folleto gramatical 1_tercer_nivel_distancia

FOLLETO GRAMATICAL TERCER NIVEL DISTANCIA

UNIDADES 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Ms. MONICA DAVILA

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El presente simple es el tiempo más simple del idioma ingles.

Se lo usa para hablar sobre hechos que constituyen hábitos o costumbres.

Se lo forma con la base del verbo infinitivo.

A continuación se detalla un cuadro de cómo usar este tiempo en oraciones simples, preguntas y negativas con los pronombres personales.

Conjugación

Inglés

Español

Primera persona singular

I play Yo juego

Segunda persona singular

You play Tu juegas

Tercera personal singular

He plays She plays It plays

El juega Ella juega

( para objetos) Primera persona plural You play Ustedes juegan Segunda persona plural We play Nosotros jugamos Tercera persona plural They play Ellos juegan

En ingles existe una regla solo para presente simple la misma que dice: si usa la tercera persona singular (he, she, it) (el, ella, objetos) se debe añadir una “s” al verbo que se conjuga.

REGLA GRAMATICAL

Una oración debe tener sujeto y predicado.

Subject + verb + predicate/complement

Anita + runs + every morning

USOS DEL PRESENTE SIMPLE

1. Acciones habituales: estilos de vida, hábitos, rutina diaria

1. Lucas gets up at 9:00 am. (Lucas se levanta a las nueve.)


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2. Paul and I do a lot of things every day. (Paul y yo hacemos muchas cosas a diario.)

2. Hechos o verdades generales

1. The sun sets in the west. (El sol se pone por el oeste.)

2. The Earth goes around the sun. (La Tierra gira alrededor del sol.)

3. Situaciones permanentes

1. The teacher lives in Quito. La profesora vive en Quito. 2. It costs a lot of money to stay at the Hilton Colon Quito. Cuesta mucho

dinero hospedarse en el Hilton Colon Quito.

EXPRESIONES DE TIEMPO MÁS COMUNES EN EL PRESENTE SIMPLE

Ingles Español Day morning Every afternoon night week month year

Día Mañana Tarde Cada Noche Semana Mes Año

Adverbs of frequency Adverbios de frecuencia Always Usually Often Sometimes Seldom/Rarely Never

Siempre Usualmente A menudo A veces Rara vez Nunca

COMO FORMAR LAS PREGUNTAS EN PRESENTE SIMPLE

Para formar preguntas en ingles usando el presente simple se necesita de auxiliares estos son do / does

do

I we, you, they

does

He, she, it


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Como se puede ver en el cuadro anterior existen dos auxiliares: el auxiliar do para los pronombres I, we, you, they y el auxiliar does para he, she, it.

REGLA GRAMATICAL

Auxiliar + sujeto + verbo + complemento/predicado?

Does + Juan + book + an airplane ticket to Miami?

Subject Complement/Predicate

¿Reserva Juan un ticket de avión para Miami?

Do + the students + develop + the online exercises at home?

Desarrollan los estudiantes los ejercicios online en casa?

RESPUESTAS CORTAS EN PRESENTE SIMPLE

Si las preguntas llevan auxiliares do o does se pueden contestar de una forma corta.

Afirmativa: Yes, she does Negativa: No, I don’t

Las respuestas se usan según el pronombre de la pregunta.

Pregunta Respuesta

corta Afirmativa

Respuesta corta negativa

Do I need a pencil? Yes, I do No, I don’t. Do you need a book? Yes, you do No, you don’t Does he need some money? Yes, she does No, she doesn’t Does she buy candies? Yes, he does No, he doesn’t Does it need color? Yes, it does No, it doesn’t Do you play soccer? Yes, you do No, you don’t Do we have English classes? Yes, we do No, we don’t Do they go to the movies every weekend?

Yes, they do No they don’t

Notar que cuando la tercera persona singular tiene auxiliar, el verbo no debe llevar “s”


UNIDADES 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Ms. MONICA DAVILA

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COMO HACER PREGUNTAS USANDO WH-QUESTION WORDS

En ingles se usan los WH-questions para preguntar dónde?, cuando?, por qué? , quién?, cómo?, cuál?, que?.

Ingles Español Where Who When How What Why Which

donde quien cuando como que por que cual

REGLA GRAMATICAL

WH-question + auxiliar + sujeto + verbo + complemento

When + does + English classes + start?

Why + do + study + in the morning?

COMO REALIZAR ORACIONES NEGATIVAS EN PRESENTE SIMPLE

Para realizar oraciones negativas se debe aumentar la palabra not a los auxiliares, véase en el cuadro siguiente

Negative Contractions

Don't = Do not Doesn't = Does not

I don't like milk = I do not like milk


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Conjugación

Ingles

Auxiliary sin contracción

Ingles

Auxiliar con contracción

Español

1era. persona singular

I do not work I don’t work Yo no trabajo

2nda. persona singular You do not work You don’t work Tu no trabajas 3ra. personal singular He does not work

She does not work

It does not work

He doesn’t work She doesn’t work

It doesn’t work

El no trabaja

Ella no trabaja

Esto no trabaja 1ra. persona plural You do not work. You don’t work Ustedes no

trabajan 2nda. persona plural We do not work. We don’t work Nosotros no

trabajamos 3ra. persona plural They do not work They don’t work Ellos(a) no

trabajan

Notar que cuando la tercera persona singular tiene auxiliar, el verbo no debe llevar “s”

Exercise No. 1

Llenar los espacios en blanco con la forma correcta del verbo en paréntesis y su respectivo auxiliar en el caso de preguntas y negativas.

1. What time _______he _______ work? (finish) 2. I ________ English rather well. (speak) 3. He ____________ Spanish at all. (not speak)) 4. He _________ home at 6 every day. (arrive) 5. ________ he ______ we are here? (know) 6. Peter and John__________ apples. (not like) 7. School ________ at half past eight.(start) 8. I ________ to school five days a week.(go) 9. I_______ him. (love) 10. He _______ me too. (love) 11. My friend __________ skiing but she________ skating. (not enjoy; love)


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Exercise No. 2

Complete las siguientes oraciones usando la forma correcta del auxiliar do, don’t, does, doesn’t.

