7D-Mg2 229 A CULTURAL RSOURCES RECONNAISSANCE FOR THE

MRILUA IniRIVER HYDROPOWER STUDY(U) ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH

_S CENTER HAWAII INC F K CHING APR 8i ARCH-14-79

UNCLASSIFIED DRCUB4-8i-M-0278 F/G 5/6 N

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MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANOARDS 1963-A

____________ ______________________

WA ILUA, PUNA, K WA' I I SIAND C

by

Frantcis K.W. Ching (Ed.)

ARCH 14-79

A CULTURAL RESOURCES RECONNAISSANCE FOR THE

WAILUA RIVER HYDROPOWER STUDY

by

Francis K.W. Ching (Ed.)

prepared by

ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH CENTER HAWAII, INC.

for

UNITED STATE ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS

U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, HONOLULU

DTICe" .. ECTEhMA 1 7 W3

Lawa'i H71

April 1981

ARCH 14-79

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The opinions, findings and conclusions expressed in this

publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those

of the United States Army Corps of Engineers.

-i

ABSTRACT

An archaeological reconnaissance requested by the U.S. Army

Corps of Engineers was conducted on nine (9) separate parcels of land

in the Wailua River gorge, Wailua and Hanama'ulu ahupua'a(s), Kaua'i

Island as part of the Wailua Hydropower Study. Three (3) agricultural

terrace complexes in study Areas E and H and one (1) 'auwai in Area A

were located. Feral pig (Sus scrofa) tracks were observed throughout

the areas and one Koloa (Anas spp.) was observed in Area B. Relict

cultigens (kalo), and Hawaiian forest products (koa, kukui, ki, 'ohe,

hau, pu hala) are also present. Major modern disturbances are present

in all of the study areas as well. The literature search has shown that

without the survival of Hawaiian place names, mo'olelo and ka'ao our

present knowledge of Wailua would be very scant. Recommendations

include archaeological clearance for all of the study areas, consideration

of the impact of the project upon avifauna observed in study Area B

and exercising caution to avoid impacting the remaining archaeological

sites adjacent to study Areas A, B and south of area H (east end).

7 '.'- ..~~\ , / . .

In+

~- III -

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Members of the field crew for this project were Mr. Francis K.W.

Ching, Mr. William H. Folk, Mr. Gerald Kamalu Ida and Mr. Warren

T. Yoshioka. Gerald Ida and Warren Yoshioka deserve special

acknowledgement for their unerring judgement and adeptness in

negotiating the steep and densely vegetated slopes and precipices of

the Wailua River gorge.

Mr. Brian P. Donahue prepared all the final maps and sketches

of the archaeological sites from field notes. His profession :A skills are

gratefully acknowledged.

We would like to thank Mr. David Sox of the U.S. Army Corps of

Engineers, for providing maps of the area and arranging access to the

properties.

Mr. Ishimoto, of the Construction and Water Supply Division,

Lihu'e Plantation, Mr. Gahran and Mr. Penhallow of the Kauai Museum

and Mrs. Peters, Head Librarian and the staff of the Kauai Community

College Library assisted in the historical literature and map search.

Grateful acknowledgement is extended to Mrs. Diane K. Shimizu

for typing this report and Mr. Francis K.W. Ching, President of

Archaeological Research Center Hawaii, Inc. for editing it. Mr. Francis

Ching's knowledge of the area and access roads helped greatly during

the field work. Mr. Ching offered continued support and advice

throughout the report preparation.

iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

ABSTRACT ..... ..... .......................... . i.i.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................... iv

LIST OF FIGURES ......... ........................ v

LIST OF TABLES .................................. vi

INTRODUCTION ........................ . 1SUMMARY OF RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ... ....... 2

BACKGROUND ............ ......................... 7

Geology ............ ......................... 7

Soils and Drainage ........................... 8

Ahupua'a. ............ ......................... 8

Heiau ..................................... 9

Other Sites ..... .... ........................ ... 12

Historical Information ................. 13

Previous Work . ...................... 14

RECONNAISSANCE RESULTS .............. 19

Field Methods ............................... ... 19

Area and Site Description ...................... ... 20

CONCLUSIONS ......................... 34

GLOSSARY . . . . ........................ 37

REFERENCES .......... ......................... ... 41

V

LIST OF FIGURES

Page

FIGURE 1. Map of the State of Hawaii ...... ............ 3

FIGURE 2. General Location Map, Kaua'i Island ... ....... 3FIGURE 3. Topographic Map Showing Study Areas ... ...... 4FIGURE 4. Study Area A Showing Archaeological Sites in the

Study Area and Vicinity .... ............. ... 21FIGURE 5. Schematic Cross-Section - Area A . ....... . 22

FIGURE 6. Study Area E Showing Archaeological Sites . . . 26

FIGURE 7. Study Area H Showing Archaeological Sites . . 29

FIGURE 8. Schematic Cross-Section - Area H . ....... . 30

F° i,I

-V"-

LIST OF TABLES

Page

TABLE 1. Accession List of Archaeological Sites ... ..... 6

TABLE 2. Selected Place Names Relating to Wailua, Kaua'i 15

vi-

INTRODUCTION

This report presents the results of an archaeological reconnais-

sance in portions of the south fork of the Wailua River, Wailua and

Hanama'ulu ahupua'a(s), Kaua'i Island. The study was requested by

the United States Army Corps of Engineers as part of a hydropower

feasibility study.

The locations of the study areas designated A through I are

shown in Figure 3. Figures 4, 5 and 6 are smaller scale maps of Areas

A, E and H respectively, and show the distribution and configuration of

the archaeological sites found during the reconnaissance. These latter

figures are included in the "Reconnaissance Results" section in addition

to brief descriptions of the topography, vegetation and archaeological

sites of each study area. Table 1 contains an accession list of the

archaeological sites by permanent State of Hawaii system numbers.

A summary of traditional mo'olelo and ka'ao, early westerner's

accounts, interpretation of place names, the physical geography of the

ahupua'a and the region, and previous archaeological work are

presented together in the section "Background".

Consideration of the distribution of the sites, the site types

found and posssible reasons for their locations is given in the final

section of the report "Conclusions". Following is a glossary and

"Bibliography"; this is annotated giving the facility where the reference

is available.

Reference to the various tributaries and branches of the Wailua

River system are based on the 1963 U.S.G.S. 7.5 minute series

topographical maps. Place name differences between the above map and

early maps are discussed in "Background". Spellings of place names

are from "Atlas of Hawaii" (Armstrong Ed., 1973).

-l -

K4

SUMMARY OF RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The archaeological reconnaissance reported herein was requested

by the United State Army Corps of Engineers as part of the Wailua

River Hydropower Study (Figures 1 and 2). Nine (9) separate areas

for study were defined by the Corps (Figure 3). Eight (8) areas are

located along the south fork of the Wailua River (Areas A through H)

and one (Area I) is located along an existing Lihu'e Sugar Company

ditch between the Wailua River north fork and Waikoko Stream (a

tributary to the south fork). These areas were selected for study

because they were presumed to be in a relatively natural state, that is,

least affected by modern agricultural activities. The remaining areas

that will be crossed by the proposed penstock are presently under

sugar cane cultivation and have therefore been extensively modified.

The vegetation in all of the study areas is a mixture of indige-

nous, Hawaiian introduced and recently introduced cultigens, grasses,

herbs, shrubs and trees. The presence in remote areas of cultigens

and Hawaiian introduced plants important in traditional Hawaiian

domestic and economic activities complements early accounts and

ethnographic records concerning the geographical extent of Hawaiian

horticultural endeavors and the type localities utilized. This also gives

perspective to other Euro-American interpretations such as the

undeveloped nature of traditional Hawaiian land use policy.

