fundamentals of nuclear sciencie and engineering

FUNDAMENTALS OF NUCLEARSCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

J. KENNETH SHULTISRICHARD E. FAW

Kansas State UniversityManhattan, Kansas, U.S.A.

M A R C E L

MARCEL DEKKER, INC. NEW YORK BASELD E K K E R

Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

ISBN: 0-8247-0834-2

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

HeadquartersMarcel Dekker, Inc.270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016tel: 212-696-9000; fax: 212-685-4540

Eastern Hemisphere DistributionMarcel Dekker AGHutgasse 4, Postfach 812, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerlandtel: 41-61-261-8482; fax: 41-61-261-8896

World Wide Webhttp://www.dekker.com

The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in bulk quantities. For more information,write to Special Sales/Professional Marketing at the headquarters address above.


Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, elec-tronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any informationstorage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.

Current printing (last digit):1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA


Preface

Nuclear engineering and the technology developed by this discipline began andreached an amazing level of maturity within the past 60 years. Although nuclearand atomic radiation had been used during the first half of the twentieth century,mainly for medical purposes, nuclear technology as a distinct engineering disciplinebegan after World War II with the first efforts at harnessing nuclear energy forelectrical power production and propulsion of ships. During the second half of thetwentieth century, many innovative uses of nuclear radiation were introduced in thephysical and life sciences, in industry and agriculture, and in space exploration.

The purpose of this book is two-fold as is apparent from the table of contents.The first half of the book is intended to serve as a review of the important resultsof "modern" physics and as an introduction to the basic nuclear science neededby a student embarking on the study of nuclear engineering and technology. Laterin this book, we introduce the theory of nuclear reactors and its applications forelectrical power production and propulsion. We also survey many other applicationsof nuclear technology encountered in space research, industry, and medicine.

The subjects presented in this book were conceived and developed by others.Our role is that of reporters who have taught nuclear engineering for more yearsthan we care to admit. Our teaching and research have benefited from the effortsof many people. The host of researchers and technicians who have brought nu-clear technology to its present level of maturity are too many to credit here. Onlytheir important results are presented in this book. For their efforts, which havegreatly benefited all nuclear engineers, not least ourselves, we extend our deepestappreciation. As university professors we have enjoyed learning of the work of ourcolleagues. We hope our present and future students also will appreciate these pastaccomplishments and will build on them to achieve even more useful applicationsof nuclear technology. We believe the uses of nuclear science and engineering willcontinue to play an important role in the betterment of human life.

At a more practical level, this book evolved from an effort at introducing anuclear engineering option into a much larger mechanical engineering program atKansas State University. This book was designed to serve both as an introductionto the students in the nuclear engineering option and as a text for other engineeringstudents who want to obtain an overview of nuclear science and engineering. We


believe that all modern engineering students need to understand the basic aspectsof nuclear science engineering such as radioactivity and radiation doses and theirhazards.

Many people have contributed to this book. First and foremost we thank ourcolleagues Dean Eckhoff and Fred Merklin, whose initial collection of notes for anintroductory course in nuclear engineering motivated our present book intendedfor a larger purpose and audience. We thank Professor Gale Simons, who helpedprepare an early draft of the chapter on radiation detection. Finally, many revisionshave been made in response to comments and suggestions made by our students onwhom we have experimented with earlier versions of the manuscript. Finally, thecamera copy given the publisher has been prepared by us using I^TEX, and, thus,we must accept responsibility for all errors, typographical and other, that appearin this book.

J. Kenneth Shultis and Richard E. Faw


Contents

1 Fundamental Concepts1.1 Modern Units

1.1.1 Special Nuclear Units1.1.2 Physical Constants

1.2 The Atom1.2.1 Atomic and Nuclear Nomenclature1.2.2 Atomic and Molecular Weights1.2.3 Avogadro's Number1.2.4 Mass of an Atom1.2.5 Atomic Number Density1.2.6 Size of an Atom1.2.7 Atomic and Isotopic Abundances1.2.8 Nuclear Dimensions

1.3 Chart of the Nuclides1.3.1 Other Sources of Atomic/Nuclear Information

2 Modern Physics Concepts2.1 The Special Theory of Relativity

2.1.1 Principle of Relativity2.1.2 Results of the Special Theory of Relativity

2.2 Radiation as Waves and Particles2.2.1 The Photoelectric Effect2.2.2 Compton Scattering2.2.3 Electromagnetic Radiation: Wave-Particle Duality2.2.4 Electron Scattering2.2.5 Wave-Particle Duality

2.3 Quantum Mechanics2.3.1 Schrodinger's Wave Equation2.3.2 The Wave Function2.3.3 The Uncertainty Principle2.3.4 Success of Quantum Mechanics

2.4 Addendum 1: Derivation of Some Special Relativity Results2.4.1 Time Dilation


2.4.2 Length Contraction2.4.3 Mass Increase

2.5 Addendum 2: Solutions to Schrodinger's Wave Equation2.5.1 The Particle in a Box2.5.2 The Hydrogen Atom2.5.3 Energy Levels for Multielectron Atoms

Atomic/Nuclear Models3.1 Development of the Modern Atom Model

3.1.1 Discovery of Radioactivity3.1.2 Thomson's Atomic Model: The Plum Pudding Model3.1.3 The Rutherford Atomic Model3.1.4 The Bohr Atomic Model3.1.5 Extension of the Bohr Theory: Elliptic Orbits3.1.6 The Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom

3.2 Models of the Nucleus3.2.1 Fundamental Properties of the Nucleus3.2.2 The Proton-Electron Model3.2.3 The Proton-Neutron Model3.2.4 Stability of Nuclei3.2.5 The Liquid Drop Model of the Nucleus3.2.6 The Nuclear Shell Model3.2.7 Other Nuclear Models

