FOFFF

FOUNDATIONSA house is built of bricks and cementA home is built of love and affection

Buildings and its TypesA building is living place surrounded by walls and

covered by roofs to keep out rain , sun,wind.Types RESIDENTIAL BUILDING- Houses ,apartments etcEDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS-Schools ,

universities ,etcBUSINESS BUILDINGS- Banks ,shopping complexINDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS-Power Plants, FactoriesSTORAGE BUILDINGS-Ware houses, godowns

SELECTION OF SITE FOR THE BUILDING

COMPONENTS OF THE BUILDING

FOUNDATIONS OR SUBSTRUCTURE

PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE BED(lime concrete bed) of about 300mm thick

TWO OR THREE MASONRY FOOTINGS

LOADS ON FOUNDATIONS1.DEAD LOADDead load is the dead weight or the self weight

of the foundation , it includes all walls , floors , roofs ,etc..

2.Live loadsLive loads is the movable and superimposed

loads on floor it includes all the loads that are not permanent . it includes the weight of the persons , weight of the furniture etc.

3.WIND LOADThe effect of wind should be considered in case

of tall building .The exposed sides and roofs of the tall buildings are subjected to wind pressure

FUNCTIONS or REQUIREMENTS OF THE FOUNDATIONSBase for the StructureTransmitting the Load to the SoilUniform Distribution of Load on Larger AreaMinimization of Differential Settlement Stability of the Building Firm Level BaseLateral Stability to the StructureSafety against Sliding and OverturningSafety against Scouring and Undertaking

Foundation SoilSoil is the major portion covering the earth

crustClassification of soil(a) Coarse grained soil1.Gravel2.Sand (b)Fine grained soil1.Slits2.Clay

BEARING CAPACITY OF THE SOIL1.The design of the foundation depends on the

bearing capacity of the soil.2.Ulitimate bearing capacity of the soil

=Ultitimate load/Area of the plate3.Safe bearing capacity of the soil=Ultimate

bearing capacity of the soil/factor of safety4.Allowable soil pressureIt is the safe soil pressure which is safe against

failure . it does not cause settlement more than permissible settlement

Factors affecting bearing capacityPhysical features of the foundation, type ,size

, shape depth. And rigidity of the structureTypes of soil and its physical

properties(density, shear, strength)Position of ground water tableAllowable settlement of the soil

METHODS OF IMPROVING BEARING CAPACITY1.By increasing the Depth of the foundation2.By compacting the soil3.By draining the Sub-Soil water4.By grouting the soil mass with cement Grout5.By Restricting the movement of the soil6.By Injecting Chemicals

TYPES OF FOUNDATIONSFOUNDATIO

N

SHALLOW

DEEP MACHINE

SPREADMAT OR

RAFTPILES

PIERS

WELL

STEEL,CONCRET

E,COMPOSIT

ETIMBER

BELLED,STRAIGHT SHAFTED

WALLS,ISOLAT

ED,COMBI

NED

SHALLOW FOUNDATION(OPEN FOUNDATION)

THE DEPTH OF THE FOUNDATION IS EQUAL TO OR LESS THAN ITS WIDTH.

TYPES1.Spread Foundation2.Raft or Mat foundation

SPREAD FOUNDATIONThe load of the foundation is spread over a

large areaIt is the cheapest type of foundation TYPES1.Wall footings2.Isolated or column footings*Simple * Stepped *Sloped3.Combined footings and continuous footings*Rectangular *Trapezoidal4.Continuous footings

MAT OR RAFTMat is like a large spread footing , covering

the entire building area . All building loads are supported on a common mat

TYPES1.Flat R.C.C slab 2.Thick R.C.C slab

DEEP FOUNDATIONThe depth of the foundation is more than its

width . They transmit the load of super structure through week soil to strong soil beds or rock beds available at greater depth.

TYPES1.Piles2.Piers3.Well

PILE FOUNDATIONCLASSIFICATIONMaterial compositionFunctions or usesInstallation methodsGround effectsClassification on functions1.End bearing piles2.Under reamed piles

WELL FOUNDATIONIt is hollow inside resembling the well. It has

no proper bottom cover . A well curb of steel is or R.C.C is constructed in a yard . it is placed where the well has to be sunk.

FOUNDATION FAILURES(causes and remedies)

1.unequal settlement of sub-soil2.Horizontal movement of the earth3.Shrinkage of sub-soil4.Sliding of the soil5.Compression of mortar joints and foundation

masonry6.Excessive settlement of sub-soil7.Roots of trees and shrubs8.Atmospheric actions