Archaeological clearance is recommended for study Areas B, C,

D, F, G and I because they do not contain positively identifiable

modifications of the landscape resulting from prehistoric Hawaiian

cultural activities. The modern debris present is of little or no

significance to the study of Hawaiian history or archaeology. Historic

modification in Areas A and H have impacted sites and in Area E have

-helped preserve them. However, the sighting of Koloa (Anas spp.), afederally listed endangered species, in study Area B during the mating

season should be considered by the appropriate State or Federal agency

prior to impact of this area.

b"-2-

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Archaeological clearance with no further work is also recornrmer decd

for study Areas A, E and H although they contain identifiable remnants

of Hawaiian agricultural terraces and 'auwai (Table 1). In the case of

Area A this consists of a single possible 'auwai which continues north-

ward and eastward. In Area H the sites consist of isolated agricultural

terraces that are in a very deteriorated condition. And in Area E, two

(2) agricultural terraces are in a fair state of preservation, due

primarily to the reduced volume of stream flow because of the tapping

of water for sugar cane cultivation around the study area.

In Areas E and H the archaelogical remains are disturbed and

unimposing and are considered inappropriate for preservation or

excavation because there are numerous other functionally and

architecturally similar recorded sites (Ching 1968) in a good state of

preservation within the bounds of the Wailua State Park that are now

preserved for future scientific research and the public. In Area A

agricultural terraces shown on Metcalf's (1846) survey map are no

longer discernible as a result of bulldozing, flooding and slopewash.

However, a portion of these terraces immediately north of the study

area are still intact and should be protected from impact during the

construction of the power plant as they are prime targets for future

scientific research, preservation or reconstruction.

4

K

TABLE 1

ACCESSION LIST OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES

Permanent Field Number Study Recorded Site

Site Number Ching (1968) Area Name Function

205 25 A Makea Lo'i complex

206 26 A - Rice mill

207 27 A Konolea Lo'i complex

208 28 A - 'Auwai

209 - E - Terrace complex

210 - H - Terrace complex

211 - H - Terrace complex

-6-

BACKGROUND

GEOLOGY

Wailua is located on the eastern side of the Island of Kaua'i,

semiexposed to the prevailing northeasterly tradewinds. The rainfall

averages about 70 inches per year in the area behind the Nounou and

Kalepa mountains (Study Area A) to about 100 inches per year in more

western (mauka) localities (study Area I) (Macdonald, Davis and Cox:

1960). The whole ahupua'a is situated in the L-ihu'e basin, a geologic

feature of the island. This large, semicircular depression, 7 to 10

miles across, is bordered on the west by the central Kaua'i mountain

range, on the east by the Nounou and Kalepa mountains, on the north

by Makaleha ridge, and on the south by Ha'upu range. The basin was

actually a caldera formed by the collapse of a large portion of the

eastern flank of the main shield volcano that forms the island. This

* collapse probably occurred late in the Waimea Canyon volcanic series,

which formed the original land mass of the island in the Pliocene

period. During the second major volcanic series, the Koloa series,

(late Pliocene period), lava flowed over the entire floor of the basin

except for Pu'u Pilo, 'A'ahoaka hill, Kalepa and Nounou mountains,

remnants of the Waimea Canyon series, which were high enough so as

not to be totally buried and exist today as kpuka (Macdonald and

Abbott:1970). Two (2) vents of the Koloa series near the vicinity of

the project area are Kilohana Crater and Hanahanapuni cinder cone

(Macdonald, Davis and Cox 1960). A different view as to the origin of

the Lihu'e basin is offered by Hinds (1930) who maintains that the

4 depression is a marine platform cut by the erosional forces of wave

action combined with fluctuating sea levels and the tilting of the land

mass.

4

-7-

SOILS AND DRAINAGE

The soil in the general area has been classed as the Kapa'a-

Po'oku-Hali'i-Makapili association. "Deep, nearly level to steep, well

drained and moderately well drained soils that have a fine textured or

moderately fine textured subsoil; on uplands . . . (Foote, et al:1972)."

The Wailua River, the largest in the State, and its tributaries

comprise the major drainage system for the central area of the Li:hu'e

basin. The north fork of the river has its source at the base of the

central Kaua'i mountains, below Wai'ale'ale and Kawaikini. The major

streams flowing into the north fork are Uhau'iole, Keahua, Kawi, and

Kalama, all originating at the north part of the basin in the southwest

portion of Makaleha ridge.

The south fork, which is paralled by most of the project area, is

formed by the convergence of several small streams at the western edge

of the basin, south of Kawaikini. These are Palikea, Ka'ulu, Waikoko,

'Ili'ili'ula, Wai'aka, 'lole, Hali'i and Wai'ahi. The north and south forks

meet just west of the gap between the ridges of Nounou and Kalepa.

From this junction to the sea, a distance of almost 2 miles, the river is

tidal-affected and navigable by small craft. 'Opaeka'a Stream, often

referred to as the "north fork" also empties into the Wailua River below

the north (middle)-south fork junction.

AHUPUA'A

The ahupua'a of Wailua is located in the moku of Puna, between

south Olohena to the north and Hanama'ulu to the south. It is

traditionally known to be one of the most sacred places on the island.

Powerful ali'i, from legendary through historic times, such as Mo'ikeha,

Manokalanipo, Palila, and Kaumuali'i, resided there throughout most of

the year (Salisbury 1936) (during the "wet season" they probably

moved to Waimea on the dry leeward side of the island).4The name "Wailua" is generally thought to refer to the two

(2) main forks of the Wailua River (wai water, lua = two), however,

-8-

Dickey (1916) displays some puzzlement insofar as "this explanation

never seems to occur to a native Hawaiian." Some insight may be

gained here if one examines the name as one word, which translated

means "spirit, ghost; remains of the dead" (Pukuli and Elbert 1971).

This may well have possible implications as to the sacred nature of the

place.

The general area makai of the Nounou and Kalepa mountains was

known in ancient times as Wailuanuiho'anu*, or "great, sacred Wailua,"

a place that was kapu to the maka'ainana (Dickey 1916) (see shaded

area Figure 3). In this light Wailua was comparable to other localities

in the islands such as Waipi'o and Kahalu'u, Hawai'i or Kualoa, O'ahu

where ali'i resided, young chiefs were raised and trained and numerous

heiau were constructed. In Wailuanuiho'anu and its vicinity there are

no less than eight (8) prehistoric Hawaiian heiau.

HEIAU

',o3

Malae Heiau

Also known as Makaukiu, this heiau sits in a cane field just

mauka of Kaumuali'i Highway, at the top of a hill on the south bank of

the Wailua River. It is the largest known, existing heiau on the island

today measuring 273 feet by 324 feet (Thrum 1906) with walls that once

stood 7 to 10 feet high (Salisbury 1936). It is said that Molikeha built

* • this structure during the period that Wailuanuiho'anu ruled Kaua'i

(BPBM Ms. 1885). The companion heiau to Malae is said to be Poli'ahu,

situated on a ridge across the river.

Around 1830, soon after the lapsing of the kapu and the arrival

of Christian missionaries, Deborah Kapule, wife of Kaumuali'i the ali'i of

Kaua'i, tore down the interior walls of the heiau and used the structure

as a pen to keep her cattle (Thrum 1906). She was among the first

alili converts to Christianity, being baptized with Ka'ahumanu and

*After a chief of the same name. The area is also known as

Wailuanuilani (Dickey:1916).

4 -9-

r

others at Kawaiaha'o Church, Honolulu, 1825 (Kamakau 1961). Her

actions concerning Malae may have played a role in efforts to move her

people from the "old ways" toward the "new religion".

The part of Malae nearest the river is reputed to be the birth-

place of Ka'ililauokekoa, the girl made famous in an often told legend of

Wailua. She was the granddaughter of the legendary Kaua'i ali'i,

Mo'ikeha, and was skilled at surfing and konane. In this romantic

story she is courted by Kauakahiali'i who lives at Pihanakalani (also

known as Hanahanapuni, a cinder cone far up the north fork of the

Wailua River, formed during the Koloa volcanic series) with his mother,

the sorceress Waha, and his sister Kahalelehua in a hale made of

flowering 'ohi'a lehua branches and decorated with red feathers (Dickey

1916).

Kauakahiali'i invents the first nose flute ('ohehanoihu)* which he

names Kanikawi and lures Ka'ililauokekoa away from Malae by his skillful

playing of it (Salisbury 1936).

Pu'uhonua o Hauola/Hikinaakala Heiau

This complex is located on the south bank of the river, near its

mouth. Hauola was a place of refuge where kapu breakers would find

immunity from punishment, and others, safety from the ravages of war.

