 gal draw) : 130 cfm

FLORIDA SOLAR ENERGY CENTER — A Research Institute of the University of Central Florida

21

                       

            

 

    

 

     

Confined HPWH in less than optimal Volume Space

80 1

0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24

Closet

Tem

perature

(F)

or R

H(%

) 0.975 0.8

70 RH0.7

65 0.6

Cond

ense

(Pint)

Closet T

Cond.

60 0.5

0.455 0.3

50 0.2

45 0.1

040

15 min. Data Interval

Pints

FLORIDA SOLAR ENERGY CENTER — A Research Institute of the University of Central Florida

22

                       

        

HPWH Confined in Closet Performance analysis

Days Avg. kWh/day

Avg. COP

Avg. Inlet (F)

Avg. Outlet (F)

HPWH in conditioned lab

HPWH in conditioned + confined space (92.5 ft3)

6

7

2.050

2.342

2.64

2.30

74.78

74.21

118.47

117.49

Percent increase of electric use

Percent COP reduction

Average outlet temperature reduction

14.27%

12.78%

0.98F

0.292 Volume Draw

50 gal./day

FLORIDA SOLAR ENERGY CENTER — A Research Institute of the University of Central Florida

23

                       

       

        

    

              

    

               

   Heat Pump Water Heater Airflow

From Manufacturer Specs: • GE GeoSpring : Variable*

175 to 100 cfm

• Rheem HP50: 100 cfm

• AO Smith HPT‐80: 475 cfm

•Airtap 66: 300 cfm

*Laboratory measurement after 15 Gallon draw : 132 cfm

FLORIDA SOLAR ENERGY CENTER — A Research Institute of the University of Central Florida

24

                       

   

               

          

    

HPWH Air Ducting

FLORIDA SOLAR ENERGY CENTER — A Research Institute of the University of Central Florida

25

*AO Smith literature: Not to exceed 10 ft. total

Air Generate provides for easier standard Connections on Intake and Supply

                       

            

       

   

  

               

       

Average Hou

rly Site

Ene

rgy

Dem

and (kBtu/hr.)

Site and Source Demand From Florida Lab Results Perspective

Derived from Family‐realistic draw schedule

Site Energy Demand Source Energy Demand 20 20

18 18

16 16

14

12 12SPV 10 10SDiff 8 8E50 6 6ICS50 4 4Tnkless 2 2NG 0 0

NG40

HPWH 14

0 4 8 12 16 20 24 0 4 8 12 16 20

Multiplier Factors: Me = 3.365 , Mg = 1.092

FLORIDA SOLAR ENERGY CENTER — A Research Institute of the University of Central Florida

26

24

                       

                                                   

     

         

              

              

                 

HPWH Improvements • Larger storage tanks:

True 55 – 65 gals. Capacity

• Quiet Fan

– Will ducting help with fan Noise?

• Larger Compressor ?

• Design improvements for easy attachment of air ducts

• Easy access to maintenance: condense drain, filter.

• Real time clock (RTC) Timer –

“However, switching devices which cut power from 240V to 0V on a periodic basis are acceptable”‐‐ HPWH Manual

• Software – Compressor to start operation sooner following recovery with electric resistance

FLORIDA SOLAR ENERGY CENTER — A Research Institute of the University of Central Florida

27

                       

         

                

                

               

               

                        

          

Summary • HPWH installation:

Consider Building locationvery important.

• Proper Condensate drain • When ducting air, intake

from garage notrecommended

• Generally compressoroperation is limited withambient temperaturesbelow 50 ⁰F.

• HPWH is ideal for southern U.S. region

• Results from simulations vary by location, may beslightly conservative

• HPWH best technologyfor water heating in an allelectric home

• HPWH can demand the minimum source energybut only under favorable(southern) conditions.

FLORIDA SOLAR ENERGY CENTER — A Research Institute of the University of Central Florida

28

                       

                    

                      

                  

                                  

                                 

                                  

HPWH Reports/References Laboratory Performance Evaluation of Residential Integrated Heat Pump Water Heaters B. Sparn, K. Hudon, and D. Christensen Technical Report NREL/TP‐5500‐52635 Sep. 2011

GE Heat Pump Water Heater Report January 7, 2011 Advanced Energy.

Interim Report and Preliminary Assessment of GE GeoSpring Heat Pump Water Heater 12 July 2011 Prepared by Ecotope Inc for Boneville Power authority

Side by side Testing of Water Heating Systems: Results from the 2010‐2011 Evaluation C. Colon FSEC , July 2012

NEEA Report: Laboratory Assessment of General Electric GeoSpringTM Hybrid Heat Pump Water Heater, B.Larson and M.Logsdon, Ecotope, Inc. , Sep 2012

FLORIDA SOLAR ENERGY CENTER — A Research Institute of the University of Central Florida

29

                       

     

                  

   

Questions / Discussion ? BAPIRC Contact: Carlos J. Colon Senior Research Engineer Florida Solar Energy Center 1679 Clearlake Road, Cocoa, FL (321)638‐1000 carlos@fsec.ucf.edu

FLORIDA SOLAR ENERGY CENTER — A Research Institute of the University of Central Florida

30