Example: George works in a shop, but he______ work in an office.

Answer: George works in a shop, but he doesn’t work in an office.

1. My mother likes chocolate, but she ________ like biscuits. 2. What _________ the children wear at your school? 3. Lynn’s father watches badminton on TV, but he_________ watch judo. 4. Where ___________ the Adams buy their fruit? 5. _________ the cat like to sleep on the sofa? 6. Dogs love bones, but they ________ love cheese. 7. Where_________ Sam and Ben hide their CDs? 8. We eat pizza, but we _________ eat hamburgers. 9. ____________ Mrs. Miller read magazines? 10. __________ the boys play soccer outside?

Exercise No. 3

Complete el siguiente ejercicio usando adverbios de frecuencia.

1. I’m a terrible student. I’m __________ late for class. I’m ____________on time. I ___________ turn in my homework late. I _______________ get As on tests. In fact I fail at least one class almost every semester. I hate school.

2. I’m a good student, but I like to have fun too. I’m ____________ on time for classes. I don’t get very many “As”, but I ____________ fail a test. I ___________ forget to do my homework. I_________________ go out on Saturday nights, and _________________ I go out on weeknights too, if I don’t have too much homework.

3. I love school. I’m a excellent student; in fact, I _______________ get studying. I ____________ go out. My friends say I am too serious, but I love to study and learn new things.

Completa el siguiente ejercicio usando adverbios de frecuencia sobre ti. (Respuestas propias)

I’m a _____________ student. I’m ____________ late for class. I’m ___________ on time. I_____________ do my assignments. I______________


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fail tests. I go out on weekends______________, and I _____________ go out on weeknights, too. I go to the library_____________.

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE AS FUTURE

Los tiempos progresivos ("progressive tenses" o "continuous tenses") expresan el "progreso" o desarrollo de una acción en un momento dado. El tiempo presente progresivo ("present progressive") expresa una acción que se está desarrollando en el momento presente, generalmente, una acción temporánea que comenzó hace poco tiempo y que terminará pronto. En inglés, al igual que en español, el tiempo presente progresivo está formado por el verbo auxiliar "be" (ser o estar) conjugado en tiempo presente, más el "present participle" (form + ing) del verbo principal.

NOTA: En esta ocasión lo único que vamos a hacer es usar una expresión de tiempo en futuro para usar mencionar planes o actividades que planeamos hacer a futuro.

SUBJECT VERB TO

BE

BASE FORM OF VERB +

ING EXPRESSION OF FUTURE

+ I am traveling tomorrow morning. - She is not Coming Next week. ? Are you watching a movie tonight?

Examples:

My plane is arriving tonight at about 8:30 pm. My parents are leaving town tomorrow. Jack isn't meeting with us next weekend


UNIDADES 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Ms. MONICA DAVILA

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Notar que las expresiones de tiempo se refieren al futuro y la oración básica esta en presente progresivo

Exercise No. 4

Responda las preguntas en presente progresivo como futuro usando la información del diario de Jerry. This is Jerry’s diary: MONDAY Meet Jasmine TUESDAY watch a movie WEDNESDAY job interview THURSDAY play tennis FRIDAY take a plane to Chile 1. What is Jerry doing on Wednesday? ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 2 . What is Jerry doing on Monday? . …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3 . What is Jerry doing on Friday? .……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4 . What is Jerry doing on Thursday? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5 . What is Jerry doing on Tuesday? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Exercise No. 5

Complete las oraciones con presente progresivo como futuro usando los verbos en paréntesis

1. Maria ______________ (travel) next week to Mexico. 2. Jose and Pedro________________ (work) together next month. 3. The doctors _________________( help) their patients tomorrow. 4. Luis _________________ (buy) a new car in December. 5. I ______________(make) lasagna tonight. 6. The children______________(play) a soccer match next week.


UNIDADES 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Ms. MONICA DAVILA

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Exercise No. 6

Complete las oraciones utilizando la forma correcta del verbo en afirmativo, negativo o pregunta. (Recuerde presente progresivo como futuro)

1. I ________________ ( not meet) some friends after work. 2. I ________________ (go)to the party tonight. 3. ____he __________ (visit) his parents next weekend? 4. _______ she _______ (come) with us tonight? 5. _______ the teachers___________(send) homework tonight? 6. The nurses________________ (not have lunch) at the hospital.


UNIDADES 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Ms. MONICA DAVILA

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USOS DEL FUTURO SIMPLE

Acciones que se van a desarrollar con certeza en el futuro. I will prepare some pancakes tomorrow. Prepararé algunos panqueques mañana. My nephew will be six in May. Mi sobrino cumplirá seis años en Mayo.

Predicción en el futuro. It will snow tomorrow. Nevará mañana.

It will be sunny next week. Estará soleado la próxima semana.

Promesas

I will help you as soon as I arrive. Te ayudaré tan pronto como llegue.

Ofrecimientos

I will stay with you all night if you really need it. Me quedaré contigo toda la noche si realmente lo necesitas.

Suele utilizarse el auxiliar shall (o su contracción 'll) para el futuro de la primera persona del singular y del plural. We shall go to the movies = We will go to the movies We'll go to the movies. Iremos al cine.

EXPRESIONES USUALES DEL FUTURO SIMPLE

tomorrow - the day after tomorrow - in 2015 next Monday - next week - next month - next year

REGLA GRAMATICAL

subject + will + 1

1 2 3 go went gone


UNIDADES 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Ms. MONICA DAVILA

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Regla gramatical para modo afirmativo, negativo e interrogativo.