Within its walls at the southern part of it is Hikinaakala Heiau, a long

and narrow structure said to contain the remains of a family killed as

punishment for cultivating this sacred ground. Also contained within

Hauola is a pohakupiko, in the crevices of which would be placed the

piko or navel cord of new-born infants (Dickey 1915).

*Several small stands of 'ohe Hawai'i, the type of bamboo used in

making nose flutes, were observed in and around the project areaduring the course of field work (refer to "Area and Site Descriptions"-Area I).

-10-

Kalaeokamanu Heiau

At the foot of the small hill called Pu'uki, on the makai side,

stands Kalaeokamanu Heiau, thought to be the oldest on Kaua'i. The

first human sacrafices on the island were offered here. Also, the first

temple drum* was placed here (Kaua'i Historical Society 1934). Its

name was Hawea and was brought to Kaua'i by La'amaikahiki, son of

Mo'ikeha. The stone on which sacrifices were placed is called

Pa'aikanaka (Ching 1968).

Poli'ahu Heiau

This heiau measures roughly 242 feet by 165 feet with walls 5 feet

to 6 feet high (Bennett 1931). This temple is of the luakini class, its

outer walls demonstrate the unique style of Kaua'i core fill wall

construction in that the core is dirt instead of rock rubble. It is

considered to be the personal temple of the ruling chief in that it is

located in the area where the ali'i nui(s) compound was situated. It

may have been named after Poli'ahu the Hawaiian goddess of snow.

Pohaku'ele'ele Heiau

Located on the ridge between 'Opaeka'a Stream and the Wailua

River, only remnants remain of this old heiau. A rock marked with a

cross supposedly locates the former position of the temple drum that

was sounded on the nights of Lono and Kane. A little further mauka

on this ridge is a stone representing a shark demi-god. Part of this

stone was broken off by Humanienie who was sent from the Island of

*The Kaua'i Historical Society identifies this drum as a ka'eke, a term

generally applied to the percussive instruments of bamboo cut invarying lengths to produce a distinctive note when tamped on theground. Pahu would more correctly describe a temple drum of ahollowed coconut tree base and shark skin head.

_ -l11-

Hawai'i to destroy all idols on Kauali. Past this stone is a place called

Ka'elialinaakamahu where the tattooing of Palila, a legendary warrior of

Kaua'i, was done. Two (2) stones, one for his head and the other for

his body to rest on, marks this spot (Dickey 1916).

Mele'ahaanounou was another heiau in Wailua, and was the first

belonging to Wailunuiholano. Its specific location is unknown today

(BPBM Ms. 1885).

An unnamed heiau was located on the slope of the ridge just

behind the Kalepa-Nounou gap. The only reference to it is on an old

map by Metcalf (1846). This heiau along with the others makes seven

(7), traditionally said to be the number of heiau encountered when

traveling up the river to Wai'ale'ale (Ching 1968).

Viewed as a group, the significance of these heiau cannot be

*overstated. Only a few other places in Hawaii can match the kind of

concentration attained in Wailua, needless to say, an important religious

and political center in ancient times.

OTHER SITES

Other sites in Wailua of traditional importance include the Paemahu

O Wailua petroglyphs near Hauola. The rocks holding the petroglyphs

are said to be the brothers of Maui, who at one time lived in Wailua.

Maui, the famous demi-god, is also connected with other geographic

features in the area. Several stones in various areas of the river are

said to be the fishhook, fishing sinker and canoe of Maui. Strati-

graphic markings in the face of the cluff to the north are said to have

been made when he hung his malo there to dry after fishing. Maui's

home was on a hill just above 'O5paeka'a Falls (Dickey 1916).

The Holoholoku birthstones were important in that a child of

Kaua'i irregardless of his bloodlines, would not be considered royalty

unless he were born here. A chant from the legend of Kawelo

expounds this tradition:

"Hanau ke 'lii iloko o Holoholoku-he alii nui;

-12-

Hanau ke kanaka ilioko o Holoholoku, he alii no;

Hanau ke alii nui mawaho a'e o Holoholoku, aohe

alii, he kanaka ia!"

"The child of a chief born at Holoholoku is a high chief;

The child of a commoner born at Holoholoku becomes a chief,

also;

The child of a high chief born outside of Holoholoku is no

chief, a commoner he!"

(Kauali Historical Society 1934)

The last person born at Holoholoku is said to be Kaumualiili'ili'i,

the youngest son of King Kaumuali'i and Queen Deborah Kapule

(Lydgate 1916).

Kaluawehe or the King's Highway began just offshore near the

mouth of the Wailua River. An ali'i, upon his return from a sea

voyage, would come up the "highway" in his canoe until he hit the

beach whereupon both man and vessel would be carried up mauka to his

hale (Salisbury 1936). The "highway" closely follows the present

Polilahu Road (Ching 1968).

HISTORICAL INFORMATION

In historic times there are virtually no substantial written

accounts or descriptions of Wailua. This, in part, can be traced to the

fact that no Protestant mission station was established in or close to the

area, a condition that has benefited the reconstruction of history in

other locales through the use of journals, diaries, letters, etc.

A check of land awards as a result of the Great Mahele (1848)

shows only a total of approximately 75 acres of Wailua awarded to 25

individuals, among them D. Kapule ar,- losia Kaumuali'i, wife and son of

Kaumuali'i, the last chief of Kaua'i. The rest of this large ahupua'a

was kept as Crown Lands or the private lands of Kamehameha III

(Kauikeaouli), another testament of the importance and value of the

S- 13-

r

area at that time.

Handy, in 1935, studied the ahupua'a as an agricultural area. He

found extensive agricultural terracing along the lower two miles of the

river. However, by 1935 little of the original Hawaiian agricultural

staples were being cultivated. Most of the terraces, once in taro, were

given over to rice by Chinese farmers along with some limited areas in

sweet potato and pasture (Handy 1940).

PREVIOUS WORK

Previous archaeological studies in the Wailua River valley (with

one exception) are limited to sites of major significance in Wailuanui

ho'anu (Great Sacred Wailua). The mauka limit of this sacred area is

defined by Dickey (1916) as being mounts Nounou on the north and

Kapu on the south side of the river about 2,000 feet mauka of Poli'ahu

Heiau (Bennett 1931:127, Site 107). Thus, this area includes most of

the tidewater portion of the river but does not extend inland to the

areas under study. Bennett (1931:128, Site 110) has recorded a site

consisting of agricultural terraces in minor stream valleys mauka of

Kapa('a) homesteads. These terraces are north of the present study

areas but their geographic location is similar as a type locality.

The exception noted above is an archaeological study mauka of

Wailuanuiho'ano conducted by Francis Ching (1968) on the alluvial

terraces in the Wailua River gorge. This survey covered the north and

south forks of the river from Koholalele (Falls) and Waiehu (now Wailua

Falls) respectively to the confluence of the north and south forks. The

survey recorded four (4) archaeological sites, 205, 206, 207, and 208

on the alluvial terraces where the present study Area A is located.

Site 205 is an agricultural terrace complex situated across the river,

northeast of Area A that appears on Metcalf's (1846) map indicated as

being under rice cultivation and called by the name Makea. Konole'a is

i . the name given the terrace complex on the west side of the river. This

complex is shown by Metcalf (1846 map) as extending through our study

Area A (refer to Figure 4) but was present only to the north of Area A

-14-

TABLE 2

Selected Place Names Relating to Wailua, Kaua'i

This table is not intended as a comprehensive or definitive study

of place names of Wailua. Rather, it should be viewed as a general

guide, assembled from major written and recorded sources to give the

reader some insights to the cultural background of the area.

'A'ahoaka A hill, kipuka of the Waimea Canyon VolcanicSeries. Lit. (possibly), crescent-shaped belt orto defy (the) spirit.

Hali'i Tributary of S. fork, Wailua River, Lt., strewn.

Hanahanapuni Cindercone of the Koloa Volcanic Series. Lit.,surrounding warmth. (see Pihanakalani).

Hauola Pu'uhonua at mouth of Wailua River. Lit., dew (of)life.

