formula one - the engineering race
TRANSCRIPT
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Formula One - The Engineering Race Evolution in virtual & physical testing over the last 15 years
Torbjörn Larsson Creo Dynamics AB
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How F1 has influenced CAE development by pushing boundaries working at the “bleeding edge”
But now lost the edge?
Torbjörn Larsson Creo Dynamics AB
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Starting Grid
P1 Altair & Creo Dynamics
P3 Aerodynamics
P5 Supercomputing
The haydays and the future
P2 Introduction to Formula One
P4 Evolution of CFD in F1
P6 Beating the rules
The DNA of F1
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• Built upon philosophy, technology and lessons learned in F1
• Leverage via networking and technical collaboration with academia and industry
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CFD @ Creo Dynamics
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Evolution of F1 cars since 1950 Red cars only
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• Formula One is a highly regulated sport and the car basic dimensions are dictated by the FIA technical regulations.
• Car shaping is primarily driven by aerodynamic efficiency.
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Car Shape Evolution
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2009 Rule Change of FIA Technical Regulation
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Car Shape Evolution
2009 2008
The immediate effect; a dramatic loss of downforce (~50%)
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The Performance of the Package
Driver
Grip - Tyres, Suspension, etc.
Vehicle Mass and Centre of Gravity
Engine and Transmission of Power
Aerodynamics
Electronics, Hydraulics, Pneumatics
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% CHANGE IN LAP TIME
• +5% of Tyre Grip Average = -1.62
• -5% of Weight Average = -0.96
• +5% of Power Average = -0.74
• +5% Aerodynamic Efficiency = -0.52
Effect of Performance Factors on Lap Time
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Aerodynamics
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2009
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Aerodynamics
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Flow Physics
– Strong vorticies and wake flow
– Separated flows
– High lifting wings
– Ground effect
– Flow interactions
Shape Complexity
– Geometrical details
– Large range of scales
– Small clearances (ground, tire seals)
– Deformations and aero-elastic effects
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Aerodynamics
Aerodynamics Performance Propels the Development in Formula One
‐ Extremely high development pace
‐ Continuous and incremental design evolution
‐ Combined use of physical and virtual testing (Track, WT, CFD)
‐ State-of-the-art technology
Ultra-competitive industry which has become a competition in engineering excellence.
F1 has acted as catalyst in developing state-of-the-art CFD techniques over the last decade.
Having the upper hand in simulation driven design is key to success in F1.
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CFD Requirements
• High development pace
Short turn-around time required for CFD to have an influence
• Incremental design approach
Sufficient accuracy and fidelity in the CFD results required to pick-up the correct trends from sequences of small design changes
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Conflicting and challenging constraints!
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CFD
Formula One - an Early Adopter of New Technology
• Large scale unstructured meshing
• Parallel efficiency of meshing, solving and post-processing tools
• Moving mesh and mesh morphing algorithms
• Efficient solvers and solving schemes
• Tuning and tailoring of turbulence models (high-lifting wings, transition, wake flows)
• Adjoint solvers
• FSI
• Automation and scripting
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Simulation Tools Track Testing
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Simulation Tools Wind Tunnel & CFD
• Extremely high development pace Teams operating with ~100 people to support the aerodynamics development in the wind tunnel
• Wind tunnels run 24/7 (not true anymore)
• Very short project lead times New parts on the car for every race (every 2nd weekend)
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Evolution of CFD Usage in F1 The past …
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?
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Supercomputing in F1 The race begins ..
In 2005 the Sauber F1 team introduced Albert …
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530 cores 2 TFlops
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Supercomputing in F1 The race begins ..
2006 Albert2 1024 cores 12 TFlops (#60 on Top 500 list)
2008 Albert3 4224 cores 58 TFlops (#45 on Top 500 list)
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Supercomputing in F1 The race begins ..
Formula 1 Supercomputer Championship 2008 (by TFLOPS)
• BMW Sauber F1 Team: Albert3, 4224 cores (Intel Xeon)
• Renault F1 Team: Appro Xtreme-X2, 1024 sockets, 4096 cores (AMD QC Opteron)
• Ferrari : Acer/IBM/Racksaver, 1000+ processor sockets (upgrading to QC Opteron)
• McLaren: Silicon Graphics Altix, 512 Sockets, 1024 cores (Intel Itanium 2)
• Red Bull: IBM, 512 sockets, 1024 core (upgrading to AMD QC Opteron)
• Toyota F1 Team: Fujitsu, 320 Sockets, 640 cores (Intel Itanium 2)
• WilliamsF1: Lenovo Unnamed, 332 Sockets, 664 cores (Intel Xeon 5100)
• Honda F1 Racing: SGI Altix ICE, unknown number of socket/cores, water-cooled Quad-Core Intel Xeon
• Toro Rosso: N/A (uses Red Bull infrastructure)
• Super Aguri: N/A (uses Honda F1 infrastructure)
• Force India: Rental system (unknown specifications)
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FIA & FOTA rules
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FOTA
Bigger computers, new wind tunnels – the costs of F1 are escalating … • Budget Cap? • Limit Testing?
2009 FOTA imposed limitations on aerodynamic testing and CFD.
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FIA New Technical Regulations 2009
Driving forces behind the new regulations • Cost reduction (FOTA)
• Improve the on-track spectacle – promote overtaking
“Decrease reliance on aerodynamic downforce and increase mechanical grip with the aim of making wheel-to-wheel racing easier”
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FOTA Rules Wind tunnel & CFD limits
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Sauber 2008
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FOTA Rules Implications on hardware
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What is TFLOPS?
1012 Floating Point Operations per Second
FLOPS = Clock X Operations/Cycle X Cores (Theoretical Peak Performance)
CPU Clock (GHz) operations/clock no of cores/socket TFLOPS
Intel E5 2699 2,3 16 18 0,6624
With a budget cap at 25 Tflops, teams would be maxed out at 38 CPUs (or 679 cores)!
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FOTA Rules Implications on hardware
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Already in 2008, teams were operating 4000+ cores clusters.
Today - are they running much smaller clusters?
Not necessarily, Formula One is all about “beating the regulations”.
FLOPS = Clock X Operations/cycle X Cores (Theoretical Peak Performance)
What counts is the simulation through-put. So, the question becomes;
How can one design and optimize a HW/SW combo that maximizes through-put at minimum FLOPS?
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Have F1 lost the edge? Exponential growth of supercomputing power - Top 500 List
“The rest of the world is advancing CFD and HPC, tackling ever larger and more complex problems, taking full benefit of latest technology and Moore’s Law”.
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Contact Details
Creo Dynamics AB Linköping
Westmansgatan 37A SE-582 16 Linköping
Sweden www.creodynamics.com