Nuclear Energetics4.1 Binding Energy

4.1.1 Nuclear and Atomic Masses4.1.2 Binding Energy of the Nucleus4.1.3 Average Nuclear Binding Energies

4.2 Niicleon Separation Energy4.3 Nuclear Reactions4.4 Examples of Binary Nuclear Reactions

4.4.1 Multiple Reaction Outcomes4.5 Q-Value for a Reaction

4.5.1 Binary Reactions4.5.2 Radioactive Decay Reactions

4.6 Conservation of Charge and the Calculation of Q-Values4.6.1 Special Case for Changes in the Proton Number

4.7 Q-Value for Reactions Producing Excited Nulcei

Radioactivity5.1 Overview5.2 Types of Radioactive Decay5.3 Energetics of Radioactive Decay

5.3.1 Gamma Decay5.3.2 Alpha-Particle Decay5.3.3 Beta-Particle Decay


5.3.4 Positron Decay5.3.5 Electron Capture5.3.6 Neutron Decay5.3.7 Proton Decay5.3.8 Internal Conversion5.3.9 Examples of Energy-Level Diagrams

5.4 Characteristics of Radioactive Decay5.4.1 The Decay Constant5.4.2 Exponential Decay5.4.3 The Half-Life5.4.4 Decay Probability for a Finite Time Interval5.4.5 Mean Lifetime5.4.6 Activity5.4.7 Half-Life Measurement5.4.8 Decay by Competing Processes

5.5 Decay Dynamics5.5.1 Decay with Production5.5.2 Three Component Decay Chains5.5.3 General Decay Chain

5.6 Naturally Occurring Radionuclides5.6.1 Cosmogenic Radionuclides5.6.2 Singly Occurring Primordial Radionuclides5.6.3 Decay Series of Primordial Origin5.6.4 Secular Equilibrium

5.7 Radiodating5.7.1 Measuring the Decay of a Parent5.7.2 Measuring the Buildup of a Stable Daughter

6 Binary Nuclear Reactions6.1 Types of Binary Reactions

6.1.1 The Compound Nucleus6.2 Kinematics of Binary Two-Product Nuclear Reactions

6.2.1 Energy/Mass Conservation6.2.2 Conservation of Energy and Linear Momentum

6.3 Reaction Threshold Energy6.3.1 Kinematic Threshold6.3.2 Coulomb Barrier Threshold6.3.3 Overall Threshold Energy

6.4 Applications of Binary Kinematics6.4.1 A Neutron Detection Reaction6.4.2 A Neutron Production Reaction6.4.3 Heavy Particle Scattering from an Electron

6.5 Reactions Involving Neutrons6.5.1 Neutron Scattering6.5.2 Neutron Capture Reactions6.5.3 Fission Reactions

6.6 Characteristics of the Fission Reaction


6.6.1 Fission Products6.6.2 Neutron Emission in Fission6.6.3 Energy Released in Fission

6.7 Fusion Reactions6.7.1 Thermonuclear Fusion6.7.2 Energy Production in Stars6.7.3 Nucleogenesis

7 Radiation Interactions with Matter7.1 Attenuation of Neutral Particle Beams

7.1.1 The Linear Interaction Coefficient7.1.2 Attenuation of Uncollided Radiation7.1.3 Average Travel Distance Before an Interaction7.1.4 Half-Thickness7.1.5 Scattered Radiation7.1.6 Microscopic Cross Sections

7.2 Calculation of Radiation Interaction Rates7.2.1 Flux Density7.2.2 Reaction-Rate Density7.2.3 Generalization to Energy- and Time-Dependent Situations7.2.4 Radiation Fluence7.2.5 Uncollided Flux Density from an Isotropic Point Source

7.3 Photon Interactions7.3.1 Photoelectric Effect7.3.2 Compton Scattering7.3.3 Pair Production7.3.4 Photon Attenuation Coefficients

7.4 Neutron Interactions7.4.1 Classification of Types of Interactions7.4.2 Fission Cross Sections

7.5 Attenuation of Charged Particles7.5.1 Interaction Mechanisms7.5.2 Particle Range7.5.3 Stopping Power7.5.4 Estimating Charged-Particle Ranges

8 Detection and Measurement of Radiation8.1 Gas-Filled Radiation Detectors

8.1.1 lonization Chambers8.1.2 Proportional Counters8.1.3 Geiger-Mueller Counters

8.2 Scintillation Detectors8.3 Semiconductor lonizing-Radiation Detectors8.4 Personal Dosimeters

8.4.1 The Pocket Ion Chamber8.4.2 The Film Badge8.4.3 The Thermoluminescent Dosimeter


8.5 Measurement Theory8.5.1 Types of Measurement Uncertainties8.5.2 Uncertainty Assignment Based Upon Counting Statistics8.5.3 Dead Time8.5.4 Energy Resolution

9 Radiation Doses and Hazard Assessment9.1 Historical Roots9.2 Dosimetric Quantities

9.2.1 Energy Imparted to the Medium9.2.2 Absorbed Dose9.2.3 Kerma9.2.4 Calculating Kerma and Absorbed Doses9.2.5 Exposure9.2.6 Relative Biological Effectiveness9.2.7 Dose Equivalent9.2.8 Quality Factor9.2.9 Effective Dose Equivalent9.2.10 Effective Dose

9.3 Natural Exposures for Humans9.4 Health Effects from Large Acute Doses

9.4.1 Effects on Individual Cells9.4.2 Deterministic Effects in Organs and Tissues9.4.3 Potentially Lethal Exposure to Low-LET Radiation

9.5 Hereditary Effects9.5.1 Classification of Genetic Effects9.5.2 Summary of Risk Estimates9.5.3 Estimating Gonad Doses and Genetic Risks

9.6 Cancer Risks from Radiation Exposures9.6.1 Dose-Response Models for Cancer9.6.2 Average Cancer Risks for Exposed Populations

9.7 Radon and Lung Cancer Risks9.7.1 Radon Activity Concentrations9.7.2 Lung Cancer Risks

9.8 Radiation Protection Standards9.8.1 Risk-Related Dose Limits9.8.2 The 1987 NCRP Exposure Limits

10 Principles of Nuclear Reactors10.1 Neutron Moderation10.2 Thermal-Neutron Properties of Fuels10.3 The Neutron Life Cycle in a Thermal Reactor