Hikinaakala Heiau within Pu'uhonua o Hauola. Lit., the risingof the sun.

Holoholoku Royal birthing place. Lit., to run (and) stand.

'fli'iiula Tributary of S. fork, Wailua River. Lit., redpebbles.

'lole Tributary of S. fork, Wailua River. Lit., rat.This may have a connection to the legend ofKawelo, who was born at Wailua and whose brothercould transform himself into a rat.

Kaholalele A falls at the 200 foot elevation on the north fork

(middle fork) of the Wailua River.

Kalaekoa Secondary peak on 'A'ahoaka. Lit., (possibly)koa tree point.

Kalaeokamanu Locality and heiau on the makai end of Pu'uki.Lit., the crest of the bird.

Kalama Tributary, N. fork, Wailua River. Lit., the torchor the light.

Kalepa Ridge, part of the western boundary of Wailuanui-ho'ano. Lit., trade.

-15-

Kaluawehe The King's highway (see text) and surfing spot.Lit., the open pit.

Ka'ulu Tributary, S. fork, Wailua River. Lit., the bread-fruit.

Kawi Tributary, N. fork, Wailua River. Lit., (possibly)to press. In the legend of Ka'ililauokekoa,Kauakahiali'i's nose flute was named Kanikawi(sounding Kawi).

Keahimeki Secondary peak on 'A'ahoaka. Lit., the fire pit.

Keahua Tributary, N. fork, Wailua River. Lit., themound. This was also the name of a famous Kaua'ichief.

Kokomo A peak on Kalepa ridge. Lit., to enter.

Konole'a Lo'i along S. fork, Wailua River. Lit., (possibly)to invite joy.

Kukui Heiau at the shore near Wailua-Olohena boundary.Also called Kaikihaunaka or Kuhua Heiau. Lit.,candlenut tree.

Lihu'e Town and judicial district, east Kaua'i. Lit.,gooseflesh. This name was brought over fromO'ahu by Kaikio'ewa, the appointed governor ofKaua'i who called his residential compound, aroundwhich the present town grew, Lihu'e.

Makea Lo'i along S. fork, Wailua River. Lit., onceuncultivated land, as for bananas, sweet potato,taro. It is also the name for a variety of taro and'awa.

Malae Heiau. Also recorded as Malaea.

Maunakapu Peak on Kalepa ridge. Lit., sacred mountain.

Mauna'ou Hill far upland in Wailua. Lit., piercing mountain.

Nounou Ridge forming part of western boundary ofWailuanuiho'ano. Also known as "Sleeping Giant".Lit., to throw or stone fighting. In legend, Kaweloand 'Aikanaka conflict in a stone throwing battleon this ridge.

'Opaeka'a Falls and stream that flows into Wailua River. Lit.,rolling shrimp.

-16-

Pacmahu o Wailua Rocks near Wailua River mouth on which petro-glyphs are carved. Lit., homosexual row (ofWailua). The rocks are said to be the brothersof Maui or in another story, men turned to stoneby Kapo.

Palikea Tributary, S. fork, Wailua River. Lit., fair cliff.

Pihanakalani A legendary spot near the source of the N. forkof the Wailua River. Some say it is another namefor Hanahanpuni. Lit., gathering place (of) highsupernatural beings.

Pohaku'ele'ele Heiau. Lit., black rock.

Poli'ahu Heiau. Lit., garment (for the) bosom, goddess ofsnow.

Pu'uki Small riage on the north bank of the Wailua River.Lit., ti plant hill.

Pu'upilo Hill, a kipuka from the Waimea Canyon VolcanicSeries. Lit.. hill (of the) swampy odor or piloplant hill.

q Uhau'iole Tributary, N. fork, Wailua River. Lit., rathitting.

Wai'aka Tributary, S. fork, Wailua River. Lit., laughingwater.

Waiehu Falls on S. fork of Wailua River. Also known asWailua Falls. Lit., water spray.

Waikoko Tributary, S. fork, Wailua River. Lit., bloodwater.

Spellings of these place names, including the placement of

macrons (-) and glottal stops ('), were taken mainly from Armstrong

(1973) and Pukui, Elbert, Mo'okini (1974). Literal translations are from

Pukui, Elbert, Mo'okini (1974), Pukui, Elbert (1971), Beckwith (1970),

and others.

7

I.7

during Ching's (1968) survey. Thus the terraces shown by Metcalf

(1846 map) at the southwest corner of this alluvial terrace had already

been destroyed.

The fourth site (208) is recorded on Monsarrat's (1900) map.

This is the 'auwai observed during the present reconnaissance and

described in "Reconnaissance Results - Area A".

The legend of Kapunohu and Kemamo cited by Dickey (1916:34)

gives the name Kawelowai to a cave beneath the river above Waiehu

(Falls). Ching (1968) approximates the location of this place next to

the present study Area B and the ford on the sugar company's haul

cane road. An archaeological reconnaissance of a similar nature to the

present study was conducted by Cordy (1978) in Waihe'e, Maui and

Lumaha'i, Kaua'i. There are a number of important differences in

terrain, project area size, archaeological sites present and historical

records available for the present Wailua study, nevertheless, some

hypotheses forwarded by Cordy (1978) are applicable to Wailua (see

"Conclusions" this report).

Additional information concerning Hawaiian land use of the Wailua

River system and adjacent lands must be deduced from the archaeologi-

cal and biogeographical data collected during the present study and

ethnographic data, the most complete and detailed being Handy and

Handy (1972).

-18-

RECONNAISSANCE RESULTS

FIELD METHODS

The study areas consist of nine (9) separate pieces of territory

along the south fork of the Wailua River. Each area for study was

assigned a letter from A through I for convenience during the field

work (refer to Figure 3). Area A includes the Power Plant Alternatives

1, 3A, 3B, 3C and four (4) sites and is located approximately 4,000

feet upstream from the confluence of the north and south forks. Area

B includes the Power Plant Alternative 2 site. Area F is the site of

Intake Alternative I and 4. Area H includes the site of Intake

Alternatives 2, 3A, 3B, and 3C and area I Intake Alternatives 2A, 3B,

3C and 4. Areas C, D, E and G are sections of undisturbed territory

to be crossed by the pipeline. These areas consist of minor stream

gullies on the north bank of the Wailua River valley (south fork).Access to the study areas was facilitated by the network of sugar

company roads that allowed us to arrive directly above the study areas,

all of which (except area I) are situated on the steep banks and lower

alluvial terraces of the river and minor streams.

Each study area was entered on foot and all alluvial terraces were

visually inspected by traversing their length and breadth. The steep

banks of the valley were checked where ledges or older alluvial terraces

were found, along our access routes (from river bottom to cane field

above) and where minor stream gullies were present. Two-way radios

were used to coordinate and direct the ground movements in the study

area. This was necessary because of the dense vegetation, rain and

4precipitous cliffs in some areas.

Data on the archaeological sites found and on vegetation

encountered were recorded in a field notebook. Sketches were drawn

showing the configuration of the remains and their relative position to

prominent topographical features on U.S.G.S. 7.5 minute series maps.

Schematic cross-sections were also drawn for areas where cultural

remains were present. Dimensions of the sites were paced off and

- - 19-

translated to feet (1 pace being equal to 3 feet) or estimated %.hen

pacing was impossible due to thick stands of hau (Hibiscus tiliaceus).

Photographs were not taken (except at the site of the intake in Area H

and in a portion of area I) because of the frequent rain and difficulty

of climbing through stands of hau and up and down the steep, densely

vegetated sides of the valley.

Each of the nine (9) study areas are described below. These

descritions include a discussion of the access route used, the vegeta-

tion encountered, the natural configuration of the area, the location and

configuration of the archaeological sites and the modifications that

identify them as such.

