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© Fraunhofer ISE FHG-SK: ISE-INTERNAL

©Fraunhofer ISE/Foto: Guido Kirsch

FRAUNHOFER-INSTITUT FÜR SOLARE ENERGIESYSTEME ISE AGROPHOTOVOLTAICS – R&D RESULTS FROM GERMANY AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR ADDRESSING THE WEF-NEXUS

Max Trommsdorff

Business Opportunities for AgroPV in India

Learnings from Europe and India

Webniar on Friday, 22nd of May 2020

www.ise.fraunhofer.de

© Fraunhofer ISE

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FHG-SK: ISE-INTERNAL

Agenda

Integrated PV and Idea of APV

R&D Results APV-RESOLA

Food-Energy-Water Nexus

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Challenges of the Energy Transition in Germany Political Objectives, Reality, Demand

Greenhouse gas emissions by 2030: -55% by 2050: ca. -100%

Share of Renewable Energy in the electricity consumption by 2030: 65%

Electricity demand by 2050: up to 1000 TWh

PV-Expansion target by 2030: 98 GW

PV-Increase 2013-2018 on average: 1,8 GW/a

PV-Increase 2019: 3,9 GW

PV-Increase demand by 2030: 5 – 10 GW/a

PV-Increase demand by 2050: 400-500 GW Cumulative installed capactiy of PV and wind power for four

examined scenarios, Fraunhofer ISE, Febr. 2020

© Fraunhofer ISE

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Energy Market Scenario by Shell: PV dominating

https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-depth-is-shells-new-climate-scenario-as-radical-as-it-says

Geothermal Hydro

Solar

Biomass & Biofuels

Wind

Nuclear

Oil

Coal

Natural Gas

66 TW

54 TW

22 TW

5 TW

Challenges of the Energy Transition - Worldwide

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Challenges of the Energy Transition - Worldwide Photovoltaics: Price Development of Modules

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Examples of Integrated Photovoltaics

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Technical Land Potential

Technical Potential:

Consideration of technical, infrastructural and ecological constraints

Challenges of the Energy Transition

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Quelle: Fraunhofer ISE

Agrophotovoltaics – From the Idea to the Implementation The Concept

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Agrophotovoltaics – From the Idea to the Implementation Brief History From 2000 EEG feed-in tariffs for Renewable Energies

PV „revolution“

First large scale ground-mounted PV plants (PV-GM)

EEG-reform 2010: PV-GM only in exceptional cases on arable land

The time has come for APV


Germany: EEG-reform 2010

France: APV supporting scheme (2017)

Japan: first gov. supporting scheme (2013)

China: first large scale APV-systems > 10 ha (2015)

Global installed APV capacity min 2,4 GWp

EU: first notable APV-systems in FR und I (2011)

Timeline of APV from 2010 until today

2010 2020 2015

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Agrophotovoltaics – From the Idea to the Implementation Proof of Concept - Worldwide

(A) Germany, University Weihenstephan, 30 kWp, 2013

(B) Italy , R.E.M. Tech Energy, 3 x APV systems since 2011, 3,2 MWp, 1,3 MWp, 2,15 MWp

(C) France, University of Montpellier, 50 kWp, 2010, 2017 – 2019: 45 MWp

(D) Japan, Solar Sharing, Ministry of Agriculture, Forest and Fishery, Akira Nagashima

1.054 Solar Sharing 2013 - 2018, 80 kWp/Projekt, 85 MWp

(E) Italy , Corditec, Ahlers, 800 kWp, 2012

(F) Egypt, SEKEM, Almaden, Kairo, 90 kWp, 2017

(G) USA, University of Arizona, approx. 50 kWp, 2017

(H) Taiwan, Green Source Technology, 400 kWp, 2016

(A) (B) (C) (D)

(E)

(E)

(F)

(G)

(H)

(A) (F)

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FHG-SK: ISE-INTERNAL Quelle: BayWa r.e.

