Flow Diagram of the Gap Nickel MineFlow Diagram of the Gap Nickel MineLancaster County, PennsylvaniaLancaster County, Pennsylvania

Crushing & PackagingShipping to Camden Refinery

Roasting in Vertical Kilns

Mining & HoistingHand Crushing & Sorting

Fines toJigging

Concentrate Smelting in Blast Furnaces Slag

SO2 Gas

Matte

SO2 Gas

Waste

Gap Nickel MineGap Nickel MineMining, Milling, & SmeltingMining, Milling, & Smelting

Lancaster County, PennsylvaniaLancaster County, Pennsylvania

andand

American Nickel Works American Nickel Works Refining & Rolling Refining & Rolling

Camden, New JerseyCamden, New Jersey

1860 - 18901860 - 1890

To Sustain Profitable OperationsTo Sustain Profitable Operations

Don’t run out of oreDon’t run out of ore Sell products under a sole-source Sell products under a sole-source

government contractgovernment contract Keep metal prices highKeep metal prices high Keep wages and energy costs lowKeep wages and energy costs low Avoid pollution controlsAvoid pollution controls Block foreign and domestic competitionBlock foreign and domestic competition

Nickel Prices: 1860 - 1890Nickel Prices: 1860 - 1890

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900

Year

Nic

ke

l P

ric

e, U

SA

$/lb

Flow Diagram of the American Nickel WorksFlow Diagram of the American Nickel WorksCamden, New JerseyCamden, New Jersey

Ni/Co Separation

Oxidative Smelting/Casting/Crushing(three cycles) Slag

CuSO4

SO2 Gas

Ni & Co in solution

Oxidative Roasting/Fine Crushing

(three cycles)

Matte (low iron)

Cu, Ni, & Co Oxides (low iron)

Sulfuric Acid LeachCa(OH)2

Co Oxide

NiO

Iron Waste

Nickel Oxide Refining & ReductionCharcoal Ni Metal

Matte fromPennsylvania

SO2 Gas

CaOCl2

H2SO4

Ca(OH)2

Gap Nickel Mine – Smelter DataGap Nickel Mine – Smelter Data

OreOre MatteMatte SlagSlag

tonnes/monthtonnes/month 600600 100100 640640

%Cu%Cu 0.900.90 5.05.0 0.0780.078

%Ni%Ni 1.801.80 10.010.0 0.1120.112

%Co%Co 0.090.09 0.40.4 0.0240.024

%S%S 15.015.0 28.028.0 0.1810.181

%Fe%Fe 24.024.0 50.050.0 13.913.9

%SiO%SiO22 31.031.0 45.145.1

%Al%Al22OO33 7.07.0 6.56.5

%CaO%CaO 8.08.0 13.813.8

%MgO%MgO 12.012.0 12.412.4