AREA AND SITE DESCRIPTIONS

Area A

Area A (Figures 4 & 5) was entered from the south side. This

involved traversing the steep (approaching 85%) slope in the vicinity of

the pasture fenceline shown. Near the valley bottom a low cliff, rang-

ing from 15 feet to over 25 feet high was encountered. At the base of

this cliff is a level terrace-like 'auwai feature (Site 208) approximately

10 feet wide and an estimated 40 feet above the valley bottom. Both

the cliff and the terrace extend along the south and west margins of

the valley floor. Near the northwest extreme of the study area a minor

stream trickles over the low cliff and pools upon the terrace then

escapes southward finally flowing down the bank to the valley floor in

the vicinity of the fenceline. A few young 'ulu (Artocorpus communis)

trees and two (2) male papaya (Carica papaya) trees are growing on

the terrace bank in this vicinity. Prominent vegetation on the slopes

above include occasional ki (Cordyline terminalis), patches of lau'ae

(Polypodium phymatodes), guava (Psidium guajava), java plum (Eugenia

spp.), kukui (Aleurites moluccana) and hau.

The valley floor consists of an old meander of the river that runs

along the western edge and an alluvial terrace bounded on the west,

- 20 -

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SWATERFALL

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tlAUWAI (SITE 20MENDE WA ILUAAL U TR ACE RIVER

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NOTE: SCHEMATIC CROSS SECTION NOT TO SCALE.

0 FIGURE 5 SCHEMATIC CROSS SECTION OF AREA A.

-22-

south and north by the old meander and on the east by the pres:nt

river. This terrace is elevated about 20 feet to 30 feet above the river

bed. These parts of the study area have been previously bulldozed for

pasture improvement and presently support grazing animals.

Archaeological features in Area A consist of only Site 208

('auwai). North of the study area agricultural terrace complexes are

present on the west (Site 207) and east (Site 205) sides of the river

(Ching 1968). The Site 207 terraces were present in the study area

prior to alterations of the land (Metcalf 1846:map) for grazing,

however, no discernible surface traces of these terraces remain in the

study area.

Area B

Area B is situated along the north bank of Wailua River's south

fork. It extends from the ford about 1,000 feet upstream from Wailua

Falls northward and westward to a minor stream bed that originates in

the cane fields near the Hanama'ulu airstrip. Area B was entered from

the minor stream bed originating in Area C (below). The northern,

mauka portion of this area slopes steeply and is heavily vegetated with

low trees (primarily java plum) completely overgrown with an exotic

vine. The southern area boundary (i.e., the river bank) is low and

wide, subject to inundation during periods of increased flow of the

river. This portion of the study area is heavily vegetated with

spreading stands of hau reaching 40 feet to 60 feet high and being so

dense that we were forced to climb through the hau in order to

continue down stream. Numerous young (1 foot to 8 feet tall) 'ohi'a'ai

(Eugenia malaccenis)) trees were noted growing from the swampy

ground within the stands of hau. These plants are probably growing

from seed washed down by the ri.,er or thrown from the road north of

Area B as no large, old 'ohi'a'ai were seen in the vicinity. Many of

these trees were flowering. No archaeological sites were found.

The makai one-third of Area B is covered with a thick growth of

grass (probably Panicum purpurasens) ranging from 3 feet to 6 feet

- 23 -

high. No archaeological sites could be found beneath this dense

vegetative cover and it is probable that the area was disturbed during

construction of the haul cane road and ford.

A single, large alluvial gravel bar in study Area B is notable for

its contrasting vegetation. This gravel bar is located in the makai

portion of Area B where the river takes a sharp U-turn and is

vegetated with 50 feet to 60 feet tall exotic Acacia spp. trees with a

understory of honohono (Commelina nudiflora) grass and abundant wild

yam vines. No archaeological sites were found, however, during the

reconnaissance a koloa (Anas app.) flushed from the honohono grass.

Area C

Area C the upper reaches of a minor stream, is a narrow gully

surrounded on the north, west and south by existing cane fields.

Access was gained from the cane field road along the north side of the

area. A large mango tree (Mangifera indica) marks the west end of

Area C and dumps of mai'a (Musa spp.) are probably cultivated by

sugar company employees. The mai'a are growing on a narrow terrace

of boulders among which is buried an old automobile, evidence of

modern age and mechanized construction for the terrace resulting from

cane field clearing. A path was found which leads to the gully bottom

where a large stand of bamboo (possibly Bambusa vulgaris var. aureo-1variegata) is growing in the trickling stream. Across the stream bed

about 5 to 10 small kalo (Colocasia esculenta) plants were found growing

in swampy ground but no other evidence of human activity, such as

archaeological sites or other cultivated plants, were found in Area C.

Area D

Area D is situated in a minor stream gully immediately

makai ofthe sugar company reservoir collecting runoff from the pu'u

- 24 -

Hanahanapuni. This study area was er.tered from the northeast side

accessed by a cane field road bordering the gully.

The vegetation in this area is predominantly waiawi (Psidium

cattleianum f. lucidum), trees of 10 feet to 15 feet in height growing

0.5 feet to 1 foot apart. The ground is wet and soft on the north side

of the stream and on the south side gives way to swampy conditions

with some areas under standing water. Here the vegetation gives way

to a predominance of pu hala (Pandanus odoratissimus) in the swampy

areas and expanses of uluhe (Dicranopteris linearis) on the gully sides

with occasional 'ohi'a lehua (Metrosideros collina) on the slopes or along

the edge of the cane field.

No Hawaiian archaeological sites were found in this area although

irregular concrete blocks were found in the stream bed adjacent to the

road which passes on the makai side of the reservoir above the study

area. These were probably a part of the reservoir having since been

left in situ and consequently destroyed by heavy overflow of the

reservoir. Pig tracks were also noted in this area.

Area E

Study Area E (Figure 6) encompasses the extreme lower section

(at its point of confluence with the Wailua River south fork) of the

same minor stream that is part of study Area D (above). This area

contains remnants of two (2) agricultural terraces (Site 209) in the

stream bottom with remains of a terrace retaining wall discernible (refer

to Figure 5). Access was gained from the sugar company road along

the north side. This bank of the gully is heavily vegetated and our

access route from the northwest was obscured by a thick growth of

vines. Access from the northeast is not possible due to a shear cliff

over 60 feet high. Near the stream bottom the dense vegetation opens

into a wide alluvial terrace on the north side of the stream with an

- overstory of kukui (Aleurites moluccana) trees and ground cover of

honohono grass. Inspection of this terrace did not reveal any conclu-

sive ev-idence of human modification and immediately upstream a dense

-25-

h" , . ! . ' SU AR " '" , FIELDS ': ,.. ..

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Irregular SOUTH

Terrace Dirt FORK yoS W all er a Terraces W A IL U A

j, StreaRIVER

NOTE: SCHEMATIC CROSS SECTION NOT TO SCALE.

stand of hau chokes both banks and the stream bed. However, makai

of the upper terrace a second bi-level alluvial terrace on the south

bank of the stream retains a set stone wall that extends for approxi-

mately 100 to 150 feet along the stream bed. The rnakai portion of the

retaining wall is interrupted by a large mango tree and further makai a

section of the wall has been washed out by stream flow. This terrace

ranges from about 12 feet to 24 feet wide and is bordered on the south

by a low narrow ridge with irregular, unfaced dirt terraces stepping

down to the larger walled terrace. Relict kalo plants were noted along

the mauka edge of the terrace adjacent to the stream. A conglomeration

of boulders in the stream may be the remains of a darn for raising the

water level of the stream for diversion into the terrace, however,

evidence of 'auwai upon the terraces is not discernible.

A few flowering 'ohi'a'ai trees are present in the valley bottom

and few ki plants are present on the steeper slopes. Pu hala is

common on the steep slopes of the gully and surmounting the cliff

areas.

Area F

Area F is situated on the south fork of Wailua River south of

study Area D (discussed above). The area is bisected by an existing

sugar company road oriented east-west. The north bank of the river

gorge is predominantly pali (cliff) which drops 60 feet to 100 feet from

the road to the river. Native vegetation along the top of this pali

consists mostly of pu hala and hau with various low shrubs comprising

the understory. North of the road through the study area a low pali

(20 feet to 30 feet high) borders the cane field to the east. Above this

pali the ground continues at a steep slope to cane fields above and on

the west. The strip of uncultivated land is barely 200 feet wide, is

densely vegetated with a mixture of native and exotic low trees and

shrubs and no archaeological sites are present here on the north of the

cane road nor on the south between the road and the river gorge.