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I will go I won't go Will I go ? You will go You won't go Will you go ? He will go He won't go Will he go ? She will go She won't go Will she go ? It will go It won't go Will it go ? We will go We won't go Will we go ? You will go You won't go Will you go ? They will go They won't go Will they go ?

Affirmative subject + will + 1 I will travel to Canada - Viajaré a Canada. He will travel to Canadá - El viajará a Canadá.

Negative subject + won't (will not) + 1 I won't travel to Canada - No viajaré a Canada.

He won't travel to Canadá - El no viajará a Canadá.

Interrogative Will + subject + 1 ? Will I travel to Canada? - ¿Viajaré a Canada?

Will he travel to Canadá? - ¿Viajará el a Canadá?

USOS DEL FUTURO BE GOING TO


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El tiempo futuro con 'going to' se usa más comúnmente en el lenguaje hablado cuando se desea hacer referencia del futuro inmediato, a algo que está por ocurrir

It's going to rain!

¡Va a llover! (algo que está por ocurrir)

También se emplea para hablar de intenciones o planes para hacer algo. I am going to learn English. Voy a aprender inglés. (intención)

REGLA GRAMATICAL

subject + be + going to + 1

1 2 3 swim swam swum

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I am going to read I am not going to read Am I going to read? You are going to read You are not going to read Are you going to read? He is going to read He is not going to read Is he going to read? She is going to read She is not going to read Is she going to read? It is going to rain It is not going to rain Is it going to rain? We are going to read We are not going to read Are we going to read? You are going to read You are not going to read Are you going to read? They are going to read They are not going to read Are they going to read?

Affirmative subject + be + going to + 1 I am going to study English. -Voy a estudiar ingles. She is going to take the final exam. - Ella va a dar el examen final.

Negative subject + be+ not + going to + 1 I am not going to study English. -No voy a estudiar ingles. She is not going to take the final exam. - Ella no va a dar el examen final.


UNIDADES 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

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Interrogative Be + subject + going to + 1 ? Am I going to study English?. -Voy a estudiar ingles?. Is she going to take the final exam? - Va ella a dar el examen final.?

EXERCISES WITH WILL AND BE GOING TO

1. Two people are travelling to a Car show. Read their conversation and circle the most appropriate future form.

JASON: I just heard the weather report.

ARIEL: Oh? What's the forecast?

JASON: It's raining / It's going to rain tomorrow.

ARIEL: Oh, no. I hate driving in the rain. And it's a long drive to the Car Show.

JASON: Wait! I have an idea. 1 We´ll take / We´re going to take the train instead!

ARIEL: Good idea! Do you have a train schedule?

JASON: Yes. Here's one. There's a train that 2 will leave / leaves at 7:00 A.M.

ARIEL: What about lunch? Oh, I know. 3 I'll make / I'm making some sandwiches for us to take along. I don´t like train food.

JASON: Sounds good. You know it´s a long trip. What 4 are we doing / are we going to do all those hours?

ARIEL: Don´t worry. 5 We'll think / We´re thinking of something.

JASON: You know, we have to get up really early.

ARIEL: That's true. I think 6 I'm going / I'll go home now.

JASON: OK. 7 I'm seeing you / I'll see you tomorrow. Good night.

2. Look at the verbs in italics. Do the sentences express present or future time? a. The students are going to give oral reports today. present future b. I'm beginning a new job next week. present future c. Look. It's beginning to rain. present future d. The teacher will be in her office after class today. present future e. When the class is over, the teacher will be in her office. present future f. Finally, class is over. Let's get a cup of coffee. present future g. Oh no! We have only five minutes to make our train! present future h. Our train leaves from Track 37 in five minutes. present future i. The soccer team is playing in Barcelona next week. present future j. The soccer team is playing well today. They're winning. present future


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3. Correct the errors. a. Marie will cooks some chicken and rice for dinner tonight. b. Where you will be tomorrow morning? c. I no will ride the bus to work tomorrow. d. Marco will probably to call us this evening e. I going to look for a new apartment.

4. Stephen and his girlfriend, Sophie, are talking about what they're going to do when

they finish their exams. Put the phrases in the box in the appropriate gaps in the following text.

Won't be 'll be able 'll have let's are you going to

'll stay 'll be 'll have will be will make 'll love

Stephen: When I finish my exams, I think I 'll have a long holiday at home. My mother 1_______________ happy to have me back at home for a while. What 2_______________ do?

Sophie : I think I 3________________ in London for a few weeks and enjoy all the tourist attractions. I haven't had a chance to see anything yet. London is so fascinating. It 4_________________ nice to have time to look around, and go to the theatre and the galleries and everything.

STEPHEN: That's a great idea! I might stay for a week and do the same. If the weather's good, we 5_________________ to have a picnic in Hyde Park and behave like real tourists!

SOPHIE: You 6________________ to tell your mother first. She 7___________________________ very pleased!

STEPHEN: I tell you what 8___________________ her happy! If you come with me to Barbados! Oh, go on! 9____________________ go together! You 10_____________________my island!


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CAN

COULD BE ABLE TO

PODER PUDE SER CAPAZ DE

CAN: Es un verbo auxiliar que se usa en presente y sirve para:

• Describir habilidades: I can play the flute (Yo puedo tocar la flauta)

• Pedir algo: Can you pass me the salt please?

(Me puedes pasar la sal por favor?)

• Pedir o dar permiso: Can I smoke in the livingrooom?

(Puedo fumar en la sala?)

Sujeto/Subject Verbo auxiliar

Verbo principal

Complement

+ I can prepare italian food - She can not play soccer. ¿ Can you speak german?

COULD: Es un verbo auxiliar que se puede usar para:

• Hablar sobre posibilidades o habilidades de pasado

I could Jump very high. (Yo podía saltar muy alto)

• Sirve para pedir algo de una manera muy cortés

Could you help me with this exercise please?

( Podrías ayudarme con este ejercicio por favor?)


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Sujeto/Subject Verbo auxiliar

Verbo principal

Complement

+ I could ride the bike. - She could not run fast. ¿ Could you Come with me please?

