from abandonment to affordable housing: policy options for …€¦ · from abandonment to...
TRANSCRIPT
From Abandonment to Affordable Housing: Policy Options for
Addressing Toronto’s Abandonment Problem
David Wachsmuth
Research Paper 215
Cities Centre, University of Toronto
November 2008
(formerly the Centre for Urban and Community Studies)
ISSN 0316-0068; ISBN 978-0-7727-1472-5
i i F r o m A b a n d o n m e n t t o A f f o r d a b l e H o u s i n g
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Author
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Acknowledgements!
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Table of Contents
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CJC! :/W!KT58A:&ERW!8"!&!T&=W<KE<:8A8E:8!&55A8&R/ JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ B!CJB! AW58A:!8fWAfKW?JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ M!
4#!0*+,%1-(*+2*3!()(*+&*',*- ###################################################################################################5!
BJC! &O&E=8ETWE:!KL!&!5A8RWLL JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ D!BJB! &O&E=8ETWE:!KL!TS\:K=KTWELK8E&\JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ N!BJM! &O&E=8ETWE:4!&!TS\:K=KTWELK8E&\!5A8RWLL JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ G!
6#!-&%&*-&71!()(*+&*',*-!2110,1 ############################################################################################### 8!
MJC! ?/&:!gKE=!8"!&O&E=8ETWE:!KLLSWL!=8WL!:8A8E:8!/&fWhJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ CF!Functional abandonment: speculation-driven vacancy..................................................................... 11!The opportunity cost of abandonment .............................................................................................. 13!Inheritance disputes and other legal complications.......................................................................... 14!Physical abandonment: deterioration of multi-rental high rises ........................................................ 14!The challenge of code enforcement ................................................................................................. 17!Financial abandonment..................................................................................................................... 17!Public abandonment ......................................................................................................................... 18!
MJB! ?/b!&AW!:/WAW!L8!"W?!&O&E=8EW=!5A85WA:KWL!KE!:8A8E:8h JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ CP!
5#!! 9&.2:;!&9-2&*1!$&%!-&%&*-&71!()(*+&*',*-!2110,1 ################################################ 4<!
IJC! T8EK:8AKEU!&O&E=8ETWE:!KLLSWL JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ BC!Problematic-property tracking system .............................................................................................. 22!Sponsoring abandonment research.................................................................................................. 22!
IJB! gWW5KEU!AWE:&\!/8SLKEU!"A8T!OWR8TKEU!&O&E=8EW=JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ BM!Landlord licensing ............................................................................................................................. 23!Demolition and conversion control.................................................................................................... 27!Leveraging the heritage designation................................................................................................. 28!
IJM! AWR\&KTKEU!&O&E=8EW=!5A85WA:KWL JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ BG!Vacant property fees......................................................................................................................... 29!Expropriating properties to guarantee affordable housing................................................................ 30!
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(99,*+2=!2#!-/,!1:(.,!&$!-/,!9%&).,' ###################################################################################### 6>!
&O&E=8ETWE:!KE!:/W!SEK:W=!L:&:WLJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ MQ!&O&E=8ETWE:!KE!:/W!SEK:W=!gKEU=8T JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ MG!&O&E=8ETWE:!KE!R&E&=& JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ MG!
(99,*+2=!22#!?/(-!:(01,1!()(*+&*',*-@ ################################################################################ 68!
&O&E=8ETWE:!&L!WR8E8TKR!=WR\KEW4!:/W!]EWKU/O8SA/88=!\K"WRbR\W^!:/W8Ab JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ MP!Neighbourhood change: “an inevitable trend toward decline” .......................................................... 40!The legacy of the neighbourhood lifecycle theory ............................................................................ 42!
&O&E=8ETWE:!&L!&E!8S:R8TW!8"!58\K:KR&\!&E=!KEL:K:S:K8E&\!&AA&EUWTWE:L JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ IB!Speculative abandonment ................................................................................................................ 42!Abandonment and gentrification ....................................................................................................... 43!Government-created abandonment.................................................................................................. 43!
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List of figures
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1.1 The importance of a made-in-Toronto approach
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F r o m A b a n d o n m e n t t o A f f o r d a b l e H o u s i n g 3
C i t i e s C e n t r e ! U n i v e r s i t y o f T o r o n t o
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1.2 Report overview
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C i t i e s C e n t r e ! U n i v e r s i t y o f T o r o n t o
2. Understanding Abandonment
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F r o m A b a n d o n m e n t t o A f f o r d a b l e H o u s i n g 5
C i t i e s C e n t r e ! U n i v e r s i t y o f T o r o n t o
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2.1 Abandonment is a process
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6 F r o m A b a n d o n m e n t t o A f f o r d a b l e H o u s i n g
C i t i e s C e n t r e ! U n i v e r s i t y o f T o r o n t o
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2.2 Abandonment is multidimensional
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F r o m A b a n d o n m e n t t o A f f o r d a b l e H o u s i n g 7
C i t i e s C e n t r e ! U n i v e r s i t y o f T o r o n t o
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8 F r o m A b a n d o n m e n t t o A f f o r d a b l e H o u s i n g
C i t i e s C e n t r e ! U n i v e r s i t y o f T o r o n t o
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,2$)(.+!-$#!*$2)3!1$!21!3+)+#(..7!,@(,!'$,@!#+9#+1+),!0)*+>+.$9+*!#+1$0#6+1!-$#!(!62,7!$#!
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2.3 Abandonment: a multidimensional process
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C i t i e s C e n t r e ! U n i v e r s i t y o f T o r o n t o
3. Toronto’s Abandonment Issues
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!
1 0 F r o m A b a n d o n m e n t t o A f f o r d a b l e H o u s i n g
C i t i e s C e n t r e • U n i v e r s i t y o f T o r o n t o
The high-rise apartment buildings mentioned in this report were largely identified by
members of the Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now Canada
(ACORN Canada) in the course of canvassing work they do in low-income neighbour-
hoods. The buildings discussed are by no means intended to be a representative sample
of large multi-unit rental buildings, either in terms of spatial distribution or physical and
social characteristics, but are highlighted because they were identified as particularly de-
teriorated and as having particularly high vacancy rates. The properties in tax arrears
were identified from the City of Toronto’s periodic announcements of tax sales. Although
40 properties have been listed since 2005, only 23 residential properties are discussed
below.
3.1 What kind of abandonment issues does Toronto have?
Recalling Hillier et al.’s (2003) distinction of functional, physical, and financial abandon-
ment, it is possible to examine each of these aspects of the problem as they occur in To-
ronto, recognizing that they may well overlap and be implicated in each other’s inci-
dence. Figure 5 shows the location by ward of all the properties discussed in this
chapter. Despite the downtown bias to the data, it is clear that abandonment is a city-
wide problem. Some neighbourhoods have more concentrated abandonment than oth-
ers, but it is likely that complete data would show that nearly every neighbourhood is af-
fected.
Figure 5: Toronto’s abandonment issues by ward
F r o m A b a n d o n m e n t t o A f f o r d a b l e H o u s i n g 1 1
C i t i e s C e n t r e ! U n i v e r s i t y o f T o r o n t o
Functional abandonment: speculation-driven vacancy
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"2#1,H!1+>+#(.!9#$9+#,2+1!(,!O.$$#!L,#++,!()*!8(`%$0),!A$(*H!$99$12,+!/23@!5(#`H!Y@26@!