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Agenda




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+

Cereal (e.g. Rye, Barley, Oat)

Green cabbage Rapeseed

Pea Asparagus

Carrots Radish Leek

Celery Fennel

0

Onion Cucumber Zucchini

- Wheat

Corn Pumpkin Grapes*

Sunflower Fruits*

Broccoli Millet

Sugar beet Cauliflower Red beets

Salad Hops Spinach Field bean Legumes Leave vegetables

Research Results APV-RESOLA Shade Tolerance: Classification of the Most Relevant Crops in Germany

Source: Fraunhofer ISE * Dependent on species and type

© Fraunhofer ISE

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Research Results APV-RESOLA Selection of the „right“ Arable Crops or Crop Rotations

Shade tolerant arable crops exist

Many arabale crops suffer from to high solar radiation

Increase in yield and quality improvement through shading is possible

Reduction of water shortages

Source: Fraunhofer ISE

+ 0

Kategorie Referenzart

+ Berries, Leaf Vegetables

0 Rape & Barley, Potatoes

- Corn

PAR – photosynthetic active radiation [%]

ag

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%]

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Research Results APV-RESOLA Pilot Plant in Heggelbach: Facts and Figures I Installed: 2016 in Heggelbach

Region: Bodenseekreis

Length: 136m

Width: 25m

Area: ~ 1/3 ha


Height: 8m

Vertical clearance : 5m

Installed capacity : 194 kWp

Crops: clover, celery, potatoes and winter wheat

Source: Hilber Solar

© Fraunhofer ISE

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Light management

Fixed-tilt towards southwest

Bifacial glas/glas PV-modules

Yield monitoring

Passageway for agricultural machinery

Soil protection

Quelle: Spinnanker Source: Spinnanker Source: BayWa r.e.

Research Results APV-RESOLA Pilot Plant in Heggelbach: Facts and Figures II

Rain water distribution

Spinnanker fundaments

Ram protection

No fence

Cross Compliance: high environmental sustainability

© Fraunhofer ISE

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Research Results APV-RESOLA Agriculture: Example Yield Potatoes

2017: Yield under APV reduced by 18 %

2018: Yield under APV increased by 11 %

Higher share of bulbs with diameter 35 - 50 mm under APV in both harvests

Source: Universität Hohenheim

marketable yield

Source: Universität Hohenheim

Source: Hofgemeinschaft Heggelbach

© Fraunhofer ISE

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Research Results APV-RESOLA Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) 2018

Extension of potential PV-area without land use conflicts

Improvement of land use efficiency between 60 – 90 % possible in Germany

Large potential in regions with land scarcity and in arid / semi-arid climate zones

Case study APV-RESOLA:

LER/ha APV-potatoes 2018 = 186 %

103 %* potato yield = 100 % potato yield + 11 % yield improvement – 8 % loss of land

83 % electrical yield

Source: Fraunhofer ISE, University Hohenheim

© Fraunhofer ISE

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Research Results APV-RESOLA Community: Citizen Workshop and Local Survey Consensus in PV expansion:

Priority on available roof surfaces and industral areas

Preferences for APV compared to PV-GM

Learning from experiences with biogas plants

„Uncontrolled APV growth“ must be avoided

Optimal integration in the landscape

Bringing together production and consumption

Concentration of APV-systems should be limited

Size of APV-systems should be limited

Source: de.fotolia.com

Source: de.fotolia.com

Source: Deutschlandfunk

© Fraunhofer ISE

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Research Results APV-RESOLA Economy: PV-Power Generation Cost

APV-OPEX < than PV-GM due to synergy effects

APV-LCOE > approx. 1/3 higher than PV-GM

Already today competitive with roof-mounted PV < 10 kWp

Yield reduction and additional expenses balanced by land rent contract (€1.440 €/a)

Source: Fraunhofer ISE

Assumptions:

Annual electricity yield:

PV-FFA: 1.209 kWh/kWp

APV: 1.284 kWh/kWp

Area: 2 ha

PV-FFA: 1,38 MWp

APV: 1,04 MWp

Agricultural costs and earnings excluded

© Fraunhofer ISE

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Research Results APV-RESOLA

No EEG feed-in tariff -> self-consumption or PPA necessary

Complex authorization process: no privileged treatment after §35 BauGB -> usually change of land-use plan necessary