10.3.1 Quantification of the Neutron Cycle10.3.2 Effective Multiplication Factor

10.4 Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Cores10.5 Reflectors10.6 Reactor Kinetics


10.6.1 A Simple Reactor Kinetics Model10.6.2 Delayed Neutrons10.6.3 Reactivity and Delta-k10.6.4 Revised Simplified Reactor Kinetics Models10.6.5 Power Transients Following a Reactivity Insertion

10.7 Reactivity Feedback10.7.1 Feedback Caused by Isotopic Changes10.7.2 Feedback Caused by Temperature Changes

10.8 Fission Product Poisons10.8.1 Xenon Poisoning10.8.2 Samarium Poisoning

10.9 Addendum 1: The Diffusion Equation10.9.1 An Example Fixed-Source Problem10.9.2 An Example Criticality Problem10.9.3 More Detailed Neutron-Field Descriptions

10.10 Addendum 2: Kinetic Model with Delayed Neutrons10.11 Addendum 3: Solution for a Step Reactivity Insertion

11 Nuclear Power11.1 Nuclear Electric Power

11.1.1 Electricity from Thermal Energy11.1.2 Conversion Efficiency11.1.3 Some Typical Power Reactors11.1.4 Coolant Limitations

11.2 Pressurized Water Reactors11.2.1 The Steam Cycle of a PWR11.2.2 Major Components of a PWR

11.3 Boiling Water Reactors11.3.1 The Steam Cycle of a BWR11.3.2 Major Components of a BWR

11.4 New Designs for Central-Station Power11.4.1 Certified Evolutionary Designs11.4.2 Certified Passive Design11.4.3 Other Evolutionary LWR Designs11.4.4 Gas Reactor Technology

11.5 The Nuclear Fuel Cycle11.5.1 Uranium Requirements and Availability11.5.2 Enrichment Techniques11.5.3 Radioactive Waste11.5.4 Spent Fuel

11.6 Nuclear Propulsion11.6.1 Naval Applications11.6.2 Other Marine Applications11.6.3 Nuclear Propulsion in Space

12 Other Methods for Converting Nuclear Energy to Electricity12.1 Thermoelectric Generators

12.1.1 Radionuclide Thermoelectric Generators


12.2 Thermionic Electrical Generators12.2.1 Conversion Efficiency12.2.2 In-Pile Thermionic Generator

12.3 AMTEC Conversion12.4 Stirling Converters12.5 Direct Conversion of Nuclear Radiation

12.5.1 Types of Nuclear Radiation Conversion Devices12.5.2 Betavoltaic Batteries

12.6 Radioisotopes for Thermal Power Sources12.7 Space Reactors

12.7.1 The U.S. Space Reactor Program12.7.2 The Russian Space Reactor Program

13 Nuclear Technology in Industry and Research13.1 Production of Radioisotopes13.2 Industrial and Research Uses of Radioisotopes and Radiation13.3 Tracer Applications

13.3.1 Leak Detection13.3.2 Pipeline Interfaces13.3.3 Flow Patterns13.3.4 Flow Rate Measurements13.3.5 Labeled Reagents13.3.6 Tracer Dilution13.3.7 Wear Analyses13.3.8 Mixing Times13.3.9 Residence Times13.3.10 Frequency Response13.3.11 Surface Temperature Measurements13.3.12 Radiodating

13.4 Materials Affect Radiation13.4.1 Radiography13.4.2 Thickness Gauging13.4.3 Density Gauges13.4.4 Level Gauges13.4.5 Radiation Absorptiometry13.4.6 Oil-Well Logging13.4.7 Neutron Activation Analysis13.4.8 Neutron Capture-Gamma Ray Analysis13.4.9 Molecular Structure Determination13.4.10 Smoke Detectors

13.5 Radiation Affects Materials13.5.1 Food Preservation13.5.2 Sterilization13.5.3 Insect Control13.5.4 Polymer Modification13.5.5 Biological Mutation Studies13.5.6 Chemonuclear Processing


14 Medical Applications of Nuclear Technology14.1 Diagnostic Imaging

14.1.1 X-Ray Projection Imaging14.1.2 Fluoroscopy14.1.3 Mammography14.1.4 Bone Densitometry14.1.5 X-Ray Computed Tomography (CT)14.1.6 Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)14.1.7 Positron Emission Tomography (PET)14.1.8 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

14.2 Radioimmunoassay14.3 Diagnostic Radiotracers14.4 Radioimmunoscintigraphy14.5 Radiation Therapy

14.5.1 Early Applications14.5.2 Teletherapy14.5.3 Radionuclide Therapy14.5.4 Clinical Brachytherapy14.5.5 Boron Neutron Capture Therapy

Appendic A: Fundamental Atomic Data

Appendix B: Atomic Mass Table

Appendix C: Cross Sections and Related Data

Appendix D: Decay Characteristics of Selected Radionuclides


Appendix A

Fundamental Atomic Data

Fundamental Physical ConstantsAlthough there are many physical constants, which determine the nature of ouruniverse, the following values are of particular importance when dealing with atomicand nuclear phenomena.