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1 2 F r o m A b a n d o n m e n t t o A f f o r d a b l e H o u s i n g
C i t i e s C e n t r e ! U n i v e r s i t y o f T o r o n t o
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&'3)(+%2"(:""'(:.43+$(.#().-,(&'(#"!"'$(7"%#)5(;$(&)(0.#"($7*&!%-(/.#($+"0($.(+%2"()$%7",(
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;$(9%)(%('&3+$!-4:(&'($+"(ABB>)($+%$()4//"#",(%(/&#"().0"$&0"(:"$9""'(ABB?(%',(=>>>C(&$(
9%)()4:)"D4"'$-7(:.%#,",(4*8(%',(+%)(#"0%&'",(4',"#($+"()%0"(.9'"#)+&*($+#.43+($+"(
/%--(./(=>>?8(9+"'(#","2"-.*0"'$(:"3%'5(6.(&$()""0)(-&E"-7($+%$(0%'7(./($+"(*#.*"#$&")(
%#"(:"&'3(+"-,()*"!4-%$&2"-78(:4$(:7($+"()%0"(.9'"#)(4',"#(9+.0($+"7(/"--(&'$.(,&)4)"5A(
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I%0")(J.9'8(&)($+"(0.)$()*"!$%!4-%#("K%0*-"(./()*"!4-%$&2"(%:%',.'0"'$(&'(J.#.'$.8(
%',(0.#".2"#(+%)($+"(+&3+")$(!.'!"'$#%$&.'(./(%:%',.'",(:4&-,&'3)(&'($+"(!&$75(L&34#"(?(
)+.9)($+"()$4,7(%#"%8(:.4',",(:7(@-..#(6$#""$($.($+"('.#$+8(6+"#:.4#'"(6$#""$($.($+"(
9")$8(M.9%#,(6$#""$($.($+"().4$+8(%',(N%#-&%0"'$(6$#""$($.($+"("%)$5(J+"(*#.*"#$&")(&',&1
!%$",(&'(#",O%(0%P.#&$7(./($+"(-.$)O%#"(.9'",(:7(2%#&.4)(+.-,&'3(!.0*%'&")()+%#&'3(
$+"()%0"(Q'&.'2&--"(0%&-&'3(%,,#"))8(0.)$(-&E"-7(!#"%$4#")(./($+"($+#""1*"#).'($"%0($+%$(
,"2"-.*",().0"(./($+"(6$5(I%0")(J.9'(+&3+(#&)")5(<('40:"#(./($+"(-.$)(!.'$%&'(
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F r o m A b a n d o n m e n t t o A f f o r d a b l e H o u s i n g 1 3
C i t i e s C e n t r e ! U n i v e r s i t y o f T o r o n t o
K,!21!*2--260.,!,$!>+#2-7!,@+!-(6,1!2)!,@21!6(1+H!'0,!(!6$%'2)(,2$)!$-!2),+#>2+Y1!()*!(#6@2>(.!
#+1+(#6@!1033+1,1!,@(,!,@+!*+>+.$9+#1!,#2+*!,$!'07!(..!,@+!9#$9+#,7!2)!,@+!,Y$!'.$6`1!2)!
$#*+#!,$!'02.*!%$#+!@23@<#21+!(9(#,%+),!'.$6`1!12%2.(#!,$!,@$1+!1$0,@!$-!/$Y(#*!L,#++,J!
:@+!R2,7H!@$Y+>+#H!*2*!)$,!(..$Y!,@+!9.()1!,$!9#$6++*H!,@+!(6a0212,2$)1!1,(..+*H!()*!)$Y!
,@+!9#$9+#,2+1!(#+!0)01+*J!:@+!>(6(),!'02.*2)31!@(>+!'++)!'$(#*+*!09!-$#!(!*+6(*+!$#!
%$#+H!()*!(#+!1,+(*2.7!*+,+#2$#(,2)3J!&!)0%'+#!$-!,@+!'02.*2)31!@(>+!@+#2,(3+!1,(,01_
,@+!12V!1+%2<*+,(6@+*!@$01+1!$)!U.+)!A$(*!Z1++!"230#+!G[H!'02.,!2)!,@+!.(,+!CP,@!6+),0#7!
()*!)$Y!'$(#*+*!09H!Y+#+!.21,+*!2)!d()0(#7!BFFQ!ZR2,7!$-!:$#$),$H!BFFQ+[!-$..$Y2)3!6$)<
6+#)1!('$0,!,@+2#!9$$#!()*!Y$#1+)2)3!6$)*2,2$)!ZR2,7!$-!:$#$),$H!BFFQ@[J!:@+!6$)6+#)1!
(#+!9#$'('.7!Y+..!-$0)*+*n!,@+#+!21!+>2*+)6+!,@(,!,@+!$Y)+#1!2),+),2$)(..7!6(01+*!,@+!
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ZO$k2)$>26H!BFFQ[J!\2`+!,@+!'02.*2)3!'+12*+!2,H!N!/$Y(#*!L,#++,!@(*!@+#2,(3+!1,(,01J!
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The opportunity cost of abandonment
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)+23@'$0#@$$*!1++%1!,$!'+!2)!,@+!+(#.7!1,(3+1!$-!3+),#2-26(,2$)4!'+,Y++)!CPPN!()*!
BFFCH!,@+!)0%'+#!$-!$Y)+#<$66092+*!@$012)3!2)6#+(1+*!'7!CG!9+#6+),!Z2,!1,2..!#+9#+1+),1!
$).7!B!9+#6+),!$-!,@+!)+23@'$0#@$$*;1!,+)0#+!,79+[!()*!,@+!)0%'+#!$-!-(%2.2+1!Y2,@!%$#+!
,@()!oGFHFFF!2)!())0(.!2)6$%+!,#29.+*H!(.,@$03@!,@+!('1$.0,+!)0%'+#1!(#+!>+#7!1%(..!
ZR2,7!$-!:$#$),$H!BFFI'[J!
1 4 F r o m A b a n d o n m e n t t o A f f o r d a b l e H o u s i n g
C i t i e s C e n t r e ! U n i v e r s i t y o f T o r o n t o
:@+!$99$#,0)2,7!6$1,!,$!,@+!R2,7!$-!,@+1+!9#$9+#,2+1!#+%(2)2)3!>(6(),!21!*$0'.7!@23@4!)$,!
$).7!@(1!123)2-26(),!90'.26!2)>+1,%+),!2)!2)-#(1,#06,0#+!1+#>2)3!,@+%!3$)+!,$!Y(1,+!Z9(#<
,260.(#.7!,#()12,n!,@+!@$01+1!(#+!6.$1+!,$!,@+!L@+#'$0#)+!10'Y(7!1,(,2$)[H!'0,!2-!,@+7!Y+#+!
,$!'+!#+*+>+.$9+*!(1!(--$#*('.+!@$012)3H!,@+7!6$0.*!1+#>+!(1!%$*+1,!-2#+Y(..1!(3(2)1,!
3+),#2-26(,2$)J!5$12,2>+!2)6+),2>+1H!106@!(1!#+@('2.2,(,2$)!-0)*2)3!,@#$03@!,@+!-+*+#(.!
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12)6+!,@+!$Y)+#1!*$!)$,!Y(),!,$!#+@('2.2,(,+!,@+!9#$9+#,2+1J!:@+!R2,7!6()!(**#+11!,@21!
('()*$)%+),!$).7!'7!2),+#>+)2)3!*2#+6,.7!Z+V9#$9#2(,2)3!,@+!9#$9+#,2+1[!$#!6@()32)3!,@+!
-2)()62(.!2)6+),2>+!1,#06,0#+!Z+J3JH!,@#$03@!>(6()67!-++1[J!O$,@!9$112'2.2,2+1!Y2..!'+!+V<
9.$#+*!2)!,@+!)+V,!6@(9,+#J!
Inheritance disputes and other legal complications
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(#+!)$,!'+2)3!@+.*!19+60.(,2>+.7_Y@+#+!2)+#,2(!$#!.(6`!$-!6(92,(.!-$#!#+)$>(,2$)!6$1,1!
9#$>2*+1!,@+!#$(*'.$6`J!8)+!%$*+1,!6(,+3$#7!21!12)3.+<-(%2.7!@$%+1!6(03@,!09!2)!2)@+#2<
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6.0*2)3!2)!)+23@'$0#@$$*1!Y2,@!@23@!9#$9+#,7!>(.0+1!Z,@+#+!21!$)+!106@!@$01+!2)!A$1+<
*(.+H!()*!()$,@+#!'$(#*+*<09!@$01+!2)!,@+!O+(6@+1!,@(,!%(7!'+!,2+*!09!2)!(!.+3(.!
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6$),(2)!-+Y!0)2,1H!()*!12)3.+<-(%2.7!@$%+1!Y2,@!%+*20%!$#!@23@!9#$9+#,7!>(.0+1!(#+!0)<
.2`+.7!,$!'+!(--$#*('.+H!+>+)!2-!,@+7!Y+#+!(>(2.('.+!-$#!,+)()67J!
Physical abandonment: deterioration of multi-rental high rises
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,$,(.!)0%'+#!$-!0)2,1!,@(,!6$0.*!'+!#+6.(2%+*!-#$%!(..!'$(#*+*<09!'02.*2)31J!&)*!12)6+!
