food security, public administration and citizenship: the experience of the city of belo horizonte,...
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FOOD SECURITY,
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND CITIZENSHIP:the experience of the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil
1993/2003
Adriana Veiga AranhaJuly / 2003
Hunger:
Problems with access to food
Poverty, Social and Economic Inequality
State:
Among the several actors – State, market,
family, and society, the State plays an
important role in the reproduction of the
model that causes hunger as well as in
finding ways to reduce it.
Food Security
It refers to a state of nutritional well-being,
assured by an integrated set of articulated
actions and policies aiming at guaranteeing
everybody’s permanent access, in quantity
and quality, to sufficiently adequate food in
order to meet each person’s nutritional needs,
in different phases and situations of life. This
should be produced in a sustainable way, not
compromising the next generations’ future.
Necessary requirements:
1 – Sufficient food availability: it presupposes an
integrated food system from production to
consumption that offers essential food for human
consumption, with accessible and stable prices,
produced in a sustainable way;
2 – Accessibility to food: it presupposes access
to income (enough to make the acquisition of
food possible), to essential public services, to
information about nutritional quality of food and
to social rights.
Therefore, to have Food Security, the country must have
sufficiency, stability, autonomy, sustainability and equity.
To what extent has the public administration
in Belo Horizonte taken over Food Security in a
responsible and responsive way and to what extent
has it contributed to “food citizenship” in the city?
1 – The commitment to Food Security presupposes,
from the government part, a set of articulated decisions
aiming at citizenship building.
2 – The increase of responsiveness in the Food Area
presupposes a reformulation of the State towards an
innovative public administration.
SOCIAL ADMINISTRATION AND FOOD CITIZENSHIP
1 - FACILITATED ACCESS
1.1 – Opening channels for direct trading of
food supplies by rural producers
1.2 – Incentive to self-supply and to agro-
ecological urban practices
1.3 – Regulation and Monitoring of food prices
2 - GUARANTEED ACCESS:
2.1 – Supply of Food for Institutions and/or
household consumption
2.2 – Subsidized food sales
3 - INFORMED ACCESS:
3.1 – Orientation and Education for Food
Consumption
3.2 – Basic Monthly Food Ration
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Years
In R
eais
R$
-Bra
zilia
n cu
rren
cy
(Dec
/(()
SMAB
PRIVATE
Average Price of Mix: Private Grocery Stores
(Sacolões) and SMAB Network, Belo Horizonte –
1995/1999
SOURCE: SMAB in: Aranha (2000)
51%
42%
7% Got better
Remained the same
Got w orse
Change in the Malnutrition Degree of Children Assistend at PPCD with a 6 month follow-up at Health Centers, Belo Horizonte - 1999
SOURCE:SMAB - Health Municipal Secretariat IN: ARANHA (2000)
Result Analysis in this Group of Children:Severe Malnutrition: 91% recovered weight, only 9% remained the same and there was no register of any child who got worse.Moderate Malnutrition: 72% got better, 26% remained the same and 2% got worse.Light Malnutrition: 41% got better, 53% remained the same and 6% got worse.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Years
By
1000
bor
n al
ive Brazil
Belo Horizonte
District of Taquarilin BH
Evolution of Infant Mortality Rate in Children under 1 year old: Brazil, Belo Horizonte and District of Taquaril in BH SOURCE: SMSA (Health Municipal Secretariat);IBGE(Brazilian Institute of Geography & Statistics) In: ARANHA (2000)
Belo Horizonte: decrease of 41%Brazil: decrease of 7,3%District of Taquaril in Belo Horizonte: decrease of 60,6%
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
P neumonia &BCP
IntestinalInfection
Malnutrition Septicemia CongenitalAnomaly
Others
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
Distribution of Late Infant Deaths (post-neonatal) according to Main Basic Causes, Belo Horizonte - 1993/1997
Source: SMSA( Health Municipal Secretariat IN: ARANHA (2000)
SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS ACHIEVED IN 2002
POPULATION ASSISTED:
790,703 beneficiaries (37% of the population living in the city of Belo
Horizonte)
Food Trading Projects: 73% (7.7% in producers’ direct sales and
65.3% in regulated projects).
Social Projects: 27% (25.5% in projects that supply food, and 1.5% in
projects that sell subsidized food)
Map 1 - Map of the Social Vulnerability Index and Points of Assistance of the SMAB Projects involving Regulation and Monitoring of Food Prices , Belo Horizonte - 1999
Map 2 - Map of the Social Vulnerability Index and Points of Assistance of the SMAB Projects involving Food Supply for Institutions and/or Residencial Consumption, Belo Horizonte - 1999
Map 3 - Map of the Social Vulnerability Index and Points of Assistance of the SMAB Projects involving Producers in Direct Trading of Food Supplies, Belo Horizonte - 1999
Map 4 - Map of the Social Vulnerability Index and Points of Assistance of the SMAB Projects involving Subsidized Food Sales, Belo Horizonte - 1999
Map 5 - Map of the Social Vulnerability Index and Points of Assistance of the SMAB Projects involving Incentive to Self-Supply and to Agroecological Urban Practices, Belo Horizonte - 1999
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Rice Beans Vegetable Fruits Meat Chicken Milk
RMBH 1987/88
RMBH 1995/96
Brazil 1987/88
Brazil 1995/96
Annual Per Capita Food Consumption: Brazil & Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte (RMBH), 1987/1988 - 1995/1996
SOURCE: IBGE/POF -1987/88, IBGE/POF - 1995/96 and IBGEAnnual Statistics( Brazilian Institute of Geography & Statistics) IN: ARANHA (2000)
Partnerships
1 – Intragovernmental
2 – Intergovernmental
3 – Non-governmental Organizations
4 – Social Movements
5 – Private Sector
A new concept in citizenship and public administration in
the area of food
Rights and Citizenship:
Equity and Inversion of public priorities
Focusing and Universalizing
Innovative Public Administration
Integrated Administration
Partnerships
Popular Participation
Publicizing: Deprivatizing administrative processes
Administrative Transparency
Rendering of accounts, Accountability
Efficiency and Flexibility – Changing limits of public
bureaucracy in creative and efficient processes
Decentralization – Social and Economic Development/
Although the food issue involves a broad
system, in which the majority of the chain
productive processes take regional,
national and even supranational spaces,
local policies in the food security area can
be an important instrument for the
construction of citizenship.
Factors the have contributed positively in the
process of political implementation:
1 – The government prioritized Food Policy
2- Food Security is one of the program priorities of the PT –
Workers’ Party, which was ahead of the government
3 – The implementation period occurs in a time of broad
social mobilization against hunger and misery
4 – The Mayor participated, actively, in the implementation
of the Food Security Program as a leadership engaged to
the theme.
5 – The policy was implemented by a technical team
specialized in the area