Functionalistic and Associationistic Theories

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Introduction

Contributions of B.F. Skinner and Ivan Pavlov to learning and cognition.

B.F. Skinners Model of the Skinner Box

Pavlov’s Model of Classical Conditioning

Modern day relevancy of Skinner & Pavlov

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Pavlovian Models

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Pavlov’s conditioning concept has given way to models of fears, addictions, and phobias. (Prentice Hall, 1999)

Other factors of the conditioning model of Pavlov

- Extinction. The elimination of the conditioned response to the conditioned stimulus.- Spontaneous Recovery. The recovery of the extinct response.- Higher Order Conditioning. The addition of a second conditioned stimulus.- Generalization. The exact same reaction to all similar stimuli.- Discrimination. The selection of stimuli regarding the conditioned response.

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Pavlov’s Contribution to Learning and Cognition

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Memory is the most important factor in the process of learning.

Conditioned responses arise from the memory of past experiences that associate unconditioned and conditioned stimuli

(Pavlov, Ivan, 2011)

Pavlov’s Theoretical Concepts

-Excitation and Inhibition

- Dynamic Stereotype

- Irradiation and

Concentration

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(Ronnan, 2011)

Skinner Models

•Behavior is observable and measurable•Behavior changes only by conditioning•Respondent and operant conditioning are only types of learned behavior•Skinner box proved the effects of conditioning

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(The AP Psychology Commune, n.d.)

Skinner’s Theoretical Concepts

Man is void of free willBehavior is impacted by the environment•Behavior is scientifically studied by overt behavior

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(Learning and Teaching, n.d.)

B. F. Skinner Contributions

Radical Behaviorism

•Respondent Behavior Respondent Conditioning

•Operant Behavior Operant Conditioning

•Positive and Negative reinforcers•Reinforcement Schedules

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(Psychology and child development, 2011)

B.F. Skinner Influence

Education

Learning objectives

Program Learning

Computer-Based Instruction (CBI)

Online Education

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Ivan Pavlov’s Influence

Classical Conditioning

Unconditioned Stimuli (US)Unconditioned Response (UR)Conditioned Stimuli (CS)Conditioned Response (CR)

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Dog presented with food (US) Dog Salivating (UR)

Food Presented with Sound (US) Dog Salivating (UR)

Sound presented (CS) Dog Salivating (CR)

Conclusion

Ivan Pavlov Pavlovian Conditioning or Classical Conditioning

Dog Salivating Experiment

Behaviorism reinforcements

Modern Contributions:MedicineEducationMedia

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B.F. Skinner Operant Conditioning

Skinner Box

Radical Behaviorism Reinforcements &

Punishments

Modern Contributions: Education

R e f e r e n c e s

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Cherry, K. (2011). Introduction to operant conditioning. Retrieved from

http://psychology.about.com/od/behavioralpsychology/a/introopcond.htm

Delgado, M. R., Olsson, A. & Phelps, E. A. (2010). Extending animal models of fear conditioning to humans. Biological Psychology,

73, 39-48. Retrieved from http://www.psych.nyu.edu/phelpslab/new/papers/06_BiolPsych_V73.pdf

Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders. (2010). Specific phobias. Retrieved from http://www.minddisorders.com/Py-Z/Specific-

phobias.html

Encyclopedia of World Biography. (2011). Ivan Pavlov. Retrieved from http://www.notablebiographies.com/Ni-Pe/Pavlov-Ivan.html

Escobar, M. & Miller, R. R. (2004). A review of the empirical laws of basic learning in Pavlovian conditioning. International Journal

of Comparative Psychology, 17(2/3), 279-303. Retrieved from EBSCOHost 14088962

Excitation. (2009). In Dictionary of Biological Psychology. Retrieved from http://www.bookrags.com/tandf/excitation-tf/

Fredholm, L. (2001). Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. Retrieved from http://nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/pavlov/readmore.html

Graham, G (2010). Behaviorism. Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/encyclopedia/archinfo.cgi?entry=behaviorism

Green, C. D. (2000). Classics in the history of psychology. Retrieved from http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Pavlov/lecture10.htm

Hall, R. (1998). Classical conditioning. Retrieved from http://web.mst.edu/~psyworld/classical_conditioning.htm

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Introductory Psychology Image Bank. (2011). Skinner box. Retrieved from

http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/intro/ibank/set3.htm

Kowalski, R., & Westen, D. (1995). Psychology (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

Learning and Teaching. (n.d.). Behaviorism. Operant conditioning. Retrieved from

http://www.learningandteaching.info/learning/behaviour.htm

Olson, M. H. & Hergenhahn, B. R. (2009). An introduction to theories of learning (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ:

Pearson/Prentice Hall

Prentice-Hall. (1999). Classical conditioning. Retrieved from

http://cwx.prenhall.com/bookbind/pubbooks/morris2/chapter5/custom1/deluxe-content.html

Psychology and Child Cevelopment. (2011). Conceptual issues in behavior analysis. Retrieved from

http://www.learningandteaching.info/learning/behaviour.htm

Ronnan, A. (2011). Diagram of Pavlov’s findings. Retrieved from

http://www.heritage-images.com/Preview/PreviewPage.aspx?

id=1157350&licenseType=RM&pricing=true&from=search&back=1157350

Science Daily. (2011). Amygdala. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/a/amygdala.htm

Tangen, K. (2009). Psychology glossary. Retrieved from http://www.kentangen.com/10day/Reference/gloss.htm

R e f e r e n c e s

The AP Psychology Commune. (n.d.). Operant conditioning. Retrieved from

http://www.appsychology.com/Book/Behavior/operant_conditioning.htm

The New Harvard Guide to Women's Health. (2004). Phobias. Retrieved from

http://140.234.17.9:8080/EPSessionID=82cedda56cf2be1d548dda51993681/EPHost=credoreference.com/EPPath/entry.do?

id=7878531

Willingham, D. T. (2007). Cognition: The thinking animal (3rd ed). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall

Windholz, G. (1997). Ivan P. Pavlov. American Psychologist, 52(9), 941-946. Retrieved from EBSCOHost amp-52-9-941

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R e f e r e n c e s