Table A.I. Some important physical constants as internationally recommendedin 1998. These and other constants can be obtained through the web fromhttp://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/index.html

ConstantSpeed of light (in vacuum)Electron chargeAtomic mass unit

Electron rest mass

Proton rest mass

Neutron rest mass

Planck's constant

Avogadro's constantBoltzmann constant

Ideal gas constant (STP)Electric constant

Symbol

c

e

u

me

mp

mn

h

Na

k

Rto

Value

2.99792458 x 108 m s"1

1.60217646 x 10~19 C1.6605387 x 10~27 kg(931.494013 MeV/c2)9.1093819 x 10~31 kg(0.51099890 MeV/c2)(5.48579911 x 10~4 u)1.6726216 x 10~27 kg(938.27200 MeV/c2)(1.0072764669 u)1.6749272 x 10~27 kg(939.56533 MeV/c2)(1.0086649158 u)6.6260688 x 10~34 J s4.1356673 x 10~15 eV s6.0221420 x 1023 mor1

1.3806503 x 10~23 J K^1(8.617342 x 10-5 eV K"1)8.314472 J mor1 K"1

8.854187817 x 10~12 F m^1

Source: P.J. Mohy and B.N. Taylor, "CODATAFundamental Physical Constants," Rev. Modern

Recommended Values of thePhysics, 72, No. 2, 2000.


The Periodic TableThe periodic table presented in Table A.2 shows the new IUPAC group formatnumbers from 1 to 18, while the numbering system used by the Chemical AbstractService is given in parentheses at the top of each column. In the left of eachelemental square, the number of electrons in each of the various electron shellsare given. In the upper right of each square, the melting point (MP). boiling point(BP). and critical point (CP) temperatures are given in degrees Celsius. Sublimationand critical temperatures are indicated by s and t. In the center of each elementalsquare the oxidation states, atomic weight, and natural abundance is given for eachelement. For elements that do not exist naturally, (e.g.. the transuranics), the massnumber of the longest-lived isotope is given in square brackets. The abundances arebased on meteorite and solar wind data.

The table is from Firestone et al. [1999], and may be found on the web athttp://isotopes.lbl.gov/isotopes/toi.html. Data for the table are from Lide[1997]. Leigh [1990]. Anders and Grevesse [1989], and CE News [1985].

Physical Properties and Abundances of ElementsSome of the important physical properties of the naturally occurring elements aregiven in Table A.3. In this table the atomic weights, densities, melting and boilingpoints, and abundances of the elements are given.

The atomic weights are for the elements as they exist naturally on earth, or.in the cases of thorium and protactinium, to the isotopes which have the longesthalf-lives. For elements whose isotopes are all radioactive, the mass number of thelongest lived isotope is given in square brackets.

Mass densities for solids and liquids are given at 25 C, unless otherwise indi-cated by a superscript temperature (in C). Densities for normally gaseous elementsare for the liquids at their boiling points. The melting and boiling points at nor-mal pressures arc in degrees Celsius. Superscripts "t" and "s" are the critical andsublimation temperature (in degrees Celsius).

The solar system elemental abundances (atomic %) are based on meteorite aridsolar wind data. The elemental abundances in the earth's crust and in the oceansrepresent the median values of reported measurements. The concentrations of theless abundant elements may vary with location by several orders of magnitude.

Data are from the 78th edition of the Handbook of Chemistry and Physics [Lide1997], and have been extracted from tables on the web at http://isotopes.lbl.gov/isotopes/toi.html.

Properties of Stable and Long-Lived NuclidesIn Table A.4. the percent abundance of each naturally occurring isotope of eachelement is given. Also tabulated are the half-life and decay modes of all the ra-dionuclides with half-lives greater than one hour. In this table, percent abundancesof stable nuclides and naturally occurring radionuclides are displayed in bold face.

For a half-life of a radionuclide expressed in years (or multiples of years), theyear is the tropical year (1900) equal to 365.242 19878 d or 31 556925.9747 s. Thepercent frequencies of the principle decay modes for radioactive nuclides are givenin parentheses.


The data in Table A.4 are taken from the NuBase data evaluation first publishedby G. Audi, O. Bersillon, J. Blachot, and A.H. Wapstra, "The NuBase Evaluationof Nuclear Decay Properties," Nuclear Physics A, 624, 1-124, (1997). The data forthis table (and for short-lived radionuclides) are available from the Atomic MassData Center on the web at http://www-csnsm.in2p3.fr/amdc/nubase-en.html.

Internet Data SourcesThe data presented in this appendix are sufficient to allow you to do most assignedproblems. All of these data have been taken from the web, and you are encouragedto become familiar with these important resources. Some sites, which have manylinks to various sets of nuclear and atomic data are

http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/http://isotopes.Ibl.gov/isotopes/toi.htmlhttp://www.nndc.bnl.gov/usndp/usndp-subj ect.htmlhttp://www.-nds.iaea.or.at/indg_intro.htmlhttp://neutrino.nuc.berkeley.edu/NEadm.htmlhttp://www.fysik.lu.se/nucleardata/toi_.html

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ANDERS, E. AND N. GREVESSE, "Abundances of the Elements: Meteoritic and Solar,"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 53, 197 (1989).

Chemical and Engineering News, 63(5), 27 (1985).DEBlEVRE, P. AND P.D.P. TAYLOR, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys., 123, 149, 1993.FIRESTONE, R.B., C.M. BAGLIN, and S.Y.F. CHU, Table of Isotopes (1999), Wiley, New

York, 1999.LEIGH, G.J., Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry, Blackwells Scientific PubL, Oxford

(1990).LlDE, D.R., ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, CRC Press (1997).


Group

3(IIIB) 4(IVB) 5(VB) 6 (VIB) 7 (VIIB) 8 (VIII) 9 (VIII)s K.(, "'Vs.1) sCa,, i4x l sSc,. -'"', sTi,, 'S- * V,, .u'" sCr,, i" *Mn,,Si" Fe,. :M : nCo,, ^S '" x -'' i) -1 10 -* i I ~- n 24 | ; 25 i^ Zr> j ^ 27

xRb,7 * sSr,, i.is: s Y,g .w' sZr,n u m ' sNb,S - ' I > " 1 x -*y I S "*" i S "*

,, Msr; W,. ";v sRe,. 5 5 % : J

18 (VIIIA)

13 (IIIA) 15 (VA) 16 (VIA) 17 (VIIA)

113.7184.4

M 546 I 18

+1+5+7-1 1 0126.90447 j 8 131.292.9x10"'% i 1.5x10 8%

HiBk97 ")5"i 18 '.12 +3+4" 1247]

2 p.,. 900 2 w-, 860

32 +3 32 +32 ( 2 5 1 ]

| 2 j 21 1252,

2

8Md,n, 82718 lul 8NO.ft,18 10232 +1 32 + 2+^ 32 +2+^3 [257] 3i |258| 38 (259]2 2 2

2T 1627sLr.,,,18 ""32 +.135 [262]

2

Table A.2. (cont.) The periodic table of the elements. The new IUPAC group format numbersare from 1 to 18, while the numbering system used by the Chemical Abstract Service is givenin parentheses. For elements that are not naturally abundant (e.g., the transuranics), the massnumber of the longest-lived isotope is given in square brackets. The abundances are based onmeteorite and solar wind data. The melting point (MP), boiling point (BP), and critical point(CP) temperatures are given in degrees Celsius. Source: Firestone, Baglin, and Chu [1999].