BE ABLE TO: No es un verbo auxiliar, puede expresar habilidad y se lo puede usar en vez de can.

We are able to travel. (Nosotros podemos viajar)

Anita is able to speak two languages. (Anita puede hablar dos idiomas)

Sujeto/Subject Be main verb

Able (adjetivo)

Verb

+ I am able to teach English. - She is not able to drive the car. ¿ Are you able to take the test?

Tomar en cuenta que la palabra able to puede ser usada en todos los tiempos.

• Presente: I am able to travel tomorrow. • Pasado: He was able to come to the party. • Futuro: They will be able to train soccer

EXERCISES /EJERCICIOS Complete las siguientes oraciones con el auxiliar can o could, pueden ser afirmativas o negativas. Exercise 1:

Example: Yesterday I _____________ a film, today I can't. (can/ watch) Answer: Yesterday I could watch a film, today I can't.

1) Last week we_____________ swimming, this week we can't. (can/ go)

2) Maybe the Smiths __________a new house next year. (can/ build)

3) If you try hard, you ____________ your examinations. (can/ pass)


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4) When I was five, I _____________ .(not/can/ swim)

5) Dennis _______________ the trumpet after four months. (can/ play)

6) Luke has passed his driving test, now he ___________ a car. (can/ drive)

7) For three weeks I ____________ to him on the phone. (not/can/to speak) Exercise 2: Complete las oraciones con can, can`t, could or couldn’t

1. For a long time, Jim and Maria ____________ agree on a family sport. Jim loves tennis, and Maria takes lessons, but she still__________ play. Maria ________________ swim, but Jim hates the water. They recently took up dancing. Soon, they ___________ tango beautifully together.

2. Last year I _________ dance at all, but when I met Stan, I signed up for a class right away. He ___________ really dance, and I wanted to dance with him. Now I ___________ do the basic steps. I ____________ do the waltz yet, but we’re planning to waltz at our wedding next month.

3. Stefan has made a lot of progress in English. Last semester he

_______________ order a meal in a restaurant or talk on the telephone. His friends helped him do everything. Now he _______________ speak English in a lot of situations.

Exercise 3: Complete cada conversación con la forma correcta de be able to y el verbo en paréntesis.

1. A: I heard your sister wanted to take lessons. ________ she ___________________ (start)? B: Yes, she was. She started last month. She can do fox-trot now, but she still ________________ (do) the waltz.

2. A: Why are you taking dance lessons? B: I want to ________________ (dance) at my wedding!

3. A: _______________ you _____________(speak) Russian as a child, Mrs.

Suraikin? B: Yes, I was. We spoke it at home, so I__________________ (speak )it fluently.


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Las oraciones condicionales tienen dos partes:

1.- la oración subordinada con IF que expresa una condición.

2.- La oración principal WILL que expresa el resultado (es decir si se cumple o no la condición)

Se habla de futuro, se piensa en una condición particular en futuro y el resultado de esta condición. Existe una probabilidad real de que ésta condición suceda.

Ejemplo: Estoy en mi casa en la mañana, planeo jugar tenis en la tarde, pero el cielo está nublado, ¿qué pasaría si llueve? ¿Juego o no?

IF condition result

present simple WILL + base verb

If it rains, I will stay at home.

Si pueden notar, estoy hablando de una condición a futuro, pero el cielo está nublado, y pienso que tal vez llueva. Uso el presente simple para hablar de esta posible condición (IF). Uso el futuro (will) para hablar sobre el posible resultado.

Lo importante de esta primera condición es que hay una posibilidad real de que la condición suceda.


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EJEMPLOS / EXAMPLES:

IF condition result

present simple WILL + base verb

If I see Mary, I will tell her.

If Tara is free tomorrow, he will invite her.

If they do not pass their exam, their teacher will be sad.

If it rains tomorrow, will you stay at home?

If it rains tomorrow, what will you do?

result IF condition

WILL + base verb present simple

I will tell Mary if I see her.

He will invite Tara if she is free tomorrow.

Their teacher will be sad if they do not pass their exam.

Will you stay at home if it rains tomorrow?

What will you do if it rains tomorrow?

NOTA: Como pueden observar la oración se puede empezar con if o a su vez con will (resultado). Ambas formas son válidas en la estructura gramatical.

Recuerda, si se usa if primero, se debe poner una coma obligatoriamente antes de empezar la segunda oración.

Terceras personas (s) en el verbo y auxiliares se siguen manteniendo.


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ADJECTIVES + INFINITIVES (INFINITIVOS DESPUÉS DE UN ADJETIVO

Como sabemos los adjetivos son usados para describir algo. En esta ocasión vamos a usar adjetivos con verbos en infinitivo.

Adjetivos / Adjectives: happy, afraid, tired, etc.

Infinitivos / Infinitives: recuerdan? significa poner la preposición to antes de un verbo, to finish, to go, to prepare, to do etc.

Como usamos este tipo de estructura gramatical?

FACIL:

SUBJECT + BE ADJECTIVE INFINITIVE COMPLEMENT I'm happy to meet you. He is glad to help them. We are not afraid to touch a snake.

ADJECTIVES + PREPOSITIONS

Como sabemos los adjetivos son usados para describir algo. En esta ocasión vamos a usar adjetivos + preposiciones.

Adjetivos / Adjectives: happy, afraid, tired, etc.

Preposiciones/Prepositions: of, to, about, with, for, at, by


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Como usamos este tipo de estructura gramatical?

FACIL: SUBJECT

VERB ADJECTIVE PREPOSITION COMPLEMENT

It is stupid of her to go out without a coat.

They were disappointed with your tests results. She was surprised By / at the news

NOTA: Lista de adjetivos + preposiciones al final del folleto.

EJERCICIOS /EXERCISES

1. - First Conditional (Fill in the blanks) Llenar los espacios.

