Mahmoud Sewilam

Clinical Pathology, X-Rays, ECG

cavity without air fluid level :

TB surrounded by infiltration

klebsiella pneumonia

emphysematous bullae

cyst(congenital-hydatid-retention)

broad superior mediastinum :

aortic aneurysm

bilateral lymphadenopathy

dermoid cyst

thymoma

retrosternal goiter

unilateral hilar opacity :

bronchogenic carcinoma

Ghon's focus

LN

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Mahmoud Sewilam

Clinical Pathology, X-Rays, ECG

bilateral hilar opacity :

TB-IMN-histoplasmosis

bronchogenic carcinoma-lymphoma-leukemic leukemia

sarcoidosis-silicosis

miliary shadow:

miliary TB

lymphangitis carcinomatosis

pneumoconiosis

sarcoidosis

apical shadow :

apical TB fibrosis

pancost tumour

klebsiella

thick pleaura

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Mahmoud Sewilam

Clinical Pathology, X-Rays, ECG

ground glass appearance :

atypical pneumonia - pneumocystitis carnii - CMV

cardiogenic pul edema & ARDS

idiopathic pul fibrosis - hypersensitivity pneumonitis

atypical adenomatous hyperplasia

aspergilosis - sarcoidosis

DD of cannon balls/coin shadow :

TB

adenoma-bronchogenic carcinoma-single metastasis

lung cyst

pneumatic patch

complication of emphysema :

rupture bulla > pneumothorax

RVF

resp failure

WhiteKnightLove

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Mahmoud Sewilam

Clinical Pathology, X-Rays, ECG

acute pul edema :

causes > AMI - ARDS - increased ICT - contusion - pneumonia

ttt > hospitalization - siiting position - IV drugs (morphine-

frusemide-Na nitroprusside-digoxin)

constrictive pericarditis :

ttt >>

ttt of cause > TB > rifampicin 10 mg/kg/day - isoniazid 10

mg/kg/day

symptomatic ttt > edema > frusemide 20-40 mg/day

multiple myeloma :

complications > anemia - bone pain and pathologic fractures -

renal impairment

Rheumatoid arthritis in the hand ... Mention 2

complications :

complications > carpal tunnel $ - deformities

Pneumonic patch .. Mention 2 investigations

sputum - blood culture - ABG - serology

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Mahmoud Sewilam

Clinical Pathology, X-Rays, ECG

Aortic configuration ( LVE + Aortic enlargment) .. Mention

2 causes

coarcitaion of aorta - advanced HTN - aortic regurge

uni hydronephrosis , complication of used technique ( ivp ) :

allergy - renal imapirment - infection

percardial effusion... 2 causes :

trnsudate > CHF - nephrotic $ - liver cirrhosis

exudate > TB - uremia - myocardial infarction

lung abcess,ttt :

symptomatic > analgesic antipyretic - mucolytic

antibiotics > metronidazole 500 mg/8h - amoxycillin 1g/8h

drainage > postural - brnochoscopic - percutaneous

surgical lobectomy

WhiteKnightLove

'It is more blessed to give than to receive.

Mahmoud Sewilam

Clinical Pathology, X-Rays, ECG

bilateral pleural effusion .. two causes :

bilateral lung disease (e.g bilat. pneumonia)

generalized anasarca

SLE - RA

acromegaly (skull) .. two investigations :

CT - MRI skull

serum GH (normally < 5ng/ml )

glucose suppression test > fails to decrease GH level

blood chemistery > increased Ca - p - Glucose

causes of AV block:

congenital

calcific aortic stenosis

IHD

cardiomyopathy

gumma of interventricular system

digitalis , CCB , BB

1ry atrophy

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Mahmoud Sewilam

Clinical Pathology, X-Rays, ECG

ttt of AF

if hemodynamically unstable > DC

if hemodynamically stable >

-conversion to sinus rythm > DC / propafenone 600 mg /

amiodaron

-control of ventricular rate > verapamil / digitalis / propranolol

ttt of flutter :

if hemodynamically unstable > DC

if hemodynamically stable >

verapamil 5-10 mg IV / digitalis / propranolol

ttt of VT :

if hemodynamically unstable > DC

if hemodynamically stable >

lidocaine 100 mg IV then 2-4 mg/min

amiodarone 150mg over 10 min

procainamide

WhiteKnightLove

'It is more blessed to give than to receive.

Mahmoud Sewilam

Clinical Pathology, X-Rays, ECG

ttt of supraventricular tachycardia :

if hemodynamically unstable > DC

if hemodynamically stable >

carotid massage .. if no response >

adenosine 6-12 mg IV

verapamil 5-20 mg IV

propranolo - digitalis - amiodarone

causes of RBBB :

RVE (ASD-PS-PH-embolism)

MI

ischemia

degenerative

normal

causes of LBBB :

LVE(HTN-AS-AR)

calcification of mitral annulus

IHD

cardiomyopathy

normal

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Mahmoud Sewilam

Clinical Pathology, X-Rays, ECG

causes of Lt atrial enlargement :

MS

MR

LVF

Lt to Rt shunt

causes of Rt ATRIAL enlargement :

TS

TR

RVF

ASD

causes of LVE :

pressure overload > HTN-AS-coarcitation of aorta

volume overload > MR-AR-VSD-PDA

causes of RVE :

pressure overload > PS-PS

volume overload > TR-ASD

complications of MI :

early > LVF-shock-MR-rupture of IV septum-pericarditis-

tamponade-arrythmia

late > pericarditis-LV aneurysm-dressler $ -frozen shoulder

WhiteKnightLove

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