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F r o m A b a n d o n m e n t t o A f f o r d a b l e H o u s i n g 1 5
C i t i e s C e n t r e ! U n i v e r s i t y o f T o r o n t o
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1 6 F r o m A b a n d o n m e n t t o A f f o r d a b l e H o u s i n g
C i t i e s C e n t r e ! U n i v e r s i t y o f T o r o n t o
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>(6()67!#(,+1!$)!,@+!(11+11%+),!#$..1!(#+!.2`+.7!,$!'+!'#$(*.7!6$##+6,J!&)!&'()*$)%+),!
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F r o m A b a n d o n m e n t t o A f f o r d a b l e H o u s i n g 1 7
C i t i e s C e n t r e ! U n i v e r s i t y o f T o r o n t o
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The challenge of code enforcement
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Financial abandonment
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1 8 F r o m A b a n d o n m e n t t o A f f o r d a b l e H o u s i n g
C i t i e s C e n t r e ! U n i v e r s i t y o f T o r o n t o
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F r o m A b a n d o n m e n t t o A f f o r d a b l e H o u s i n g 1 9
C i t i e s C e n t r e ! U n i v e r s i t y o f T o r o n t o
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3.2 Why are there so few abandoned properties in Toronto?
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4. Policy Options for Toronto’s Abandonment Issues
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F r o m A b a n d o n m e n t t o A f f o r d a b l e H o u s i n g 2 1
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:@+!>(6()67!#(,+!21!(.#+(*7!*+6.2)2)3!(3(2)J!K-!2,!6$),2)0+1!,$!*#$9H!@$01+@$.*1!2)!,@+!
#+),(.!1+6,$#!Y2..!-++.!,@+!1a0++k+J!!
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:@+#+!@(1!'++)!(.%$1,!)$!)+Y!#+),(.!@$012)3!6$)1,#06,2$)!2)!:$#$),$!2)!$>+#!(!*+6(*+H!()*!,@+!R2,7;1!9#2%(#7!#+),(.!1,$6`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c+6,2>+1H!(.$)3!Y2,@!'+,,+#!0)*+#1,()*2)3!()*!,#(6`2)3!$-!,@+!9#$'.+%H!1@$0.*!-$#%!,@+!'(121!$-!:$#$),$;1!('()*$)%+),!1,#(,+37J!!
4.1 Monitoring abandonment issues
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6@(9,+#!@(1!*+%$)1,#(,+*!,@+!+)$#%$01!0)6+#,(2),7!,@(,!10##$0)*1!@$012)3!('()*$)<
%+),!2)!:$#$),$J!8).7!,@+!%0)2629(.!3$>+#)%+),!@(1!(66+11!,$!,@+!)+6+11(#7!2)-$#%(<
,2$)!,$!9#$9+#.7!,#(6`!,@+!2110+J!WV9+#2+)6+!-#$%!c0#21*26,2$)1!2)!,@+!S)2,+*!L,(,+1!()*!
W)3.()*!1033+1,1!,@(,!()!+--+6,2>+!9#$9+#,7!,#(6`2)3!171,+%!21!(!9#+#+a0212,+!-$#!()7!-0#<
2 2 F r o m A b a n d o n m e n t t o A f f o r d a b l e H o u s i n g
C i t i e s C e n t r e ! U n i v e r s i t y o f T o r o n t o
,@+#!(6,2$)!,@+!R2,7!%23@,!,(`+H!()*!6()!'+!(11+%'.+*!Y2,@$0,!()!2)$#*2)(,+.7!@+(>7!2)<
>+1,%+),!$-!#+1$0#6+1J!:@21!Y2..!+19+62(..7!'+!,@+!6(1+!2-!,@+!R2,7!(*$9,1H!(1!2,!@(1!123<
)(..+*!,@(,!2,!2),+)*1!,$!*$!ZR2,7!$-!:$#$),$H!BFFI(4!N<Q[H!(!90'.26!*216.$10#+!171,+%!-$#!
9#$9+#,7!6$%9.(2),1!(1!9(#,!$-!(!.()*.$#*!.26+)12)3!16@+%+J!
Problematic-property tracking system
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,(2)!(!6+),#(.2k+*!*(,('(1+!$-!('()*$)%+),!2)*26(,$#1!()*!9#$'.+%(,26!9#$9+#,2+1H!,$!
1+#>+!(1!,@+!'(121!-$#!9#$9+#.7!%+(10#2)3!('()*$)%+),!()*!2%9.+%+),2)3!,@+!$,@+#!
#+6$%%+)*(,2$)1!$-!,@21!#+9$#,J!:@+!*(,('(1+!1@$0.*!,#(6`H!(,!(!%2)2%0%4!
!! 5#$9+#,7!,(V!9(7%+),1!
!! R$*+!>2$.(,2$)1!
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!! T0)2629(.!.2+)1!
!! S,2.2,7!1@0,<$--1!
!! 86609()67!#(,+1!
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!! f210(.!*+,+#2$#(,2$)!
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*(,(!6$..+6,2$)J!
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*(,('(1+!$-!('()*$)+*!9#$9+#,2+14!,@+!9#$'.+%(,26<9#$9+#,7!,#(6`2)3!171,+%!$0,.2)+*!
('$>+!21!(!171,+%(,26H!2),+3#(,+*!>+#12$)!$-!,@(,!1033+1,2$)J!L06@!(!171,+%!Y2..!32>+!,@+!
R2,7!+(#.7!Y(#)2)3!('$0,!9#$9+#,2+1!-(..2)3!2),$!('()*$)%+),H!()*!(..$Y!%$#+!+--262+),!
()*!+--+6,2>+!+)-$#6+%+),!$-!#+30.(,2$)1!(3(2)1,!*+.2)a0+),!9#$9+#,7!$Y)+#1J!!
:@+!R2,7!$-!\$1!&)3+.+1!@(1!@(*!6$)12*+#('.+!1066+11!Y2,@!,@+!E+23@'$#@$$*!g)$Y.<
+*3+!\$1!&)3+.+1!171,+%H!Y@26@!21!*+123)+*!-$#!2),+#(6,2>+!90'.26!01+!ZT(..(6@H!BFFN4!
BB[J!&!'+)+-2,!$-!90'.26!(66+11!21!,@(,!6$)6+#)+*!62,2k+)1!(#+!('.+!,$!9#$>2*+!>2#,0(.!]+7+1!
$)!,@+!1,#++,J^!T(2),(2)2)3!,@21!*(,('(1+!1@$0.*!)$,!'+!*2--260.,n!,@+!6@2+-!6@(..+)3+!Y2..!
.2`+.7!'+!2)2,2(.!2%9.+%+),(,2$)_+1,('.21@2)3!,@+!)+6+11(#7!*(,(!1$0#6+1!()*!1,(--2)3J!
Sponsoring abandonment research
"$#!(!62,7!,@+!12k+!$-!:$#$),$!,$!@(>+!1$!.2,,.+!`)$Y.+*3+!('$0,!,@+!1,(,+!$-!2,1!('()*$)<
%+),!9#$'.+%1!21!(!%211+*!$99$#,0)2,7J!:@+!R2,7!Z,@#$03@!,@+!&--$#*('.+!/$012)3!8--26+!
$#!T0)2629(.!\26+)12)3!()*!L,()*(#*1[!1@$0.*!6$%%2112$)!@23@<a0(.2,7!#+1+(#6@!,$!()<
1Y+#!*+-2)2,2>+.7!%()7!$-!,@+!a0+1,2$)1!,@21!#+9$#,!6$0.*!$).7!,+),(,2>+.7!(**#+11J!
F r o m A b a n d o n m e n t t o A f f o r d a b l e H o u s i n g 2 3
C i t i e s C e n t r e ! U n i v e r s i t y o f T o r o n t o
4.2 Keeping rental housing from becoming abandoned
&1!T(..(6@!ZBFFN4!CM[!1,(,+14!]:@+!'+1,!1,#(,+37!-$#!*+(.2)3!Y2,@!('()*$)+*!9#$9+#,2+1!
21!,$!9#+>+),!,@+%!-#$%!'+2)3!('()*$)+*!2)!,@+!-2#1,!9.(6+J!:@+!-2)()62(.!()*!1$62(.!6$1,!
$-!`++92)3!(!9#$9+#,7!2)!01+!21!$-,+)!-(#!.+11!,@()!,@+!6$1,!$-!#+1,$#2)3!,@+!9#$9+#,7!,$!