1. If you (not study), you (fail) the test.

2. We (die) if we (not get) help soon!

3. If you (look) in the fridge, you (find) some cold drinks.

4. If there (be) no oil in the engine, the car (break) down.

5. I (lend) you my umbrella if you (need) it.

6. The sea level (rise) if the planet (get) hotter.

7. If you (eat) your sandwiches now, you (not have) anything for lunch!

8. You (be) safe in an accident if you (wear) your seatbelt.

9. If he (save) all his money, he (be able to go) on holiday to Canada.

10. I (not come) with you if you (not bring) John!


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2. - Adjectives + infinitives. Choose the best answer (Escoga la respuesta apropiada.

1. We have to leave soon. Are you ready __? a) to go b) to meet c) to help 2. a) Hello. My name is Sara. b) Hello. I'm very pleased __ you. a) to eat b) to meet c) to be

3. Lee is very sad __ the news about his grandpa. a) to change b) to be c) to hear 4. You should be proud __ a student. a) to go b) to be c) to call 5. After a car accident, some people are lucky __ alive. a) to reach b) to go c) to be

6. Are you afraid __ a snake? a) to call b) to touch c) to listen 7. The students aren't prepared __ the exam. a) to take b) to listen c) to work 8. The President was glad __ that the war was finally over. a) to be b) to take c) to know

9. The people are happy __ the police caught the robber. a) to take b) to be c) to hear

10. The robber isn't glad __ in jail. a) to hear b) to be c) to know 11. Dinner is ready. __ your brother ready to eat? a) Are b) Is c) Be 12. a) Hello. My name is Arnold. b) Hi Arnold! We __ very pleased to meet you. a) are b) is c) be

13. Mel Gibson and Jackie Chan __ proud to be movie stars. a) are b) is c) am

14. Mel __ very sad to see that Jennifer got married. a) are b) is c) am

15. Brad __ glad to be married to Jennifer. a) are b) is c) am 16. Jennifer __ prepared to quit acting. a) aren't b) isn't c) am not 17. Many women __ unhappy to hear that Brad got married! a) are b) be c) was

18. Many men __ happy to know that Jennifer got married. a) aren't b) isn't c) am not

19. I __ not afraid to touch a snake! a) are b) is c) am 20. After his car accident, Frank __ lucky to be alive. a) were b) was c) am


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3.- Adjectives + prepositions. Fill in the blanks with the correct preposition.

1. I’m angry him for telling lies about me.

2. Are you afraid him?

3. It's very nice you to lend me your car.

4. He is married his sister.

5. It's very nice you to lend me your car.

6. Why are you always so bad your parents?

7. It wasn’t very polite him to leave without saying thank you.

8. I can’t understand people who are cruel animals.

9. I have to stop to talk to you. I’m a bit short time.

10. Are you interested football?

11. You shoes are similar mine but they are not exactly the same.

12. We’ve got enough to eat. The fridge is full food.

13. I felt sorry the children because it rained every day.

14. He said he was sorry the situation but there was nothing he could do.

15. He is good

playing chess.


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GERUNDS / GERUNDIOS

Lo primer es entender que significa gerundio

Gerundio es un verbo que termina en ing: play + ing = playing

• Dance + ing = dancing / cook + ing = cooking

USOS DE LOS GERUNDIOS

1. Como sujeto de la oración:

En este caso significa que el gerundio forma parte de una oración como sujeto de la misma.

Ejemplo: Swimming is a good sport. (Natación es un buen deporte)

Si pueden ver estoy usando el verbo swim + ing y es parte del sujeto de mi oración.

Driving a car requires good vision. (Manejar un auto requiere de buena visión).


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2. Como objeto de la oración:

Aquí el gerundio va a formar parte del predicado o complemento.

Ejemplo: My mother loves watching TV. (Mi mama le encanta ver televisión)

Pueden ver que watching en la oración pertenece a la parte del predicado o complemento.

3. Después de una preposición:

En este caso un gerundio se lo ubica después de una preposición.

Ejemplo: She is responsible for doing her homework.

Preposición gerundio

I am tired of waking up early. (Estoy cansada de levantarme temprano)

Preposición gerundio

INFINITIVES /INFINITIVOS

Infinitivo quiere decir usar un verbo con la palabra to.

To play (jugar) to sing (cantar) to work (trabajar)


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USOS DE LOS INFINITIVOS

1. Como sujeto de la oración:

En este caso significa que el infinitivo forma parte de una oración como sujeto de la misma.

Ejemplo: To speak a foreign language well requires practice. (Hablar bien un idioma extranjero requiere de practica)

Como pueden observar este verbo infinitivo está haciendo el papel de sujeto dentro de la oración.

To read a good book is my favorite hobby. (Leer un buen libro es mi hobby favorito).

2. Como objeto de la oración:

Aquí el infinitivo va a formar parte del predicado o complemento.

Ejemplo: We don’t need to fight like this. (Nosotros no necesitamos pelear de esta manera).

En el ejemplo pueden ver que to fight pertenece al predicado o complemento.

EJERCICIOS / EXERCISES

GERUNDS AS SUBJECTS OF THE SENTENCE

Exercise No. 1


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1. Use los verbos entre paréntesis para formar oraciones que empiecen con gerundios como sujeto de la oración. a. ( lose) ____________ a job is difficult. b. (cook)_____________ desserts is my favorite hobby. c. (study)_____________ English grammar helps us to understand

better. d. (drink)______________ warm milk helps me to sleep. e. (go)________________ on vacation is good for families.

GERUNS AFTER PREPOSITIONS

Exercise No. 2

2. Con los verbos en paréntesis forme oraciones utilizando gerundios después de las preposiciones. a. He is tired of____________ (get) up early in the morning. b. Maria talks about____________ (have) a party on Saturday. c. My parents plan on____________(travel) next summer. d. Joana thanked Luis for___________ (invite) her to the cinema. e. I am interested in_____________(learn) a new language.