Table A.3. Some physical properties and abundances of the elements.

Elemental Abundances

Z

I23456789

10111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546

El

HHeLiBeBCaNOFNeNaMgAlSiPSClArKCaScTiVCrMnFeCoNiCuZnGaGeAsSeBrKrRbSrYZrNbMoTcRuRhPd

AtomicWeight

1.007944.0026026.9419.012182

10.81112.010714.0067415.999418.998403220.179722.98977024.305026.98153828.085530.97376132.06635.452739.94839.098340.07844.95591047.86750.941551.996154.93804955.84558.93320058.693463.54665,3969.72372.6174.9216078.9679.90483.8085.467887.6288.9058591.22492.9063895.94

[98]101.07102.90550106.42

Massdensity(g/cm3)

0.07080.1249010.5341.852,372.2670150.8071.1411.501.2040.970.742.702.32961.822.0671.561.3960.891.542.994.56.07.157.37.8758.868.9128.9337.1345.915.3235.7762

Table A.3. (cont.) Some physical properties and abundances of the elements.

Elemental Abundances

Z

47484950515253545556575859606162636465666768697071727374757677787980818283848586878889909192

El

AgCdInSnSbTeIXeCsBaLaCePrNdPmSmEuGdTbDyHoErTmYbLuHfTaWReOsIrPtAuHgTlPbBiPoAtRnFrRaAcThPaU

AtomicWeight

107.8682 .112.411114.818118.710121.760127.60126.90447131.29132.90545137.327138.9055140.116140.90765144.24

[145]150.36151.964157.25158.92534162.50164.93032167.26168.93421173.04174.967178.49180.9479183.84186.207190.23192.217195.078196.96655200.59204.3833207.2208.98038[209][210][222][223][226][227]232.0381231.03588238.0289

Massdensity(g/cm3)10.5018.697.317.2872p6.6852ef6.2324.932CP2.9531.933.626.158.166.777.017.267.525.247.908.238.558.809.079.326.909.8413.316.419.320.822.522.521.4619.28213.533611.811.3429.8079.32

4.4

510.0711.7215.3718.95

MeltingPoint

961321156231630449113

-11128

727918798931

102110421074822

131313561412147415291545819

166322333017342231863033244617681064

78076093635177544

418

-38.83304327.46271254302-7127

7001051175015721135

40

BoilingPoint

2162767

207226021587988184.4

-108.04671

189734643443352030743000179415963273323025672700286819501196340246035458555555965012442838252856356.73

147317491564962

-61.7

31984788

4131

SolarSystem

15

58x103x10"

6.0x10"11121111352

83111281

25x1001x1057x109x10"5x10"21x1046x1045x1070x1044x1070x10

42x1017x10

-9

9

10

-8

-9

-8

9

8

-9

-8

-9

-9

-10

-9

-10

-10

076xlO"997x10-10286xlO"990x1018x1023x10

8.08x101564122461614

1

2

-10

-10

-10

-10

197xlO"1002x1075x1034x1069x1020x1016x10

-10

-11

-10

-10

-9

-9

4xlO"91x10"11x100x10"03x107x10"

09x10

94x10

10

-9

10

-8

10

-10

-11

CrustalAverage(mg/kg)

0.0750.150.252.30.20.0010.453xlO"534253966.59.241.5

7.052.06.21.25.21.33.50.523.20.83.02.01.257xlO"40.00150.0010.0050.0040.0850.85140.00852xlO"10

4xlO~13

9xlO"75.5xlO"1069.61.4xlO"62.7

Earth'sOceans(mg/L)

4xlO"5l.lxlO"40.024xlO"62.4xlO"4

0.065xlO"53xlO"40.0133.4xlO"61.2xlO"66.4xlO~72.8xlO"6

4.5xlO"71.3xlO"77xlO"71.4xlO"79. IxlO"72.2xlO~78.7xlO"71.7xlO"78.2xlO"71.5xlO"77xlO"62xlO"6IxlO"44xlO~6

4xlO"63xlO"51.9xlO~53xlO~52xlO"51.5xlO"14

6xlO"16

8.9xlO~n

IxlO"65xlO~n0.0032


Table A.4. Percent isotopic abundances (bold) of naturally occurring nuclides and decay char-acteristics of radionuclides with 7\/2 > 1 h. Branching ratios are in percent.