9#$*06,2>+!01+!$)6+!2,!@(1!'++)!('()*$)+*J^!&!9(#,260.(#.7!2%9$#,(),!9$.267!-$601!-$#!:$<
#$),$!2)!,@21!6$),+V,!1@$0.*!'+!-23@,2)3!,@+!2)6#+(12)3!6$)6+),#(,2$)!$-!9$>+#,7J!:@21!#+<
a02#+1!*2>+#12,7!2)!,@+!@$012)3!1,$6`H!Y@26@!%+()1!%2,23(,2)3!%(#`+,!-$#6+1!,@(,!Y$0.*!
$,@+#!.+(*!,$!3#+(,+#!@$%$3+)2k(,2$)J!
:@+!,Y$!(19+6,1!$-!9#+1+#>2)3!+V21,2)3!#+),(.!1,$6`!(#+!`++92)3!0)2,1!@('2,('.+!()*!09!,$!
6$*+H!()*!+)10#2)3!,@(,!#+),(.!(9(#,%+),!'02.*2)31!#+%(2)!(1!#+),(.!(9(#,%+),!'02.*2)31J!
R$*+!+)-$#6+%+),!()*!#+@('2.2,(,2$)!(1121,()6+!(#+!6$)1+a0+),.7!,@+!,Y$!%+()1!'7!
Y@26@!3$>+#)%+),1!3+)+#(..7!(,,+%9,!,$!9#+1+#>+!1,$6`J!O$,@!(#+!2%9$#,(),H!'0,!:$<
#$),$;1!.2%2,+*!-2)()62(.!6(9(62,7!6$)1,#(2)1!2,1!('2.2,7!,$!*$!'$,@!+--+6,2>+.7J!O+7$)*!,@+!
(6,2$)1!2,!1@$0.*!,(`+!$)!2,1!$Y)H!,@+!R2,7!1@$0.*!.$''7!1+)2$#!3$>+#)%+),!-$#!%$#+!-0)*<
2)3!-$#!#+@('2.2,(,2)3!#+),(.!1,$6`!2)!:$#$),$J!!
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#+9(2#1H!@(1!'++)!01+-0.!2)!`++92)3!1$%+!%(#32)(.!1%(..!#+),(.!'02.*2)31!()*!#$$%2)3!
@$01+1!$)!,@+!%(#`+,H!'0,!,@+!-0)*2)3!+)>+.$9+!21!-(#!1@$#,!$-!Y@(,!Y2..!'+!)+6+11(#7!,$!
`++9!:$#$),$;1!.(#3+!1,$6`!$-!@23@!#21+1!9#$9+#.7!%(2),(2)+*!()*!+>+)!,@21!%$*+1,!
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/$012)3!8--26+!@(1!2*+),2-2+*!9#$>2*2)3!+)+#37!#+,#$-2,1!-$#!@23@!#21+1!(1!(!>2,(.!'0,!6@(.<
.+)32)3!2110+J!K,!21!,@+#+-$#+!.2`+.7!,@(,H!+>+)!,(`2)3!2),$!(66$0),!2))$>(,2>+!-0)*2)3!
1,#(,+32+1!-$#!@23@<#21+!09`++9!()*!#+9(2#!,@#$03@!2)2,2(,2>+1!106@!(1!T(7$#;1!:$Y+#!A+<
)+Y(.!ZR2,7!$-!:$#$),$H!BFFG[H!(!123)2-26(),!-2)()62(.!#+2)>+1,%+),!'7!1+)2$#!.+>+.1!$-!
3$>+#)%+),!Y2..!'+!#+a02#+*J!
:@+!#+%(2)*+#!$-!,@21!1+6,2$)!.$$`1!(,!%0)2629(.!6$*+<+)-$#6+%+),!%+6@()21%1!-$#!
`++92)3!#+),(.!1,$6`!2)!$9+#(,2$)J!!
Landlord licensing
R$*+!+)-$#6+%+),!21!,@+!%$1,!6$%%$)!%0)2629(.!1,#(,+37!-$#!9#+>+),2)3!,@+!*+,+#2$#(<
,2$)!$-!#+),(.!@$012)3J!R0##+),!+)-$#6+%+),!%+6@()21%1!2)!:$#$),$!10--+#!-#$%!,Y$!
Y+(`)+11+1J!"2#1,H!2,!21!#+.(,2>+.7!6$1,.7!-$#!,@+!R2,7!Z2)!,+#%1!$-!1,(--!#+1$0#6+1[!,$!$'.23+!
.()*.$#*1!,$!%(`+!#+9(2#1!,$!'02.*2)31!-$0)*!,$!'+!2)!6$*+!>2$.(,2$)J!L+6$)*H!,@+!9+)(.<
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:$#$),$!$#3()2k+#!d(%+1!?(#*.(Y!ZBFFG[!1(71!6$)*2,2$)1!@(>+!2%9#$>+*!$).7!1$%+<
2 4 F r o m A b a n d o n m e n t t o A f f o r d a b l e H o u s i n g
C i t i e s C e n t r e ! U n i v e r s i t y o f T o r o n t o
Y@(,4!]K,;1!(!6$)1,(),!'(,,.+!,$!3+,!9#$'.+%!.()*.$#*1!,$!%(`+!#+9(2#1!()*!,(`+!6(#+!$-!
,@+2#!'02.*2)31J^!
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Y$0.*!'+!(!#+>+)0+<)+0,#(.!%+6@()21%!-$#!2%9#$>2)3!6$*+!6$%9.2()6+!2)!#+),(.!'02.*<
2)31!,@#$03@$0,!,@+!62,7!,@(,_6#062(..7_Y$0.*!(.,+#!,@+!+6$)$%26!2)6+),2>+1!2)!-(>$0#!$-!
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1,#(23@,-$#Y(#*!%+()1!-$#!,@+!R2,7!,$!+V+60,+!Y$#`!$#*+#1!2)!6(1+1!Y@+#+!,@+7!*$!)$,J!
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$)!,@+!+--+6,2>+)+11!$-!,@21!1,#(,+37H!$,@+#!-$#%1!$-!#+30.(,2$)!%(7!(.1$!'+!6$)12*+#+*H!
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-$#!,@+!%$1,!-.(3#(),!6(1+1!$-!*21#+9(2#!Z&R8AE!R()(*(H!BFFQ4!D[J!L06@!(!-++!1,#06,0#+!
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)$)<9#$-2,!.()*.$#*1!'+!10'c+6,!,$!#+30.(,2$)J!R2,7!*$60%+),(,2$)!Z+J3J!R2,7!$-!:$#$),$H!
BFFI([!12%9.7!#+-+#1!,$!]9#2>(,+.7!$Y)+*^!(9(#,%+),!'02.*2)31H!'0,!21!)$,!+V9.262,!('$0,!
Y@+,@+#!,@21!Y$0.*!2)6.0*+!)$)<9#$-2,1J!:@+!:$#$),$!E+,Y$#`!$-!E$)<5#$-2,!/$012)3!5#$<
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,+)(),1!*+1+#>+!,@+!%$1,!+--+6,2>+!6$*+!+)-$#6+%+),!9$112'.+J!K)6.0*2)3!,@+!:$#$),$!
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F r o m A b a n d o n m e n t t o A f f o r d a b l e H o u s i n g 2 5
C i t i e s C e n t r e ! U n i v e r s i t y o f T o r o n t o
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2 6 F r o m A b a n d o n m e n t t o A f f o r d a b l e H o u s i n g
C i t i e s C e n t r e ! U n i v e r s i t y o f T o r o n t o
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F r o m A b a n d o n m e n t t o A f f o r d a b l e H o u s i n g 2 7
C i t i e s C e n t r e ! U n i v e r s i t y o f T o r o n t o
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2 8 F r o m A b a n d o n m e n t t o A f f o r d a b l e H o u s i n g
C i t i e s C e n t r e ! U n i v e r s i t y o f T o r o n t o
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BFFQ'4!D[J!L2)6+!$)+<a0(#,+#!$-!#+),(.!@$01+@$.*1!*$!)$,!.2>+!2)!]9+#%()+),!#+),(.!@$01<
2)3^!Z2J+JH!,@+!9#2%(#7!#+),(.!()*!(1121,+*!#+),(.!1+6,$#1[H!,@21!9$.267!21!(#30('.7!%21<
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of Toronto Act!*$+1!)$,!9+#%2,!#+30.(,2$)!$-!,@+1+!'02.*2)31H!@$Y+>+#!Z1J!CCC[J!:@+!
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,+%'+#!BFFQ!,$!6(##7!1,#26,+#!09`++9!1,()*(#*1!ZR2,7!$-!:$#$),$H!BFFQ-[J!=+123)(,2)3!