INFINITIVES AS SUBJECTS OF THE SENTENCE

Exercise No. 3

3. Use los verbos entre paréntesis para formar oraciones que empiecen con infinitivo como sujeto de la oración.

a. ( eat)____________ at Maxi is his wish. b. (travel) ____________ abroad is my dream. c. (drink) _____________ a lot of water is good for health. d. (watch) ____________ History programs on TV is good for students. e. ( learn) ___________ a lot of English grammar helps us to develop

the exam.

INFINITIVES AS OBJECT OF THE SENTENCE

Exercise No. 4


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4. Use los verbos entre paréntesis para formar oraciones con infinitivos como objeto de la oración.

a. We like____________ (read) novels. b. The students don’t need___________ (make) copies for the project. c. The children go____________ (play) soccer in the park. d. Adult people enjoy___________ (drink) herbal tea after meals. e. She hopes ___________ (finish) her studies by 2012.

INDIRECT QUESTIONS

Las preguntas indirectas tienen el mismo propósito que las preguntas directas, simplemente estas preguntas indirectas en el idioma ingles se las considera más formales (polite).

¿Qué se considera una pregunta indirecta?

Una pregunta indirecta se considera aquellas frases especiales que se usan como las siguientes:

Ø Do you know? Ø Can you tell me? Ø Have you any idea...? Ø I am not sure... Ø I would like to know... Ø I wonder...

Despues de usar estas preguntas o frases indirectas se procede a realizar la pregunta propiamente dicha.

Ejemplo / Example:

Pregunta indirecta + pregunta directa

Do you know + where my sister is?


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Entonces la pregunta de una manera más formal queda de la siguiente manera:

Do you know where my sister is?

Se preguntarán a ustedes mismo, porque la pregunta directa tiene is al final y no despues de la palabra where como nos enseña la regla gramatical. (Where is my sister?)

La respuesta es porque ya tenemos una frase indirecta que hace el papel de pregunta al inicio y porque la pregunta directa en este caso se convierte en una oración afirmativa.

More examples:

PREGUNTA DIRECTA / DIRECT QUESTION

PREGUNTA INDIRECTA / INDIRECT QUESTION

Where does Juan live?

Do you know where Juan lives?

Is she studying Math at home? I wonder if she is studying Math at home?

Will the students travel to Loja? Can you tell me if the students will travel to Loja?

Did your parents go to Baños? I am not sure whether your parents went to Baños?

What did your sister do after lunch? I would like to know what your sister did after lunch?

Cada vez que una pregunta empieza con un wh-word question se mantiene el mismo.

1. Do you know where Juan lives? 2. I would like to know what your sister did after lunch.

Cada vez que una pregunta empieza con auxiliares directamente ( is, are, am, do, does, did, will) se procede a utilizar la palabra if or whether (significan lo mismo= si) despues de la pregunta indirecta.

1. I wonder if she is studying Math at home. 2. Can you tell me whether the students will travel to Loja? 3. I am not sure if your parents went to Baños.


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Recuerden: Cuando se tiene una pregunta indirecta al inicio, la pregunta propiamente dicha cambia su estructura, es decir se vuelve una oración afirmativa, fíjese en los ejemplos arriba mencionados.

Exercise No. 5

Complete the indirect question with the information given below.

1 "Where's the station?"

"Can you tell me where the station is ?" 2 "Are you coming to the party?"

"Can you let me know if ___________________________________________ ?"

3 "How does it work?"

"Can you explain ___________________________________________ ?"

4 "What's the the matter?"

Please tell me ___________________________________________ ."

5 "Where are you from?"

"I'd like to know ___________________________________________ ."

6 "How long does it take to get there?"

"Do you know ___________________________________________ ?"

7 "Has she reached a decision yet?"

"Has she told you whether ___________________________________________ ?"

8 "What time are you leaving?"

"Do you know ___________________________________________ ?"

9 "Does Annie know about computers?"

"I wonder whether ___________________________________________ ."

10 "Excuse me. How do you get to the post office from here?"

"Could you tell us ___________________________________________ ?"

11 "What are you doing?!"

"Do you have any idea ___________________________________________ ?!"

12 "Could you lend me 50 Euros?"

"I don't suppose ___________________________________________ ."


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13 "Could you take me to the airport?"

"Is there any chance ___________________________________________ ?"

14 "Does Susana like classical music?"

"I can't remember if ___________________________________________ ."

Exercise No. 6

Write indirect questions.

1. Have you ever been to Kapadokya?

I wonder if you have been to Kapadokya. 2. Who scored Barcelona's first goal last night?

Do you know………………………………………………….?

3. When is Francisco going to move to Manta?

I have no idea …………………………………………………

4. Who brought this computer to the office?

I want to know………………………………………………..

5. Does your new girlfriend smoke?

I wonder…………………………………………………………

6. How many times has Michael been to Mexico?

Could you tell me ……………………………………………?

7. Can she play the guitar?

I wonder …………………………………………………………

8. What were you doing when the earthquake happened?

I don’t remember………………………………………………

9. Has Jenny moved to Cuenca?

I don’t know……………………………………………………….

10. What time did the coordinator leave the office?

I don’t remember………………………………………………….


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USE OF : SO / TOO / EITHER / NEITHER

SO / TOO

SO / TOO es usado para expresar un acuerdo (también) en oraciones afirmativas

Example: Jennifer works from Monday to Friday. So does Esteban or Esteban too.

Jennifer trabaja de Lunes a Viernes. También Esteban o Esteban también.

Lo que so y too expresan en su uso es que la segunda persona hace también lo mismo.

REGLA GRAMATICAL

SO +

So

Auxiliary +

does

Subject (Pronoun)

Esteban (he) Subject (Pronoun)

Esteban (he)

too

too

Notar que so va antes del auxiliar y too va despues del pronombre.

En este caso el auxiliar dependerá del tiempo de la oración.

Examples / Ejemplos con diferentes tiempos.