- 27-

I

Area G

Area G begins a few hundred feet west of Area F (above) and

extends along the north bank of the gorge of the south fork. The area

includes a portion three minor stream channels all of which are very

steep, narrow gullies which drop precipitously in places beneath

extensive growth of uluhe. The upper limits of these gullies, vegetated

with hau, waiawi and some kukui, were inspected but the lower

extremes and the sides of the primary gorge were inaccessible. No

archaeological sites were found.

Area H

Area H (Figures 7 and 8 ) is situated in the bottom of the south

fork gorge and extends approximately 6,000 feet makai from the

confluence of 'Ili'ili'ula and Wai'ahi Streams, southeast of Mauna 'Ou

(refer to Figure 3). The mauka extreme includes the dams and intake

for the Hanama'ulu Ditch system.

Access to the study area was gained from the northwest, down a

narrow and rocky, minor ,tream bed originating at the edge of the cane

fields above the gorge. The dam area was inspected first. We were

able to cross 'Ili'ili'ula between the dam and its point of confluence with

Wai'ahi as the stream flow is diverted to Wai'ahi Stream and the

Hanama'ulu ditch intake by a short deep ditch excavated through the

ridge between the two rivers. Bulldozer vracks were noted in the dry

section of 'Ili'ili'ula Stream bed and cuts in the ridge between the

streams, as well as a short section of bulldozer road paralleling the

river along the north bank are a result of construction of the dams and

ditches. The route of access of the bulldozer could not be discerned,

however, it is probable that access was gained from the south bank of

the river. No evidence of prehistoric use of the ridge between the

rivers could be discerned beyond the presence of numerous wild yams

growing in the area.

- 28 -

-,... . , .. - . . . . .

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7/N

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-4

AGRICULTURALTERRACES(SITE 210) Bulldozer Road

11:1Ii ~Dense Hou

I' Collapsed Terrace WetGrun

I ~HANAMA ULU DITCH II I~i

NOTE: SCHEMATIC C ROSS SECTION NOT TO SCALE.

FIGURE 8 ~FUDY AREA H SHOWING ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES.

-30-

Along the north bank, below the confluence of the streams, an

elevated (approximately 20 feet to 30 feet above the present river)

alluvial terrace contains remnants of agricultural terraces. This

complex (Site 210) is bounded on the south by the river, on the north

and east by a low (about 15 feet high) verticle cliff and on the west by

the bulldozer road where it crosses 'Ili'ili'ula Stream. The cultural

remnants consist of a very deteriorated terrace retaining wall about 2

feet high that parallels the low cliff on the north thus creating a long

(about 200 feet) narrow (maximum 12 feet wide) terrace 2 feet above

the larger terrace area. The larger terrace has a short (about 15 feet)

I foot to 2 feet high, north-south oriented retaining wall situated near

the makai end of the terrace. Twenty (20) to 40 relict kalo plants are

present on the larger terrace near this wall. A linear depression

running makai on the larger terrace, adjacent to a narrow terrace at

the cliff base may have been an 'auwai but was not traceable in a

mauka direction. Water for these terraces may have come from the

minor stream by which we gained access to the river, however, the

bulldozer road has apparently obliterated structural remains beyond the

immediately definable terraces.

Makai of the sites described above, the north bank steepens

abruptly and is disected by another minor stream. We were able to

cross above the 40 foot high pali on the river's edge by climbing up,

crossing the minor stream bed and then dropping down to the next

alluvial terrace. The descent to this second alluvial terrace (gravel

bar) was made more difficult by dense stands of hau. This vegetative

cover opened on to a continuous, deep grass understory and overstory

of giant, exotic Acacia spp. trees (about 70 feet to 80 feet high) upon

the alluvial terrace. This terrace is separated from the north bank of

the gorge by a narrow boulder strewn secondary river -'-anel that

although dry during this reconnaissance (a period of relatively low

river flow) isolates the alluvial terrace from the north bank during

periods of high water.

Inspection of this terrace resulted in the discovery of a

discontinuous and very deteriorated 2 foot high bank along the south

side of the terrace. The condition of the bank and the generally low

-31-

elevation of the entire terrace relative to the river (5 feet to 6 feet)

precludes positive identification. Near the makai extreme of the terrace

is a clump of four (4) or five (5) mai'a plants. These are tentatively

identified as maila 'ele'ele based on the dark-red to black variegated

trunks. None were in flower. This alluvial terrace terminated (makai

end) at a sheer pali in excess of 90 feet high in the vicinity of the

powerline showin in Figure 3. Thus we were obliged to ascend the

north bank to the cane fields above and reenter this study area makai

of the powerline and pali.

The study area was reentered by way of the minor stream gully

at the northeast end of Area H. The sides of this gully are very steep

and heavily vegetated with hau, pu hala, waiawi and various shrubs

and weeds. 'Ie'ie (Freycinetia arborea), a native liana was also

observed. The stream bed is narrow and rocky. This minor stream

does not flow directly into the river below rather it terminates on a 40

foot high, roughly 60 feet wide, swampy terrace where a large mango

tree is growing along with the hau and waiawi. Heading directly for

0't the river we encountered a 15 foot to 20 foot high pali below which a

lower terrace could be seen. Heading in a makai direction along the

top of this pali an access route to the lower terrace was found and the

terrace reconnoitered.

The terrace is roughly level and is 10 feet to 20 feet above the

present river directly below the south boundary. This terrace is

vegetated with dense hau and wild yams, a few 'ohi'a'ai and a few

k plants are interspersed beneath. Along the north edge (the

intermediate pali) of this lower terrace is the remnant of a low (2 feet)

discontinuous agricultural terrace retaining wall that forms a 10 foot to

15 foot wide terrace (Site 211) against the base of the pali. These

terraces are similar in characteristics to those found in the mauka

extreme of Area H (discussed above) except that no additional terrace

walls nor kalo plants were found.

-32-

Area I

Area I is the most mauka of the study areas and contains a man

made ditch that collects water from the north fork of Wailua River and

delivers it to the Hanama'ulu ditch intake on the south fork via Waikoko

Stream. A gaging station access road runs along the northeast side of

this ditch (except the southernmost 2,000 to 3,000 feet) providing

access to the study area.

No evidence of cultural remains was found in Area I aside from

the ditch, gaging station and road, two (2) stands of 'ohe (probably

Melocanna baccifera), two (2) large stands of palepiwa (Eucalyptus

spp.) or Melalenca leucadendra (paper bark) of the family Myrtaceae.

These stands are located on the north side of the downstream end of

the ditch and on the south side of the upstream end near the gaging

station. They are planted in straight rows, probably by forestry

personnel experimenting with various introduced trees for industry.

The 'ohe noted above is located near the gaging station at the north

end of the area and is of the Hawaiian variety in that nodes are about

18 inches apart and the walls of the stalk, thin. This is the type of

'ohe used in making pu'ii (bamboo rattle) and 'ohehanoihu (nose flute).

- 33 -

7

CONCLUSIONS

The information compiled from early accounts and the recording of

Hawaiian oral history (Wilkes 1848; Thrum 1907; Dickey 1915 and 1916;

Lydgate 1916; Salisbury 1936; Beckwith 1970), early land and geologic

survey maps (Metcalf 1846; Monsarrat 1900; Marshall 1910; Wall 1923),

previous archaeological research (Bennett 1931; Sloggett 1934; Ching

1968), ethnographies (Handy 1940; Handy and Handy 1972) and govern-

ment records (Indices of L.C. Awards 1929) constitute a substantial

body of data relating to Wailua, Kaua'i. The data is, however,

weighted towards sites located along the coast and the tidewater portion

of Wailua River with the following exceptions:

1) Bennett's (1931) Site 110 in Kapa'a mauka (type locality).

2) Ching's (1968) Survey.

3) House sites shown on Marshall's (1910) Geologic Survey Map of

Kaua'i Island.

4) Oral history - place names and mo'olelo.

The present study has located three (3) additional agricultural

terrace complexes along the south forks between Waiehu (Falls) and the

Hanama'ulu ditch intake at the confluence of 'Ili'ili'ula and Waiawa

Streams.