'02.*2)31!0)*+#!5(#,!Kf!$-!,@+!Ontario Heritage Act!Y$0.*!9#+>+),!,@+2#!*+%$.2,2$)!()*!(.<
.$Y!-$#!(!%$#+!(33#+112>+!(99#$(6@!,$!+)10#2)3!9#$9+#!%(2),+)()6+J!:@+!R2,7!6$0.*!
,@+)!$--+#!,(V!#+*06,2$)1!6$)*2,2$)(.!09$)!,@+!'02.*2)31;!#+,(2)2)3!,@+2#!#+),(.!0)2,1H!0)*+#!
1J!MMI!$-!,@+!City of Toronto Act!ZY@26@!(..$Y1!,@+!R2,7!,$!$--+#!6$)*2,2$)(.!,(V!#+*06,2$)1!
,$!@+#2,(3+!9#$9+#,2+1[J!=+%$.2,2$)!6$),#$.!,@#$03@!,@+!Heritage Act!6$0.*!1+#>+!(1!,@+!
1,26`H!()*!,(V!('(,+%+),1!,@+!6(##$,J!
W2,@+#!(99#$(6@_,(V!2)6+),2>+1!$#!%$#+!(33#+112>+!01+!$-!@+#2,(3+!.21,2)3!ZY2,@!9$112'.+!
,(V!2)6+),2>+1[_Y$0.*!#+a02#+!1$%+!%0)2629(.!-2)()62(.!#+1$0#6+1H!2-!12%9.7!(1!,(V!#+>+<
)0+!-$#3$)+H!'0,!6$0.*!9(,6@!(!3(92)3!@$.+!,@(,!60##+),.7!+V21,1!2)!,@+!R2,7;1!#+),(.!9#$<
,+6,2$)!1,#(,+37!'7!9#$,+6,2)3!#+),(.!@$012)3!2)!'02.*2)31!Y2,@!-+Y+#!,@()!12V!0)2,1J!
4.3 Reclaiming abandoned properties
A+3(#*.+11!$-!,@+!+--+6,2>+)+11!$-!9$.262+1!,$!*+,+#!@$012)3!('()*$)%+),H!,@+#+!Y2..!2)<
+>2,('.7!'+!6(1+1!Y@+#+!*+,+##+),1!(#+!0)1066+11-0.J!"$#!,@+1+!6(1+1H!,@+!R2,7!1@$0.*!
6$)12*+#!,$$.1!,$!#+6.(2%!1+>+#+.7!('()*$)+*!Z010(..7!>(6(),[!9#$9+#,2+1J!T()7!$-!,@+!
(99#$(6@+1!6$%%$).7!01+*!'7!&%+#26()!%0)2629(.2,2+1!2)!9(#,260.(#!(#+!)$,!(99#$9#2(,+!
,$!:$#$),$H!12)6+!,@+7!(#+!*+123)+*!,$!(**#+11!#(%9(),!('()*$)%+),!Z,@$01()*1!$#!
,+)1!$-!,@$01()*1!$-!>(6(),!'02.*2)31[J!:@+1+!(99#$(6@+1!(#+!010(..7!9#+*26(,+*!$)!,#2<
(3+H!()*!$-,+)!2)>$.>+!Y2*+19#+(*!*+%$.2,2$)!(1!(!%+()1!$-!1+60#2)3!9#$9+#,2+1!Y@+)!
#+,0#)2)3!,@+%!,$!,@+!%(#`+,!21!0)-+(12'.+J!
:$#$),$!6$0.*!%(`+!'+,,+#!01+!$-!+6$)$%26!2)6+),2>+1J!O7!-2)()62(..7!*216$0#(32)3!9#$9<
+#,7!$Y)+#1!-#$%!.+,,2)3!,@+2#!9#$9+#,7!1.29!2),$!*2101+H!,@+!R2,7!6()!6#+(,+!(!Y2)<Y2)!
12,0(,2$)H!Y@+#+'7!0)2,1!(#+!#+,0#)+*!,$!,@+!@$012)3!1,$6`!2-!,@+!2)6+),2>+1!(#+!1066+11<
-0.H!()*!,@+!R2,7!#+6+2>+1!2)6$%+!2,!6()!01+!-$#!(--$#*('.+!@$012)3!2-!,@+!2)6+),2>+1!(#+!
)$,J!K)!62#60%1,()6+1!2)!Y@26@!2,!Y$0.*!%(`+!+6$)$%26!1+)1+H!,@+!R2,7!1@$0.*!6$)12*+#!
+V9#$9#2(,2)3!('()*$)+*!'02.*2)31!()*!6$)>+#,2)3!,@+%!*2#+6,.7!2),$!(--$#*('.+!@$012)3!
Y2,@!)$)<9#$-2,!9(#,)+#1@291J!&.,@$03@!,@+!9$.262+1!*216011+*!2)!,@21!1+6,2$)!(#+!$#2+),+*!
F r o m A b a n d o n m e n t t o A f f o r d a b l e H o u s i n g 2 9
C i t i e s C e n t r e ! U n i v e r s i t y o f T o r o n t o
,$Y(#*!#+6.(2%2)3!9#$9+#,2+1!,@(,!@(>+!(.#+(*7!'++)!('()*$)+*H!2,!21!6.+(#!,@(,!,@+7!
Y$0.*!1+#>+!(**2,2$)(..7!Z$#!+>+)!9#2%(#2.7H!*+9+)*2)3!$)!,@+!1+>+#2,7!$-!,@+!%+(10#+!
(*$9,+*[!(1!(!-0#,@+#!*+,+##+),!,$!('()*$)%+),J!
Vacant property fees
?@+)!d$@)!L+Y+..!Y(1!%(7$#!$-!:$#$),$H!@+!2)>+1,23(,+*!,@+!9$112'2.2,7!$-!,(V2)3!>(6(),!
.()*!(,!(!@23@+#!#(,+!,@()!$,@+#!.()*!ZU(*$)H!BFFQ[J!:@+!62,7!$-!?(1@2)3,$)H!=JRJH!*$+1!
+V(6,.7!,@214!#+12*+),2(.!.()*!21!,(V+*!(,!oCJGD!9+#!oCFF!2)!(11+11%+),H!Y@2.+!>(6(),!.()*!
21!,(V+*!(,!oDJFF!9+#!oCFF!ZT(..(6@H!BFFN4!CID[J!R0##+),.7H!@$Y+>+#H!,@+!Municipal Act!
()*!Assessment Act!*$!)$,!(..$Y!8),(#2$!62,2+1!,$!,(V!>(6(),!.()*!*2--+#+),.7n!,@+!City of
Toronto Act!(.1$!Y$0.*!)$,!9+#%2,!,@21!$9,2$)J!
K)6#+(12)3!,@+!6$1,!,$!(!9#$9+#,7!$Y)+#!$-!`++92)3!,@+!9#$9+#,7!>(6(),!21!()!+V6+..+),!
1,#(,+37!-$#!#+6.(2%2)3!('()*$)+*!9#$9+#,7H!12)6+!2,!6#+(,+1!2)6+),2>+1!-$#!,@+!$Y)+#!,$!
#+@('2.2,(,+!$#!1+..H!()*!2)!,@+!%+()Y@2.+!#(21+1!#+>+)0+!-$#!,@+!R2,7J!:$#$),$!1@$0.*!
1,#2>+!,$!+)(6,!106@!(!9.()H!'0,!(!9#$9+#,7!,(V!6@()3+!21!)$,!,@+!'+1,!%+()1!,$!,@21!+)*J!
K,!Y$0.*!'+!'+,,+#!,$!6@(#3+!(!>(6()67!-++H!12)6+!(!-++!21!%$#+!-.+V2'.+!()*!6()!'+!%$#+!
9#+621+.7!,(#3+,+*J!8R&5!ZBFFB[!9#$9$1+*!2)!CPPQ!(!]S1+!K,!$#!\$1+!K,^!'7.(Y!,@(,!Y$0.*!
@(>+!1++)!(!-2)+!+a0(.!,$!BD!9+#6+),!$-!,@+!(11+11+*!>(.0+!$-!(!9#$9+#,7!.+>2+*!+(6@!
7+(#!,@(,!(!'02.*2)3!21!>(6(),n!2,!21!0).2`+.7!,@(,!106@!(!@23@!-2)+!Y$0.*!3(2)!9$.2,26(.!109<
9$#,H!'0,!,@+!9#2)629.+!21!()!+V6+..+),!$)+J!