Person A Person B

I am happy. So am I. = I am happy too.

I'm going to Brazil in the summer. So am I. = I am going to Brazil too.

You look nice today. So do you. = you look nice too.

Stephanie has a new boyfriend. So does Mary. = Mary has a new one too.


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We went to the concert last night. So did I. = I went to the concert too.

I would love a coffee right now. So would I. = I would love a coffee too.

He will win a prize. So will I. = I will win one too.

They have finished their homework. So have I. = I have finished too.

I can speak two languages. So can I. = I can speak two too.

He should study more. So should I. = I should study more too.

We could see the mountains. So could we. = We could see them too.

My brother had eaten too much. So had I. = I had eaten too much too.

NEITHER / EITHER

Neither / Either es usado para expresar un acuerdo pero en forma negativa, (tampoco) es decir en oraciones negativas

Example: My husband doesn't speak German. Neither does my daughter or my daughter doesn't speak German either.

Mi esposo no habla alemán. Tampoco mi hija. Mi hija tampoco.

REGLA GRAMATICAL

NEITHER+

Neither

Auxiliary +

does

Subject (Pronoun)

my daughter (she) Subject + aux/not +

verb

My daughter doesn't speak German

either

either

Notar que neither va antes del auxiliar y either va al final de la oración.

En este caso el auxiliar dependerá del tiempo de la oración.

Examples /Ejemplos con diferentes tiempos.


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Person A Person B

I am not hungry. Neither am I. = I'm not hungry either

I'm not going to quit. Neither am I. = I'm not going to quit either

They don't speak French. Neither do I. = I don't speak French either.

Stephanie doesn't eat meat. Neither does Mary. = Mary doesn't eat meat either.

Mary didn't go to the party. Neither did I. = I didn't go either.

I wouldn't like to do his job. Neither would I. = I wouldn't like to do it either.

He won't stop talking. Neither will you. = You won't stop either.

You haven't finished your meal. Neither have you. = You haven't finished either.

Mike can't reach the top shelf. Neither can I. = I can't reach it either.

You shouldn't talk in the movie. Neither should you. = You shouldn't talk either.

We couldn't hear him. Neither could we. = We couldn't hear him either.

I hadn't seen her before. Neither had I. = I hadn't seen her before either.

Exercise No. 7

Complete the conversation with so, too, neither, either

1.- A: I love Indian food.

B: ______________ do I.

2.- A: I am not in the mood for fast food.

B: _________ am I.

3.- A: I can't stand horror movies.

B: I can't __________

4.- A: I'm crazy about Ecuadorian desserts.

B: I am ________________

5.- A: I think ceviches are delicious.

B: _____________ do I.

6.- A: I don't eat enough healthy food.

B: I don't ___________________

7.- A: My sister has been to Galapagos twice.

B: ___________ has my sister.


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8.- A: Elias won't travel to Ibarra next Sunday.

B: __________ won't my brother.

Exercise No. 8

Complete column B using so or neither, as in the examples given.

A B Example 1: Sean is Irish. Michael is Irish too. > > > Example 1: Sean is Irish. So is Michael. Example 2 : Tom doesn't like sailing. I don't like sailing either. > > >

Example 2 : Tom doesn't like sailing. Neither do I

1) My sister loves chocolate. I love chocolate too.

1)

2) Peter was late. Mary was late too. 2) 3) They can't speak Chinese. We can't speak Chinese either.

3)

4) Coffee keeps you awake. Tea keeps you awake too.

4)

5) Sarah doesn't like coffee. Jane doesn't like coffee either.

5)

6) David's job isn't well paid. My job isn't well paid either.

6)

7) My parents would love to live by the sea. I would love to live by the sea too.

7)

8) Tom wouldn't like to lose his job. Peter wouldn't like to lose his job either.

8)

9) Julie is interested in art. I'm interested in art too.

9)

10) Bill didn't understand the joke. His wife didn't understand the joke either.

10)


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ANSWERS / RESPUESTAS

EXERCISES UNIT 1

Exercise No. 1

1. Does finish 2. Speak 3. Doesnt speak 4. Arrives 5. Does know 6. Don’t like 7. 8. Starts 9. Go 10. Love 11. Loves 12. Doesn’t enjoy / loves

Exercise No. 2

1. does 2. do 3. doesn’t 4. do 5. does 6. don’t 7. do 8. don’t 9. does 10. do

Exercise No.3

1. Always 2. Always 3. always

Never never/rarely never

Usually /often never

Rarely / seldom sometimes

Sometimes


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Exercise No.4

1. He is having a job interview 2. He is meeting Jasmine 3. He is taking a plane to Chile 4. He is playing tennis 5. He is watching a movie

Exercise No.5

1. is traveling 2. are working 3. are helping 4. is buying 5. am making 6. are playing

Exercise No.6

1. Am not meeting 2. Am going 3. Is visiting 4. Is coming 5. Are sending 6. Are not having

EXERCISES UNIT 2

Exercise No. 1

1. We'll take

2. leaves

3. I'm making

4. are we going to do

5. we'll think

6. I'm going

7. I'll see


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Exercise No. 2

a. future b. present c. future d. future e. present f. present g. future h. future i. present

Exercise No. 3

a. Marie will cook some chicken and rice for dinner tonight. b. Where will you be tomorrow morning? c. I won't ride the bus to work tomorrow. d. Marco will probably call us this evening. e. I am going to look for a new apartment.