Nucl.] H2H3H

3 He

4 He6Li7Li

7Be9 Be

10BeIOBnB12C13C14

C14

N15

N16Q17Q18Q19F

20 Ne

21 Ne

22 Ne

22 Na

23 Na

24 Na

24Mg25

Mg26Mg

20 Al

27A128Mg

28 Si

29 Si

30 Si

3 lp32Si32p32 g33p33 g34

S

35 g35

Cl36 g

36 Cl

30 Ar

3TC137

Ar38

Ar39

Ar39

K40

Ar40

K

40 Ca

41 K

41 Ca

Half-life

stablestable12.33 ystablestablestablestable53.29 dstable1.51 Mystablestablestablestable5.73 kystablestablestablestablestablestablestablestablestable2.6019 ystable14.9590 hstablestablestable740 kystable20.91 hstablestablestablestable132 y14.262 dstable25.34 dstablestable87.51 dstablestable301 kystablestable35.04 dstable269 ystablestable1.277 Gystablestable103 ky

Abund. / Decay Mode99.9850.015#-(100)0.00013799.9998637.592.5EC(IOO)100.#-(100)19.980.198.891.11,3" (100)99.6340.36699.7620.0380.200100.90.480.279.258+ (100)100.#-(ioo)78.9910.0011.01#+(100)100.8- (100)92.234.673.10100.#-(ioo)fl-(ioo)95.02#-(100)0.754.21#-(100)75.770.02#-(98.1) #+(1.9)0.336524.23EC(IOO)0.0632#-(100)93.258199.60030.0117 #-(89. 28) #+(10.72)96.9416.7302EC (100)

Nucl.42

Ar42R

42Ca43

K43

Ca43

Sc44Ca44

Sc44m gc

44Ti45

Ca45

Sc46

Ca46

Sc4GTi

47 Ca

47Sc47Ti

48 Ca

48 Sc

48Ti48 y

48 Cr

49 Tj

49y50Ti50y

50 Cr

51y51Cr52

Cr52

Mn52

Fe53

Cr Mn54

Cr54

Mn54

Fe55

Mn55Fe

55 Co

50 Mn

56 Fe

56 Co

50 Ni

57 Fe

57Co57

Ni58

Fe58

Co58m

CQ

58 Ni

59 Fe

59 Co

59 Ni

60 Fe

60 Co

60 Ni

Half-life

32.9 y12.360 hstable22.3 hstable3.891 hstable3.927 h58.6 h64.8 y162.67 dstablestable83.79 dstable4.536 d3.3492 dstable51 Ey43.67 hstable15.9735 d21.56 hstable330 dstable150 Pystablestable27.702 dstable5.591 d8.275 hstable3.74 Mystable312.3 dstablestable2.73 y17.53 h2.5785 hstable77.27 d5.9 dstable271.79 d35.60 hstable70.82 d9.15 hstable44.503 dstable80 kv1.5 My5.2714 ystable

Abund. / Decay Mode

#-(100)#-(ioo)0.647#"(100)0.135#+(100)2.086#+(100)IT(98.80) #+(1.20)EC(IOO)#"(100)100.0.004#-(100)8.25#-(100)#-(100)7.440.187#-(100)73.72#+(100)#+(100)5.41EC (100)5.180.250 #+(83) #-(17)4.34599.750EC(IOO)83.789#+(100)#+(100)9.501EC (100)2.365EC(IOO)5.845100.EC(IOO)#+(100)#-(100)91.7548+ (100)#+(100)2.119EC(IOO)#+(100)0.282/3+(100)IT(IOO)68.077#-(100)100./T1 (100)#-(100)#-(100)26.223


Table A.4. (cont.) Percent isotopic abundances (bold) of naturally occurring nuclides and decaycharacteristics of radionuclides with T^/2 > 1 h. Branching ratios are in percent.

Nucl.61

Co61Ni

61Cu62Ni62Zn63Ni

63Cu64

Ni64

Cu64

Zn65Ni

65 Cu

65ZnG6Ni6GZn66

Ga66GeG7Cu67Zn67GaG8Zn68

Ge69m. 2ji

69 Ga

69 Ge

70 Zn

70 Ge

71mZn71Ga71

Ge71

As72

Zn72Ga72

Ge72

As72

Se73Ga73

Ge73

As73

Se74

Ge74As74

Se75

As75Se

76 Ge

70 As

76 Se

76 Br

76Kr77Ge77

As77Se77Br78Se78

Kr79

Se79

Br

Half-life

1.650 hstable3.333 hstable9.186 h100.1 ystablestable12.700 hstable2.5172 hstable244.26 d54.6 hstable9.49 h2.26 h61.83 hstable3.2612 dstable270.8 d13.76 hstable39.05 hstablestable3.96 hstable11.43 d65.28 h46.5 h14.10 hstable26.0 h8.40 d4.86 hstable80.30 d7.15 hstable17.77 dstablestable119.79 d1.09 Zy1.0778 dstable16.2 h14.8 h11.30 h38.83 hstable57.036 hstablestable

Table A.4. (cont.) Percent isotopic abundances (bold) of naturally occurring nuclides and decaycharacteristics of radionuclides with T\/2 > 1 h- Branching ratios are in percent.

Nucl.92y

92 Zr

92 Nb

92,nNb92

Mo93 y

93 Zr

93Nb93m

Nb

93 Mo

93771 Mo

93 Tc

94 Zr

94 Nb

94 Mo

95 Zr

95Nb95m

Nb

95 Mo

95Tc95m rpc

95 Ru

96 Zr

96 Nb

96 Mo

96 Tc

96 Ru

97Zr97

Mo9rTc

97m Tc

97Ru98

Mo98

Tc98

Ru"Mo99

Tc99m

Tc

99 Ru

99 Rh

9 9Rh

100 Mo

100 Ru

100 Rh

100 pd

101 Ru

101 Rh

101mRh101 Pd

102 Ru

102Rh102m f^102pd

103 Ru

103 Rh

103 pd104

Ru104 pd

Half-life

3.54 hstable34.7 My10.15 dstable10.18 h1.53 Mystable16.13 v4.0 ky6.85 h2.75 hstable20.3 kystable64.02 d34.975 d86.6 hstable20.0 h61 d1.643 h39 Ey23.35 hstable4.28 dstable16.90 hstable2.6 My90.1 d2.9 dstable4.2 Mystable65.94 h211.1 ky6.01 hstable16.1 d4.7 h10.2 Eystable20.8 h3.63 dstable3.3 y4.34 d8.47 hstable206.0 d3.76 ystable39.26 dstable16.991 dstablestable

Abund. / Decay Mode

~(100)17.15+(~100) ~(

Table A.4. (cont.) Percent isotopic abundances (bold) of naturally occurring nuclides and decaycharacteristics of radionuclides with T\II > 1 h. Branching ratios are in percent.