:@+!City of Toronto Act!Z1J!BNBJB[!3#(),1!,@+!R2,7!(0,@$#2,7!,$!.+>7!(!-++!'(1+*!$)!],@+!.$<
6(,2$)!$-!,@+!9#$9+#,7H!,@+!9@7126(.!6@(#(6,+#21,261!$-!,@+!9#$9+#,7H!2)6.0*2)3!'02.*2)31!
()*!1,#06,0#+1!$)!,@+!9#$9+#,7H!$#!,@+!k$)2)3!$-!9#$9+#,7!$#!$,@+#!.()*!01+!6.(112-26(,2$)J^!!
:@21!21!.2`+.7!10--262+),!-$#!+)(6,2)3!(!>(6(),<9#$9+#,7!-++J!&!9$,+),2(.!%$*+.!21!,@+!R2,7!$-!
?2))29+3H!Y@26@!#+6+2>+*!+V9()12>+!9#$>212$)!,$!#+19$)*!,$!('()*$)%+),H!2)6.0*2)3!
Y2,@!>(6()67!-++1H!,@#$03@!9#$>2)62(.!(%+)*%+),1!,$!,@+!City of Winnipeg Charter ActJ!
:@+!R2,7!$-!?2))29+3;1!ZBFFI[!(99#$(6@!21!+.+3(),4!9#$9+#,7!$Y)+#1!Y2,@!>(6(),!'02.*<
2)31!%01,!%(2),(2)!,@+%!,$!(!@23@!1,()*(#*H!Y(,+#9#$$-H!Y2,@!-0)6,2$)2)3!*$$#1H!()*!)$,!
'$(#*+*!09J!&!9#$9+#,7!$Y)+#!Y@$!Y21@+1!,$!'$(#*!09!(!'02.*2)3!%01,!(99.7!-$#!(!>(<
6()67!9+#%2,H!,@+!6$1,!$-!Y@26@!2)6#+(1+1!Y2,@!+(6@!1066+112>+!(99.26(,2$)J!8Y)+#1!$-!
1%(..!#+12*+),2(.!9#$9+#,2+1!(#+!.2%2,+*!,$!-$0#!12V<%$),@!9+#%2,1!+>+#7!-2>+!7+(#1H!Y@26@!
#()3+!2)!6$1,!-#$%!oCFF!,$!oBHFFFJ!8Y)+#1!$-!.(#3+#!%0.,2<#+12*+),2(.!#+),(.!9#$9+#,2+1!
6()!'$(#*!,@+%!09!2)*+-2)2,+.7H!'0,!,@+!())0(.!6$1,!ZY@26@!1,(#,1!(,!oBFF[!2)6#+(1+1!,$!
oMHFFF!'7!,@+!-$0#,@!7+(#H!()*!2)6#+(1+!oCHDFF!+(6@!7+(#!(-,+#!,@(,J!5#$9+#.7!+)-$#6+*H!
,@21!171,+%!Y2..!*216$0#(3+!('()*$)%+),!'7!6$%9+..2)3!9#$9+#,7!$Y)+#1!,$!%(2),(2)!
,@+2#!'02.*2)31!2)!'+,,+#!6$)*2,2$)!,@()!,@+7!%23@,!$,@+#Y21+!*$J!K)!,@+!9#$6+11H!2,!Y2..!#+<
*06+!,@+!.2`+.2@$$*!$-!1+#2$01!1,#06,0#(.!*(%(3+!,@(,!Y$0.*!6$%9#$%21+!(!'02.*2)3;1!
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'02.*2)31!2),$!('()*$)%+),!.+(*!,$!,@+!9+)(.,2+1!)$,!'+2)3!#23$#$01.7!(99.2+*J!O0,!2)!:$<
#$),$!106@!()!(99#$(6@!Y$0.*!.2`+.7!Y$#`!%06@!'+,,+#H!()*!Y$0.*!+2,@+#!'#2)3!('()<
3 0 F r o m A b a n d o n m e n t t o A f f o r d a b l e H o u s i n g
C i t i e s C e n t r e ! U n i v e r s i t y o f T o r o n t o
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?2.%2)3,$)H!=+.(Y(#+H!@(1!+16(.(,2)3!())0(.!#+321,#(,2$)!-++1!-$#!>(6(),!9#$9+#,2+1n!
5$#,.()*!6$)*06,1!%()*(,$#7!a0(#,+#.7!2)19+6,2$)1!$-!>(6(),!'02.*2)31!(,!,@+!$Y)+#;1!
6$1,n!L()!=2+3$!2%9$1+1!-2)+1!+>+#7!PF!*(71!-$#!>(6(),!9#$9+#,2+1!,@(,!*$!)$,!@(>+!#+<
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6$0.*!9$,+),2(..7!'+!01+*!2)!:$#$),$J!
Expropriating properties to guarantee affordable housing
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$Y)+#1J!&.,@$03@!,@21!21!(!9$.2,26(..7!*2--260.,!6$0#1+!$-!(6,2$)H!Y@+)!()!$Y)+#!6@$$1+1!,$!
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F r o m A b a n d o n m e n t t o A f f o r d a b l e H o u s i n g 3 1
C i t i e s C e n t r e ! U n i v e r s i t y o f T o r o n t o
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3 2 F r o m A b a n d o n m e n t t o A f f o r d a b l e H o u s i n g
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3 4 F r o m A b a n d o n m e n t t o A f f o r d a b l e H o u s i n g
C i t i e s C e n t r e ! U n i v e r s i t y o f T o r o n t o
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C i t i e s C e n t r e ! U n i v e r s i t y o f T o r o n t o
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Enabling an abandonment-policy framework
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C i t i e s C e n t r e ! U n i v e r s i t y o f T o r o n t o
Appendix I. The Scale of the Problem
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Abandonment in the United States
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3 8 F r o m A b a n d o n m e n t t o A f f o r d a b l e H o u s i n g
C i t i e s C e n t r e ! U n i v e r s i t y o f T o r o n t o
Abandonment in the United Kingdom
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Abandonment in Canada
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C i t i e s C e n t r e ! U n i v e r s i t y o f T o r o n t o
Appendix II. What Causes Abandonment?
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Abandonment as economic decline: the “neighbourhood lifecycle” theory
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4 0 F r o m A b a n d o n m e n t t o A f f o r d a b l e H o u s i n g
C i t i e s C e n t r e ! U n i v e r s i t y o f T o r o n t o
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Neighbourhood change: “an inevitable trend toward decline”
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F r o m A b a n d o n m e n t t o A f f o r d a b l e H o u s i n g 4 1
C i t i e s C e n t r e ! U n i v e r s i t y o f T o r o n t o
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2)3!9.())+#1!(6#$11!,@+!S)2,+*!L,(,+1!$)!,@+!'(121!$-!,Y$!-0)*(%+),(.14!,@(,!],@+!3+)<
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3#$091!ZT+,k3+#H!BFFF4!G[J!:@21!#+9$#,!*2>2*+*!,@+!)+23@'$0#@$$*!.2-+!676.+!2),$!-2>+!
1,(3+1H!Y2,@!2)6#+(12)3!*+)12,7!()*!*+>+.$9%+),!2)!1,(3+1!$)+!,@#$03@!,@#++!32>2)3!Y(7!
,$!*+,+#2$#(,2$)!()*!9$90.(,2$)!*+6.2)+!2)!1,(3+!-$0#!()*!,@+)!.(#3+<16(.+H!3$>+#)%+),<
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:@+1+!(,,+%9,1!,$!+V9.(2)!('()*$)%+),!6.+(#.7!+6@$!,@+!*+>2(),!10'60.,0#+!,@+$#7!()*H!2)!,@+2#!9+#121,+),!01+!$-!.()30(3+!'$##$Y+*!-#$%!9@71261!$#!'2$.$37H!32>+!,@+!2%9#+112$)!,@(,!)+23@'$#@$$*!*+6.2)+!21!1$%+@$Y!)(,0#(.!$#!2)+>2,('.+H!$#!,@(,!9$$#!()*!+,@)26!9+$9.+!(#+!2)-+6,+*!Y2,@!,@+!9#$'.+%!()*!(#+!,@+#+-$#+!#+19$)12'.+!-$#!2,J!
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)$%26!*+6.2)+!6(01+1!9@7126(.!*+6.2)+J!L$!L,+#).2+'!+,!(.J!ZCPQI4!MM[H!-$#!+V(%9.+H!6@(#<
(6,+#2k+!('()*$)%+),!(1!(!6$),(32$)!9#$'.+%!,@(,!21!]%$1,!-#+a0+),!2)!1,#06,0#+1!2)@('<
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3#(9@26!6@()3+!()*!%(#`+,!-$#6+1!'+6(%+!(!1+.-<-0.-2..2)3!9#$9@+67!Y@+)!9.())+#1!