Exercise No. 4

1. will be 2. are you going to 3. 'll stay 4. 'll be 5. 'll be able 6. 'll have 7. won't be 8. will make 9. let's 10. 'll love

EXERCISES UNIT 3

Exercise No.1 Exercise No. 2 Exercise No. 3 1. could go 1. couldn’t 1. was able to speak 2. can build 2. Can 2. isn’t able to do 3. can pass 3. Can 3. be able to dance 4. couldn’t swim 4. couldn’t 4. were able to speak 5. could play 5. Could 5. am able to speak 6. can drive 6. can 7. couldn’t speak 7. Cant

8. could 9. can


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EXERCISES UNIT 4 Exercise No. 1

1. don't study/ will fail 2. will die/ don't get 3. look / will find 4. is / will break 5. will lend / need 6. will rise / gets 7. eat / won't have 8. will be / wear 9. saves / will be 10. won't come / don't bring Exercise No. 2

1. to go 11. is 2. to meet 12. are 3. to hear 13. are 4. to be 14. is 5. to be 15. is 6. to touch 16. isn't 7. to take 17. are 8. to know 18. aren't 9. to hear 19. am 10. to be 20. was Exercise No. 3

1. with 2. of 3. to 4. to 5. to 6. at 7. to 8. to 9. of 10. at 11. to 12. of


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13. for /about 14. for / about 15. at

EXERCISES UNIT 5

Exercise No. 1

a. Cooking b. Studying c. Drinking d. Going

Exercises No. 2

a. Getting b. Having c. Travelling d. Inviting e. Learning

Exercise No. 3

a. To eat b. To travel c. To drink d. To watch e. To learn

Exercise No. 4

a. To read b. To make c. To play d. To drink e. To finish

Exercise No. 5

"Where's the station?"


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"Can you tell me where the station is?

"Are you coming to the party?"

"Can you let me know if you're/are coming to the party?

"How does it work?"

"Can you explain (to me) how it works?"

"What's the matter?"

Please tell me what the matter is?"

"Where are you from?"

"I'd like to know where you are from?"

"How long does it take to get there?"

"Do you know how long it takes to get there?"

"Has she reached a decision yet?"

"Has she told you whether she has reached a decision yet?"

"What time are you leaving?"

"Do you know what time you're/are leaving?"

"Does Annie know about computers?"

"I wonder whether Annie knows about computers?"

"Excuse me. How do you get to the post office from here?"

"Could you tell us how /you get/we get/to get/ to the post office from here?"

"What are you doing?!"

"Do you have any idea what you are doing?!"

"Could you lend me 50 Euros?"

"I don't suppose you could lend me 50 Euros."

"Could you take me to the airport?"

"Is there any chance you could take me to the airport?"

"Does Susana like classical music?"

"I can't remember if Susana likes classical music."

Exercise N0. 6

1. I wonder if you have ever been to Kapadokya.

2. Do you know who scored Barcelona's first goal last night?

3. I have no idea when Francisco is going to move to Manta.

4. I want to know who brought this computer to the office.


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5. I wonder if / whether your new girlfriend smokes.

6. Could you tell me how many times Michael has been to Mexico?

7. I wonder if she sould play the guitar.

8. I don’t remember what I was doing when the earthquake happened. ( As

an answer to the question )

9. I don’t know if Jenny has moved to Cuenca.

10. I don’t exactly remember what time the coordinator left the office.

Exercise No.7 1. so

2. neither

3. stand horror movies either

4. I am crazy about Ecuadorian desserts too.

5. so

6. I don't eat healthy food either.

7. So

8. Neither

Exercise No. 8

1. My sister loves chocolate. So do I. 2. Peter was late. So was Mary. 3. They can't speak Chinese. Neither can we. 4. Coffee keeps you awake. So does tea. 5. Sarah doesn't like coffee. Neither does Jane. 6. David's job isn't well paid. Neither is mine. 7. My parents would love to live by the sea. So would I. 8. Tom wouldn't like to lose his job. Neither would Peter. 9. Julie is interested in art. So am I. 10. Bill didn't understand the joke. Neither did his wife.


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BIBLIOGRAFIA RECOMENDADA

http://www.aprende-gratis.com/ingles/curso.php?lec=presente-simple

http://www.ompersonal.com.ar/omverbs/simplepresent.htm

Azar, B. (2009). Understanding and Using English Grammar. USA: Longman

Fuchs, Bonner, Westheimer. ( 2000). Focus on Grammar. An intermediate course for reference and practice. USA

LOTT, H. (2005) Real English Grammar. Marshall Cavendish Ltd.

Werner, P. (1998). A Communicative Grammar. Third Edition. USA: Editorial McGraw-Hill

Werner, P. (1996) A Content-Based Grammar. Mosaic One. Third Edition


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ANEXOS

LISTA DE ADJETIVOS + PREPOSICIONES / LIST OF ADJECTIVES + PREPOSITIONS

A C accustomed to accused of acquainted with addicted to annoyed about/with/at allergic to amazed at/by anxious about appreciated for ashamed of associated with astonished at/by aware of angry with afraid of attached to

capable of careful with/about/of certain about characteristic of clever at connected with conscious of content with crazy about crowded with curious about cruel to

B D bad at based on beneficial to boastful for bored with brilliant at busy with

dissatisfied with doubtful about delighted at/about derived from different from disappointed with

E F eager for eligible for enthusiastic about excellent in/at excited about

faithful to familiar with famous for fed up with free of/from


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experienced in exposed to envious of

frightened of friendly with fond of furious about furnished with full of

G H generous with/about guilty of/about gentle with good at grateful to

happy about hopeful of/about

I J identical with/to immune to impressed with inferior to indifferent to innocent of interested in involved with incapable of

jealous of

K L kind to keen on

late for limited to lucky at

M O nervous of/about notorious for

opposed to

P S patient with pessimistic about pleased with polite to popular with

sad about safe from satisfied with scared of sensitive to


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presented with proud of punished for puzzled by/about

serious about sick of similar to shocked by skilful at slow at sorry for/about successful in suitable for sure of/about superior to surprised at suspicious of sympathetic with

Q R qualified for

ready for related to relevant to respectful for responsible for rid of

T U terrible at terrified of tired of thankful to/for trilled with troubled with typical of

unaware of upset about used to

W wrong with/about worried about

folleto gramatical 1_tercer_nivel_distancia

Education