No EU-direct payments (agricultural subsidies)

Challenges in Germany

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Agenda




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Source: Sahara Forrest Project SFP Jordan

High insolation throughout the year

Shading leads to less crop water requirements, less heat stress

Improved working conditions through shadowing

Effective measure against desertification

Potential for India Highest Benefits in Hot and Sunny Arid and Semi-Arid Regions

© Fraunhofer ISE

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Food-Energy-Water Nexus Synergies and Potentials Low evaporation (approx. 20%)

Dual use of water for module cleaning and irrigation

Integration of irrigation devices in substructure

Availablility of electricity for

Water pumps (good match of generation and consumption)

Desalination / water treatment

Rainwater Harvest

Revegetation of the desert

Rainwater Harvest-System in Jodpur/ Indien

Source: Solar Research Center Jodpur

© Fraunhofer ISE

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APV Business Models Take Aways

Current

Situation

• APV is already competitive with roof-top PV – however no seperate promotion scheme.

• General proof-of-concept is given – however, most markets not yet developed.

• There is no one-fits-all approach. Low hanging fruits: self-consumption and highly integrated horticulture approach can be profitable already without additional subsidies.

What needs to be done

• More pilots and experimentation needed to identify most promising conditions, combination of drivers and respective formats.

• Need for a nurturing regulartory framework for dual land use PV to enable flexibility of bottom-up innovation.

Be ready for the future

• Land and water scarcity will increase in the next decades.

• Climate change puts pressure on agriculture, especially in India.

• Building early bird APV capabilities likely to pay-off.

© Fraunhofer ISE

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Thank you for your attention!

Fraunhofer-Institut für Solare Energiesysteme ISE

Max Trommsdorff


www.agrophotovoltaik.de

[email protected]

© Fraunhofer ISE

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Source: Sahara Forrest Project SFP Jordan

LCOE significantly lower

Cooling effect of agriculture raises efficiency of PV-System

Improved working conditions through shadowing

Effective measure against desertification

Potential for India Highest Benefits in Hot and Sunny Arid and Semi-Arid Regions

© Fraunhofer ISE

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Geringere Verdunstung (ca. 20%)

Doppelnutzung Wasser für Modulreinigung und Bewässerung

Integration von Bewässerungsvorrichtungen in die Unterkonstruktion

Stromverfügbarkeit für

Wasserpumpen (gute Übereinstimmung von Erzeugung und Verbrauch)

Entsalzung / Wasseraufbereitung

Regenwassergewinnung (Rainwater Harvest)

Begrünung der Wüste

Food-Energy-Water Nexus Synergien und Potentiale

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Bedeckungsgrad Modulflächen ca. 30-50%

Regenrinnen oder V-Design

Große Zwischenspeicher nötig

Erdtank

Oberflächengewässer

Grundwasserspeicherung

Effiziente Tröpfchenbewässerung



Food-Energy-Water Nexus Regenwassergewinnung: Auffangen, Abfuhr und Zwischenspeicherung

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Food-Energy-Water Nexus Potenziale Regenwassergewinnung: Fallstudie Indien

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Historische Regenfälle Akola/Maharastra

Illustration: Fraunhofer ISE

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Umverteilung der Wasserverfügbarkeit über Zwischenspeicher

Irrig. harvestedrainwater

Rainwater harvest

Historical PrecipitationAkola



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“Verfügbare” Niederschläge



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Bedeckungsgrad Modulflächen ca. 30-50%

Regenrinnen oder V-Design

Große Zwischenspeicher nötig

Erdtank

Oberflächengewässer

Grundwasserspeicherung

Effiziente Tröpfchenbewässerung



Food-Energy-Water Nexus Regenwassergewinnung: Auffangen, Abfuhr und Zwischenspeicherung

© Fraunhofer ISE

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Vielen Dank für Ihre Aufmerksamkeit!

Fraunhofer-Institut für Solare Energiesysteme ISE

Max Trommsdorff


www.agrophotovoltaik.de

[email protected]

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