]01+l*m!,@+!.2-+<676.+!,@+$#7!Y2,@!,#2(3+!,$!*+9#+11!.()*!>(.0+1!()*!(66+.+#(,+!,@+!('()<
*$)%+),!$-!9#2>(,+.7!$Y)+*!9#$9+#,7!2)!)+23@'$0#@$$*1!%(#`+*!-$#!*+6.2)+^!ZT+,k3+#H!
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('+,,+*!,@21!,#+)*J!
4 2 F r o m A b a n d o n m e n t t o A f f o r d a b l e H o u s i n g
C i t i e s C e n t r e ! U n i v e r s i t y o f T o r o n t o
The legacy of the neighbourhood lifecycle theory
:@+!)+23@'$0#@$$*!.2-+676.+!,@+$#7H!9(#,260.(#.7!2)!2,1!%$1,!$>+#,.7!#(62(.2k+*!-$#%H!@(1!
-(..+)!$0,!$-!-(>$0#!2)!#+6+),!7+(#1H!'0,!2,1!0)*+#.72)3!(110%9,2$)1!6$),2)0+!,$!()2%(,+!
6$),+%9$#(#7!9.())2)3!,@2)`2)3J!&1!&(.'+#1!ZBFFN[!@(1!(#30+*H!,@+!*21,2)3021@2)3!6@(#<
(6,+#21,26!$-!,@+!)+$.2'+#(.!(99#$(6@!,$!)+23@'$0#@$$*!*+6.2)+!21!,@(,!2,!@$.*1!,@(,!1$62$<
+6$)$%26!*+6.2)+!6(01+1!9@7126(.!*+6.2)+J!&'()*$)%+),H!(1!(!1+>+#+!%()2-+1,(,2$)!$-!
9@7126(.!*+6.2)+H!21!1++)!(1!-0)*(%+),(..7!,@+!9#$*06,!$-!1$62$+6$)$%26!6@()3+1H!Y@26@!
(#+!+V9#+11+*!,@#$03@!(!Y$#1+)2)3!$-!,@+!9#$9+#,7!()*!#+),(.!%(#`+,1!2)!(!)+23@'$0#<
@$$*J!:@21!#+%(2)1!(!6$%%$)!0)*+#1,()*2)3!$-!('()*$)%+),H!()*!$)+!,@(,!2)-$#%1!9$.<
267<%(`2)3n!,@+!1,#(,+37!$-!]1$62(.!%2V^!(1!(!#+19$)1+!,$!)+23@'$0#@$$*!*+6.2)+!21!9+#<
@(91!,@+!%$1,!9#$%2)+),!+V(%9.+J!
Abandonment as an outcome of political and institutional arrangements
:@+!2*+(!$-!2)+>2,('2.2,7!,@(,!21!6+),#(.!,$!,@+!)+23@'$0#@$$*!.2-+676.+!,@+$#7!%(7!'+!
-.(Y+*H!'0,!(!`2)*!$-!2)+>2,('2.2,7!21!1$%+,2%+1!(11$62(,+*!Y2,@!('()*$)%+),H!2)!,@+!
1+)1+!,@(,!)+23@'$0#@$$*1!(#+!$-,+)!'0--+,+*!'7!+6$)$%26!-$#6+1!$9+#(,2)3!$)!(!.(#3+#!
16(.+J!L$!Y@2.+!2,!Y$0.*!'+!'2k(##+!,$!(16#2'+H!-$#!+V(%9.+H!,@+!%(112>+!('()*$)%+),!
+V9+#2+)6+*!'7!2))+#!62,2+1!2)!,@+!A01,!O+.,!,$!1$62$*+%$3#(9@26!6@()3+1H!2,!Y$0.*!'+!
+a0(..7!'2k(##+!,$!*+)7!,@+!9#+1+)6+!$-!.(#3+<16(.+!+6$)$%26!-$#6+1!,@(,!9$Y+#-0..7!2)<
-.0+)6+!,@+!.$6(.!$9+#(,2$)!$-!,@+!@$012)3!171,+%J!]E+23@'$0#@$$*!*+6.2)+^!+V9.()(,2$)1!
-$#!('()*$)%+),!3+)+#(..7!6$)12*+#!2,!1(,21-(6,$#7!,$!(99+(.!,$!,@+!2)+>2,('2.2,7!$-!106@!
]%(#`+,!-$#6+1^!Z9+#@(91!2)!6$%'2)(,2$)!Y2,@!,@+!1$62$<*+%$3#(9@26!()3.+!,@(,!21!,7926(.!
$-!,@+!.2-+<676.+!,@+$#7[J!O0,!,@+#+!21!()$,@+#!.$$1+.7!6$))+6,+*!'$*7!$-!.2,+#(,0#+!,@(,!
1++`1!,$!*+)(,0#(.2k+!,@+!1$<6(..+*!]%(#`+,!-$#6+1H^!()*!,$!9#$'+!,@+!9$.2,26(.!6$),+V,!
,@#$03@!Y@26@!,@+7!$9+#(,+J!
Speculative abandonment
&!6$%%$)!1,#()*!,@(,!#0)1!,@#$03@!%06@!$-!,@21!16@$.(#1@29!21!()!+%9@(121!$)!,@+!#$.+!
$-!19+60.(,2$)!2)!9#$*062)3!('()*$)%+),J!&!Y+..<`)$Y)!(#,260.(,2$)!$-!,@21!2*+(!6$%+1!
-#$%!=(>2*!/(#>+7!ZCPGDH!CPGMH!CPGB[H!Y@$!9#$'+*!,@+!#+.(,2$)1@29!'+,Y++)!#+(.!+1,(,+!
2)>+1,%+),!()*!.(#3+<16(.+!9#$6+11+1!$-!9#$*06,2$)!()*!6$)10%9,2$)J!/+!*+16#2'+*!
,@#++!]62#602,1!$-!6(92,(.^!(.$)3!Y@26@!2)>+1,%+),!-.$Y14!,@+!-2#1,!2),$!%()0-(6,0#2)3H!,@+!
1+6$)*!2),$!,@+!'02.,!+)>2#$)%+),H!()*!,@+!,@2#*!2),$!#+1+(#6@!()*!*+>+.$9%+),J!!
/(#>+7!(#30+*!,@(,!,@+!171,+%26!,+)*+)67!$-!6(92,(.21,!+6$)$%2+1!,$Y(#*!$>+#9#$*06,2$)!
.+(*1H!*0#2)3!,2%+1!$-!+6$)$%26!*$Y),0#)H!,$!*2>+#12$)1!$-!2)>+1,%+),!-#$%!,@+!9#2%(#7!
62#602,!Z%()0-(6,0#2)3[!,$!,@+!1+6$)*(#7!$)+!Z,@+!'02.,!+)>2#$)%+),[J!R+#,(2)!#+(.!+1,(,+!
%(#`+,1!(#+!-.$$*+*!Y2,@!2)>+1,%+),!Y@2.+!$,@+#1!1++!2)>+1,%+),!Y2,@*#(YH!()*!9#$9+#,7!
>(.0+1!#21+!()*!-(..!(66$#*2)3.7J!:@+!6$)1+a0+)6+1!-$#!2))+#<62,7!)+23@'$0#@$$*1!6()!'+!
*2#+H!(1!6(92,(.!.+(>+1!'0,!,@+!2%%$'2.+!9@7126(.!2)-#(1,#06,0#+!#+%(2)14!
K)!(#+(1!+V9+#2+)62)3!9#$.$)3+*!+6$)$%26!*+6.2)+H!r6(92,(.!-.23@,;!()*!%(112>+!9#$9+#,7!*+>(.0(,2$)!(#+!.2`+.7H!Y2,@!9#$9+#,7!('()*$)%+),!'$,@!(1!(!#+10.,!$-!(!
F r o m A b a n d o n m e n t t o A f f o r d a b l e H o u s i n g 4 3
C i t i e s C e n t r e ! U n i v e r s i t y o f T o r o n t o
6$..(91+!$-!>(.0+1!()*!(1!(!*+.2'+#(,+!1,#(,+37!,$!101,(2)!>(.0+!2)!(,!.+(1,!9(#,1!$-!,@+!'02.,!-('#26!2)!()!(#+(J!Z/+(.+7H!CPPC4!CFF<CFC[!