The data resources (above) are sufficient for making some general

statements. According to Hawaiian oral history, Wailua was the most

politically and religiously important ahupua'a of Kaua'i (refer to

"Background"). Archaeological evidence for this could be inferred from

the numerous heiau, if we use Cordy's (Kelly 1978:62) criteria for

determining political centers with corresponding dense populations.

However, this clearly is not appropriate for Kaua'i considering that

Koloa ahupua'a has no less than 14 heiau. Obviously Cordy is assuming

that all heiau are contemporaneous; an assumption for which there is no

factual evidence. Rather mololelo and other oral history are evidence

against Cordy's assumption. Futhermore, population estimates based on

-34-

number of heiau and size of heiau is equally assuming because an ali'i

nui ruled the ali'i ai moku and thereby the entire populous of the

island. Thus, people from any community (as defined by Cordy in

Kelly 1978:1) could be and were called upon to participate in the

construction of heiau or other public works projects (Ching 1981

personal communication).

The Lihu'e basin is a relatively unique geologic feature in the

Hawaiian Islands. The Wailua River that drains the central portion of

this basin is comprised of an extensive system of youthful gorges cut

into a nearly level plain. Thus it differs considerably from the

amphitheater type valley in that the vast majority of territory in Wailua

(ahupua'a) uka is level, deep volcanic ash dissected by inumerable

minor streams and creeks. This type area was, in fact, better suited

and more valuable for exploitation by means of swidden type forest

plantings, irrigated and dry-land cultivation and natural resource

collection (Handy and Handy 1972:470). It is unfortunate that all

evidence of Hawaiian land use outside the river and stream gorges has

been obliterated and will always be an uncontrollable variable in

statistical analyses of site distribution within the ahupua'a.

The archaeological sites located by the previous and present

studies show that the alluvial terraces within the primary gorge of the

Wailua River were also utilized. The present reconnaissance has shown

that there are three (3) major exploitable zones (excluding the river)

situated in the river system. These are: 1) three (3) levels of

alluvial terraces, 2) minor, tributary stream bottoms, and 3) the

steeper slope-, of the gorge. The steep slopes support pu hala, 'ohi'a

lehua (Metrosideros collina), laua'e, hau, ki and 'ie'ie. The uppermost

terraces capture water from the minor streams on the gorge flanks, are

swampy and presently support hau primarily, however, it is assumed

that these terraces were also utilized to raise other cultigens. The

upper terraces are generally 30 feet or more above the present level of

the river. The middle level terraces of the primary gorge and minor,

tributary stream bottoms were definitely modified and utilized for

raising cultigens, evidenced by constructed terrace remnants and relict

kalo (cultigen). These terraces are generally 10 feet to 30 feet above

5 - 35-

the present river and may have been watered by 'auwai or minor stream

flow or seepage. The lower alluvial terraces range from 1 or 2 feet to

10 feet above the present river. They are small boulder or gravel bars

and are presently subject to total inundation or separation from the

river bank during maximum flow of the river. This flooding is a result

of increased siltation since tapping and damming of the river for cane

cultivation and probably did not occur prior to these changes. No

definable modification or remnant structures were located on these lower

terraces, however, banana, wild yam, and kukui are present on one or

more of these terraces suggesting their previous use as resource areas.

In lieu of the terrain contrasts between amphitheater valleys and

the Wailua River gorge, the limited extent of archaeological research in

Wailua and the irretrievable loss of data from lands under modern

cultivation, the existing data appears to support Cordy's (Kelly

1978:56) formula on site types and their distribution. However, broad

generalizations based on reconnaissance or even survey data are

subjective at best. The framework (Kelly 1978:66) for testing and

interpreting settlement and demographic expansion is workable for the

ahupua'a type socio-political system. Consideration of the colonization-

exploration period, that may account for some of the early coastal sites

and the possible necessity and desirability during this early period of

inland resources has been overlooked by Gordy. That is some early

coastal sites may not represent permanent settlement of the area and

some early inland camp sites should be expected.

-A

-36-

GLOSSARY

ahupua'a Largest land unit within a district (moku); wereself sufficient economic units extending from themountains to the outer reef - where there was a reef,or a half mile to a mile to sea - where there was noreef; so called because the boundaries of these landunits were marked by a cairn of stone (ahu) on whicha pig (pua'a) or other tribute was laid as a tax to theruling chief (ali'i nui).

'Aikanaka An ancient high chief of Kaua'i.

ali'i Chief; a member of the ruling class (nobility) inancient Hawaiian society.

ali'i 'ai moku Chief that rules over a moku or district.

ali'i nui Ruling chief.

alluvial A mode of sediment deposition, i.e., deposited bystreams.

0 'auwai A constructed ditch, usually for irrigation purposes.

avifauna The birds or the kinds of birds of a region, period orenvironment.

cultigen A cultivated organism of a variety or species for whicha wild ancestor is unknown.

Great Mahele An event in the "reformation of the land system inof 1848 Hawaii" that "separated and defined the undivided land

interests of King Kamehameha III and the high-rankingchief and konohiki(s)." This was carried out by theBoard of Commissioners To Quiet Land Titles comprisedof five commissioners appointed by King KamehamehaIII. (Chinen 1974).

hale House or building.

hau A lowland tree, often found growing along streams(Hibiscus tiliaceus).

heiau Hawaiian temple.

honohono This work is used in the text to generally characterizeseveral species of creeping grasses.

in situ In an original or natural position.

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Ka'ahumanu Favorite wife of Kamehameha I, who later marriedKaumuali'i, King of Kauali. She was also at one timeKuhina nui or executive officer of the kingdom.

;. ka'ao A traditional Hawaiian fictional story.

kaeke Or Kalekeleke. Bamboo pipes, varying in length withone end open. A player held one vertically in eachhand tapping them down on a mat or the ground with

K- the resulting tone varying according to the length ofthe bamboo (see footnote in text).

Kahiki Tahiti or a general term describing any foriegncountry.

kalo Taro (Colocasia esculenta).

Kamehameha III The third ruling monarch of the Kamehameha dynastyKauikeauoli over the Kingdom of Hawaii.

kapu Prohibited, forbidden, off limits; sacred, consecrated.

Kapule, Wife of Kaumuali'i and Queen of Kaua'i. Deborah wasDeborah her baptismal name,_she being an early convert to

Christianity. Ha'akulou was her Hawaiian name.

Kaumuali'i The last ruling chief of Kaua i previous to the unifica-tion of all islands under the rule of Kamehameha I.

Kawelo A heroic chief of Hawaiian legend who was born atHanama'ulu, Kauali. Some of his exploits take placein Wailua such as his battle with 'Aikanaka at Nounou.

k The ti plant (Cordyline terminalis).

kipuka Variation of change of form, as a calm area in roughseas, a clearing in a forest, or, as used in the text,a remnant of older volcanic activity surrounded bylater lava flows.

koloa General term for duck (Anas spp.). The Hawaiianduck was sometimes called koloa maoli or native duck.

konane A traditional Hawaiian game similar to checkers.

konohiki Land manager (headman) of an ahupua'.

kukui Candlenut tree (Aleurites moluccana).

lauale A fern (Polypodium phymatodes). Its fragrance, whencrushed, resembles that of the maile, and is famous onKaua'i.

-38-

.I

liana A climbing plant that roots in the ground.

lo'i Wet taro lands as opposed to ku]a lands, that wasused for dry land farming.

mai'a General term for all types of bananas. Anotherdescriptive word follows to denote the specific variety

Isuch as mai'a'ele'ele.

maka'ainana Commoner; the largest class of people in ancientHawaiian society.

makai Towards the sea.

mauka Towards the uplands.

middle fork The old term, as seen on historic maps, for what istoday called the north fork of the Wailua River (seenorth fork).

Motikeha The grandson of Maweke who came to Hawai'i fromKahiki. His brother was Olopana, chief of Waipi'o,Hawai'i. Mo'ikeha became the ali'i nui of Kaua'i,inheriting the title from his father-in-law Puna.

moku To divide, land district.

mo'olelo A traditional story that is based on what the Hawaiiansbelieved to be historical fact.

north fork A name, often found on old maps, used to identifywhat is known today as 'Opaeka'a Stream, the northernmost of the three large tributaries of the Wailua River.What is known today as the north fork was then calledthe middle fork.