Nucl.119Sb119Te

119mrpe120Sn

120mSb120Te121Sn

121mSn121Sb121

Te121mTe

121J122Sn122Sb122Te122Xe123Sn123Sb123Te

123mrpe123j

123Xe124Sn124Sb124

Te124j

124Xe125Sn125Sbi25Te

125m rpe125j

125Xe126Sn126Sbi26Te

126j126Xe127Sn127Sb127Te

127m Te

127J127Xe127Cs128Sb128Te128Xe128Ba129Sb

129mrpe129j

129Xe129mXe

129Cs129Ba

129mBa130Te

Half- life

38.19 h16.03 h4.70 dstable5.76 dstable27.06 h55 ystable19.40 d154 d2.12 hstable2.7238 dstable20.1 h129.2 dstable>600 Ty119.7 d13.27 h2.08 hstable60.20 dstable4.1760 dstable9.64 d2.7582 ystable57.40 d59.408 d16.9 h207 ky12.46 dstable13.11 dstable2.10 h3.85 d9.35 h109 dstable36.4 d6.25 h9.01 h2.2 Yystable2.43 d4.40 h33.6 d15.7 Mystable8.88 d32.06 h2.23 h2.16 h790 Zy

Abund. / Decay Mode

EC(IOO)ft+(100)/3+(~100) IT(

Table A.4. (cont.) Percent isotopic abundances (bold) of naturally occurring nuclides and decaycharacteristics of radioiiuclides with 7\ 79 > 1 h. Branching ratios are in percent.

Nucl.140

Ce140

Nd141

La141

Ce141 pr

141 Nd

142 Ce

142pr142

Nd143

Ce143

Pr143

Nd143pm144

Ce144

Nd144 pm144

Sm145

Pr145

Nd145

Prn145

Sm145

Eu146

Nd146

Pm146

Sm146

Eu146

Gd147Nd147

Pm147Sm147Eu147Gd147Tb148

Nd148

Pm148m pm

148 Sm

148 Eu

148 Gd

149 Nd

149 pm149

Sm149

Eu149

Gd149

Tb150

Nd150

Pm150

Sm150

Eu150

'"Eu150

Gd150

Tb151 pm151

Sm151

Eu151

Gd151

Tb152

Sm

Half-life

stable3.37 d3.92 h32.501 dstable2.49 hstable19.12 hstable33.039 h13.57 dstable265 d284.893 d2.29 Pv363 dstable5.984 hstable17.7 y340 d5.93 dstable5.53 y103 My4.59 d48.27 d10.98 d2.6234 y106 Gv24.1 d38.06 h1.7 hstable5.370 d41.29 d7Py54.5 d74.6 y1.728 h53.08 hstable93.1 d9.28 d4.118 h21 Ey2.68 hstable36.9 y12.8 li1.79 My3.48 h28.40 h90 ystable124 d17.609 hstable

Abund. / Decay Mode

88.48EC (100)#-(100)tr (loo)100.# + (100)11.08#~ (~100) EC(0.0164)27.13#-(100)/3-(100)12.183+ ( 1 00)#-(100)23.80 o'(100)#-"(100)"3.1#-(100)8.30EC(H)O) a(2.8e-7)EC(IOO)/ j^(K)O)17.19EC(66.0) #"(34.0)a(100)#+(100)EC (TOO)#"(100)#-(100)15.0 a (100)

Nucl.152

Eu152

'"Eulr

'2Gd

152Tbl-'

2Dy153

Sm153

Eu153

Gd153

Tb153

Dy154

Sm151Eu154

Gd154

Tb154,,,

Th

154 "Tb

154 Dy

155 Eu

155 Gd

155Th155Dvi r > ( iSm15(iEuir'"Gd

15(iTb150,,,

Th

15GDy157Eu157

Gd157

Tb#+(~100) rv(0.0022) l 5 7Dytf+('lOO) | 158Gd#+(100) 1!58Tb5.76 158Dy#-(100) i 158Er#-(95.0) IT(5.0) 159Gd11.3 a(100) 159Tb#+(100) o(9.4e-7) 159Dya(100) 1GOGd/r(100) 1(i()Tb3- (100) 100Dy13.8 1G()"'HoEC (100)#4"(100) a:(4.3e-4)#-(83.3) a(16.7)5.64 2#'"( lOOz#"(100)7.4#* ( LOO)#-(89) # + ( l l )a(l()0)#~(~100) A(

Table A.4. (cont.) Percent isotopic abundances (bold) of naturally occurring nuclides and decaycharacteristics of radionuclides with Ti/2 > 1 h. Branching ratios are in percent.

Nucl.166

Dy166Ho

166mHo166Er

166Tm166

Yb167Ho167

Er167Tm168Er

168Tm168

Yb169Er

169Tm169Yb169Lu170Er

170Tm170Yb170

Lu170Rf171

Er171Tm171

Yb171

Lu171

Hf172

Er172Tm172

Yb172Lu172

Hf173

Tm173

Yb173

Lu173

Hf173Ta174Yb174

Lu174mLu

174Hf174

Ta175

Yb175Lu175

Hf175

Ta176Yb176Lu

176mLu176Hf176

Ta176W177Yb177Lu

177mLu177

Hf177Ta178Hf

178npjf

Half-life

81.6 h26.83 h1.20 kystable7.70 h56.7 h3.1 hstable

_9.25 dstable93.1 dstable9.40 dstable32.026 d34.06 hstable128.6 dstable2.012 d16.01 h7.516 h1.92 ystable8.24 d12.1 h49.3 h63.6 hstable6.70 d1.87 y8.24 hstable1.37 y23.6 h3.14 hstable3.31 y142 d2.0 Py1.05 h4.185 dstable70 d10.5 hstable37.8 Gy3.635 hstable8.09 h2.5 h1.911 h6.734 d160.4 dstable56.56 hstable31 y