:@+!1,#+)3,@!$-!,@21!9$.2,26(.<+6$)$%7!(99#$(6@!21!,@(,!2,!*+)(,0#(.2k+1!,@+!%(#`+,!-$#6+1!
()*!*+%$3#(9@26!6@()3+!,@(,!(#+!010(..7!62,+*!(1!,@+!9#$V2%(,+!6(01+!$-!('()*$)%+),J!
E+23@'$0#@$$*!*+6.2)+H!2)!,@21!>2+YH!21!)$,!(!-(2.0#+!$-!,@+!%(#`+,!per seH!'0,!$-!,@+!2)1,2<
,0,2$)1!,@(,!3$>+#)!2,!ZL@.(7!()*!?@2,%()H!BFFN[H!()*!,@21!-(2.0#+!21!(6,2>+.7!Z()*!1$%+<
,2%+1!2),+),2$)(..7[!6#+(,+*!'7!6+#,(2)!1$62(.!(6,$#1!2)!,@+!6$0#1+!$-!9#$-2,<1++`2)3!19+60<
.(,2$)J!:@+!'()`1!,@(,!#+*.2)+!6+#,(2)!)+23@'$0#@$$*1H!,@+!#+(.!+1,(,+!*+>+.$9+#1!Y@$!
90..!2)>+1,%+),!$0,!$-!,@+!2))+#!62,7!2)!-(>$0#!$-!,@+!10'0#'1H!()*!,@+!.()*.$#*1!Y@$!*+<
62*+*!,$!]%2.`^!,@+2#!9#$9+#,2+1!#(,@+#!,@()!%(2),(2)!,@+%!](#+!)$,!%+#+.7!(0,$%(,(!$-!,@+!
9#26+!%+6@()21%!,@(,!1,++#!,@+!)(,0#(.!$9+#(,2$)!$-!,@+!%(#`+,H!'0,!1@$0.*!'+!,(`+)!1+<
#2$01.7!-$#!,@+!9$Y+#!,@+7!6$%%()*!2)!,@+!2)2,2(,2$)!$#!1,#06,0#(,2$)!$-!)+23@'$0#@$$*!
*+6.2)+^!Z&(.'+#1H!BFFN4!CFGC[J!
Abandonment and gentrification
/(#>+7;1!Y$#`!$)!62#602,1!$-!6(92,(.!21!$#2+),+*!,$Y(#*1!.(#3+<16(.+!6#21+1!2)!171,+%1!$-!
(660%0.(,2$)J!E+2.!L%2,@!ZCPPN[H!$)+!$-!,@+!%$1,!2)-.0+),2(.!16@$.(#1!$-!3+),#2-26(,2$)H!
%(`+1!()!(#30%+),!('$0,!19+60.(,2$)!,@(,!21!%$#+!#+.+>(),!,$!,@+!:$#$),$!6(1+J!&66$#*<
2)3!,$!L%2,@H!,@+!9#$19+6,1!$-!*$Y),$Y)!#+>2,(.2k(,2$)!6()!.+(*!,$!(!]#+),!3(9J^!:@+!(,<
,#(6,2>+!-+(,0#+1!$-!,@+!6+),#(.!62,7!Z9#$V2%2,7!,$!+%9.$7%+),H!90'.26!,#()12,H!+,6J[!6#+(,+!(!
Y2..2)3)+11!(%$)3!,@+!(--.0+),!,$!9(7!#+.(,2>+.7!@23@!#+),1H!'0,!,@+!)+23@'$0#@$$*;1!*+,+<
#2$#(,+*!@$012)3!()*!.$Y<2)6$%+!9$90.(,2$)!%(2),(2)!(!.$Y+#<#+),!+a02.2'#20%J!:@+!*2-<
-+#+)6+!'+,Y++)!60##+),!#+),1!()*!,@+!#+),1!,@(,!6$0.*!'+!6@(#3+*!2-!,@+!)+23@'$0#@$$*!
2)!a0+1,2$)!Y+#+!#+)$>(,+*!21!6(..+*!,@+!]#+),!3(9H^!()*!2-!2,!21!9+#6+2>+*!,$!'+!@23@!
+)$03@H!19+60.(,$#1!Y2..!'+32)!,$!'07!9#$9+#,7!2)!(),2629(,2$)!$-!9#$-2,<%(`2)3!9$112'2.2<
,2+1J!:@+7!%(7!@(>+!.2,,.+!$#!)$!2),+#+1,!2)!%(2),(2)2)3!+V21,2)3!#+),(.!9#$9+#,2+1H!()*!,@+!
9#$9+#,7!*+6(71!Y@2.+!,@+!)+Y!$Y)+#1!Y(2,!-$#!,@+!$99$#,0)2,7!,$!#+*+>+.$9H!$#!1+..!(,!
@23@+#!.()*!>(.0+1J!=212)>+1,%+),H!2)!,@21!6(1+H!21!(!9#+.0*+!,$!#+2)>+1,%+),!#(,@+#!,@()!
(!123)!$-!+6$)$%26!*21,#+11J!
Government-created abandonment
&.1$!$9+#(,2)3!Y2,@2)!(!9$.2,26(.<+6$)$%7!-#(%+Y$#`H!T+,k3+#!ZBFFF[!@(1!6#2,262k+*!/(#<
>+7!-$#!9(72)3!2)10--262+),!(,,+),2$)!,$!,@+!9$.2,261!$-!)+23@'$0#@$$*!*+6.2)+_2)!9(#,260.(#!
,@+!#$.+!3$>+#)%+),!@(1!9.(7+*!2)!*+-2)2)3!,@+!('()*$)%+),!$99$#,0)2,7!1,#06,0#+!
,@#$03@!6@()3+1!2)!9$.262+1!()*!-0)*2)3!9#2$#2,2+1J!?@2.+!,@+#+!21!+>2*+)6+!,$!1033+1,!
,@(,!%0)2629(.!9$.262+1!(2%+*!(,!#+*062)3!('()*$)%+),!@(>+!@(*!.2,,.+!2%9(6,!$)!,@+!21<
10+!ZO$Y%()!()*!5(3()$H!BFFF[H!'#$(*+#!-+*+#(.!()*!1,(,+!9$.262+1!,@(,!%(7!)$,!+V9.26<
2,.7!6$)6+#)!('()*$)%+),!@(>+!'++)!2%9.26(,+*!2)!2,1!$660##+)6+J!
T+,k3+#!*216011+1!,@+!6@()32)3!-+*+#(.!*+9.$7%+),!$-!,@+!)+23@'$0#@$$*!.2-+<676.+!,@+<
$#74!-$..$Y2)3!,@+!#(6+!#2$,1!$-!,@+!%2*<CPNF1H!,@+!"+*+#(.!/$012)3!&*%2)21,#(,2$)!#+*2<
#+6,+*!2,1!.+)*2)3!9#$3#(%!,$!0#'()!(#+(1!,@(,!@(*!-$#%+#.7!'++)!#+*.2)+*H!#+10.,2)3!2)!(!
,+%9$#(#7!2)6#+(1+!2)!#+(.<+1,(,+!2)>+1,%+),!2)!,@+1+!(#+(1J!O0,!(33#+112>+!-$#+6.$10#+!
9$.262+1!Z(.$)3!Y2,@!]Y2*+19#+(*!6$##09,2$)!()*!-#(0*^!(%$)3!-+*+#(.!$--262(.1!()*!#+(.<
4 4 F r o m A b a n d o n m e n t t o A f f o r d a b l e H o u s i n g
C i t i e s C e n t r e ! U n i v e r s i t y o f T o r o n t o
+1,(,+!(6,$#1[!.+*!%()7!$-!,@+1+!2)>+1,%+),1!,$!-(2.!c01,!(!-+Y!7+(#1!.(,+#!ZT+,k3+#H!BFFF4!
CD[J!!
&.,@$03@!19+60.(,2>+!2)>+1,%+),!()*!*212)>+1,%+),!2)!,@+!1+6$)*(#7!62#602,!$-!6(92,(.!
Y+#+!2%9.26(,+*!2)!,@+!+)102)3!('()*$)%+),H!T+,k3+#!(#30+1!6$)>2)62)3.7!,@(,!,@+!`+7!
0)*+#.72)3!-(6,$#!Y(1!6@()32)3!3$>+#)%+),!9$.267J!&66$#*2)$!()*!d$@)1$)!ZBFFF[!%(`+!
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