'ohe General name applied to all varieties of bamboo. Usein this text refers to 'ohe Hawaii (Bambusa vulgarisvar. aureo variegata) o-----ohe kahiki (Schizostachyumglaucifolium).

'ohehanoihu Nose flute.

'ohi'a'ai Mountain apple tree (Eugenia malaccensis).

'hi'a lehua A native tree (Metrosideros collina).

palepiwa All species of Eucalyptus trees. The name literallymeans to ward-off fever because the leaves wereprepared medicinally for that purpose.

- 39 -

pali cliff; precipice.

Palila A demigod, chief and warrior of Kaua'i. Some of hisexploits are related in legends of Wailua. He laterbecame the ruling chief of Hilo.

piko Umbilical cord, navel.

pohaku piko A significant boulder or outcrop, in the crevices andvesicles of which are ceremoniously placed the piko ofnew born infants, secured by a pebble or section ofthe pu hala fruit.

pu hala Pandanus tree. Also known simply as hala.

pu'u Any kind of protuberance from a pimple to a hill.

pu uhonua Place of refuge, asylum.

site A discreet structure (including sinkholes) whichcontains evidence of construction or modification.

slope wash Sheet erosion or the material transported by sheeterosion.

terrace complex Two or more separable (for purposes of analysis),relatively level areas arranged in a step-like order toconserve moisture or to minimize erosion for planting.

uka Uplands.

-40 -

K

L

REFERENCES

A nonomous1885 Ms. Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum. Lah Comp (216) (9)

September 14, 1885. Informant - Keo, Wailua. Excerptson file at Kaua'i Museum.

Armstrong, R.W. ed.1973 Atlas of Hawai'i. University Press of Hawaii.

Archaeological Research Center Hawaii, Inc.

Beckwith, M.1970 Hawaiian Mythology. University of Hawaii Press,

Honolulu. Archaeological Research Center Hawaii, Inc.

Bennett, Wendell C.1931 The Archaeology of Kaua'i. Bernice P. Bishop Museum

Bullletin 80, Honolulu. Archaeological Research CenterHawaii, Inc.

Chinen, Jon J.1974 The Great Mahele: Hawaii's Land Division of 1848. The

University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu. ArchaeologicalResearch Center Hawaii, Inc.

Ching, Francis K.W.1968 Archaeological Surface Survey; Wailua State Park, Kaua'i.

Department of Land and Natural Resources, State ofHawaii.

Davis, B.D. and R.M. Bordner1977 Archaeological Investigation at Kukui Heiau, South

Olohena, Puna, Kaua'i Island. Unpublished Ms.Archaeological Research Center Hawaii, Inc., ARCH14-98.

Dickey, L.A.1917 Stones of Wailua, Kaua'i. Hawaiian Historical Society,

25th Annual Report, Honolulu. Archaeological ResearchCenter Hawaii, Inc.

Foote, et al.1972 Soil Survey of the Islands of Kaua'i, O'ahu, Maui,

Moloka'i and Lana'i, State of Hawaii. U.S. Departmentof Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Washington.Archaeological Research Center Hawaii, Inc.

Gove, Philip Babcock (ed.)1976 Webster's Third New International Dictionary. G&C

Merriam Co., Springfield, Massachusetts. ArchaeologicalResearch Center Hawaii, Inc.

41 -

Hammatt, H.H. et al.1978 Archaeological and Biological Survey of the Proposed

Kiahuna Golf Village Area, Koloa, Kaua'i Island.Unpublished Ms., Archaeological Research Center Hawaii,Inc., Lawa'i.

Handy, E.S. Craighill1940 The Hawaiian Planter. Volume 1, Bernice P. Bishop

Museum Bulletin 161, Reprint 1971, Honolulu. KauaiRegional Library.

, and Elizabeth Green Handy1972 Native Planters in Old Hawaii. Bernice P. Bishop

Museum, Bulletin 233, Honolulu. Archaeological ResearchCenter Hawaii, Inc.

Hanselwood, E.L. and G.G. Motter ed.1966 Handbook of Hawaiian Weeds. Hawaiian Sugar Planters

Association, Honolulu.

Hinds, Norman E.A.1930 The Geology of Kaua'i and Ni'ihau. Bernice P. Bishop

Museum, Bulletin 71, Honolulu. Reprint 1971.Archaeological Research Center Hawaii, Inc.

U) Kamakau, S.M.1961 Ruling Chiefs of Hawaii. The Kamehameha Schools

Press, Honolulu. Kaua'i Regional Library,Archaeological Research Center Hawaii, Inc.

Kelly, Marion, Clayton Hee and Ross Cordy1978 Cultural Reconnaissance of Hydroelectric Power Plant

Sites. Archaeological Research Center Hawaii, Inc.

Kramer, Raymond J.1971 Hawaiian Land Mammals. Charles E. Tuttle and Co.,

Vermont. Archaeological Research Center Hawaii, Inc.

Lydgate, J.M.1916 Kaumuali'i, The Last King of Kaua'i. Hawaiian Historical

Society Annual Report, No. 24, Honolulu.

Macdonald, G.A., D.A. Davis, and D.C. Cox1960 Geology and Ground-Water Resources of the Island of

Kaua'i, Hawaii. Hawaii Division of Hydrography,Honolulu. Archaeological Research Center Hawaii, Inc.

Macdonald, G.A. and A.T. Abbott1970 Volcanoes in the Sea; The Geology of Hawaii. University

of Hawaii Press, Honolulu. Archaeological ResearchCenter Hawaii, Inc.

- 42 -

Marshall, RP.1910 Topographic Map of the Island of Kaua'i. Survey by

U.S. Geological Survey in Cooperation with Territory ofHawaii. U.S. Department of Interior Geologic Survey.Archaeological Research Center Hawaii, Inc.

Metcalf, T.1846 Map. Archaeological Research Center Hawaii, Inc.

Monsarrate, M.D.1900 Map of the Lihu'e Plantation (Northern Portion). Hawaii

Territorial Survey. Lihu'e Plantation.

Munro, G.C.1960 Birds of Hawaii. Charles E. Tuttle Co., Inc, Tokyo.

Archaeological Research Center Hawaii, Inc.

Neal, M.C.1965 In Gardens of Hawaii. Bernice P. Bishop Museum

Special Publication 50, Honolulu. ArchaeologicalResearch Center Hawaii, Inc.

Office of the Commissioner of Public Works1929 Indices of Awards, Made by the Board of Commissioners

to Quiet Land Title in the Hawaiian Islands. HonoluluStar Bulletin. Archaeological Research Center Hawaii,Inc.

Puku'i, Mary Kawena and Samuel H. Elbert1971 Hawaiian Dictionary. University Press of Hawaii,

Honolulu. Archaeological Research Center Hawaii, Inc.

1974 Place Names of Hawaii. The University Press of Hawaii,Honolulu. Archaeological Reserach Center Hawaii, Inc.

Salibury, M.1936 Wailua, Valley of Kaua'i Kings and Priests; Rich in

Splendor. Honolulu Star Bulletin, September 5, 1936.Archaeological Research Center Hawaii, Inc.

Sloggett, et al.1934 The Heiau at Wailua. Kaua'i Historical Soceity, Lihu'e.

Archaeological Research Center Hawaii, Inc.

Thrum, T.G.1907 Hawaiian Almanac and, Annual. Honolulu. Archaeological

Research Center Hawaii, Inc.

Wall, W.E.1923 Map; Wailua Rice and Kula Lots, Wailua, Puna, Kaua'i.

Hawaii Territorial Survey. State Survey Division,Department of Accounting and General Services.

- 43 -

Wilkes, C.1845 Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition;

During the Years 1838, 1839, 184 , 1841, 1842.Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard, 1845.

The above books can also be found in the State of Hawaii Library

System, University of Hawaii at Manoa - Hamilton Library, University

of Hawaii at Hilo Libi-ary, the Bishop Museum Library, the Kaua'i,

Maul and other Community College Libraries, Kauai Museum, reference

collections of the Kauai Historical Society and the Library of Congress

to name but a few repositories.

44

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