Abund. / Decay Mode

ft- (100)ft- (100)ft- (100)33.6ft+(100)EC(IOO)ft- (100)22.95EC(IOO)26.8/3+(~100) ft- (0.010)0.13ft- (100)100.EC(IOO)ft+(100)14.9/3-(~100) EC(0.131)3.05(3+ (100)EC(IOO)/3~(100)/3-(100)14.3/3+(100)/3+(100)/3-(100)/3-(100)21.9/3+ (100)EC(IOO)(3~ (100)16.12EC(IOO)/3+(100)/3+(100)31.8/3+(100)IT(99.38) EC(0.62)0.162 a(100)(3+ (100)(3~ (100)97.41EC(IOO)(3+ (100)12.72.59 ft- (100)/3-(~100) EC(0.095)5.206/9+(100)EC(IOO)/3-(100)/3-(100)/3-(78.3) IT(21.7)18.606(3+ (100)27.297IT(IOO)

Nucl.178mTa

178W179

Lu179Hf

179njjf179Ta180Hf

180m jjf180

Ta180m

Ta

180W181Hf181

Ta181W181

Re182Hf182

Ta182W182

Re182m

Re

1820s183Hf183Ta183W183

Re1830s

183mOs184Hf184

Ta184W184

Re184m

Re

1840s184Ir185W185

Re1850s185Ir186W186

Re186

Os186Ir

186m jr186 pt187W187

Re1870s187jr

187pt188W188

Re188Qs188Ir

188pt189

Re1890s

189m Os

189jr

Half-life

2.36 h21.6 d4.59 hstable25.05 d1.82 ystable5.5 h8.152 hstablestable42.39 dstable121.2 d19.9 h9 My114.43 dstable64.0 h12.7 h22.10 h1.067 h5.1 dstable70.0 d13.0 h9.9 h4.12 h8.7 hstable38.0 d169 dstable3.09 h75.1 dstable93.6 d14.4 hstable3.7183 d2.0 Py16.64 h1.92 h2.08 h23.72 h43.5 Gystable10.5 h2.35 h69.4 d16.98 hstable41.5 h10.2 d24.3 hstable5.8 h13.2 d

Abund. / Decay

(3+ (100)EC (100)ft- (100)13.629IT(IOO)EC(IOO)35.100

Mode

IT(~100) ft- (0.3)EC(86) ft- (14)0.0120.120ft- (100)99.988EC(IOO)ft+(100)ft- (100)ft- (100)26.49810+ (100)ft+(100)EC(IOO)ft- (100)ft- (100)14.314EC(IOO)ft+(100)ft+(85) IT(15)ft- (100)ft- (100)30.642ft+(100)IT(75.4) EC(24.6)0.020ft+(100)ft- (100)37.40EC(IOO)ft+(100)28.426ft- (93.1) EC(6.91.58 a(100)ft+(100)ft+(~100)ft+(100)ft- (100)62.60 ft- (100)1.6ft+(100)ft+(100)ft- (100)ft- (100)13.3ft+(100)EC(IOO)ft- (100)16.1IT(IOO)EC(IOO)

)


Table A.4. (cont.) Percent isotopic abundances (bold) of naturally occurring nuclides and decaycharacteristics of radionuclides with Ti/2 > 1 h. Branching ratios are in percent.

Nucl.189Pt

190"'Re

1900si90Ir

190m Ir

190njr190pt1910s

191n,0s191Ir

191 pt191

Au192

Os192

Ir192n lr192pt

192 An

192H193

Qs193

Ir193m

Ir

193pt193m p{.

193 Au

193 Hg

193m Hg

194 Os

194 jr194nlr194

Pt194

Au194

Hg195

Ir

195m jr195pt

195mpt195

Au195Hg

195,nH195T]

196mlr196 pt

196 Au

196"Au

196Hg196^1

196m,rpi197pt

197 Au

197Hg197m

Hg

197T1198

Pt198

Au198mAu

198Hg198rp|

198m pi

Half-life

10.87 h3.2 hstable11.78 d1.120 h3.087 h650 Gy15.4 d13.10 hstable2.802 d3.18 hstable73.831 d241 ystable4.94 h4.85 h30.5 hstable10.53 d50 y4.33 d17.65 h3.80 h11.8 h6.0 y19.28 h171 dstable38.02 h440 y2.5 h3.8 hstable4.02 d186.10 d9.9 h41 .6 h1.16 h1.40 hstable6.183 d9.6 hstable1.84 h1.41 h19.8915 hstable64.14 h23.8 h2.84 hstable2.69517 d2.27 rlstable5.3 h1.87 h

Abund. / Decay Mode

8+ (1 00)/3~(54.4) IT(45.6)26.4/3+(100)IT (100)0+(91A) IT(8.6)0.01 a(100)0-(100)IT(IOO)37.3EC (100)(3+ (100)41.0ft- (95.24) EC(4.76)IT (100)0.79(3+ (100)EC (100)0-(ioo)62.7IT (100)EC (100)IT (100)0+ (100)13+ (100),9+ (92.9) IT(7.1)ft- (100)ft- (100)0-(ioo)32.98+ (100)EC (100)0-(100)0-(95) IT(5)33.8IT (100)EC(IOO)/3+(100)IT(54.2) /3+(45.8)8+ (100)/3~(~100) IT(

Table A.4. (cont.) Percent isotopic abundances (bold) of naturally occurring nuclides and decaycharacteristics of radionuclides with Ti2 > 1 h. Branching ratios are in percent.

Nucl. Half-life Abund. / Decay Mode Nucl. Half-life Abund. / Decay Mode224

Ac225Ra225

Ac226

Ra226

Ac227

Ac227Th228

Ra228

Ac228Th228

Pa229Th229

Pa230Th230pa230 u

231Th231Pa231 u

232Th232

Pa232 u

233 Pa

233TJ234Th234

Pa234

LI

234Np234pu

235 u235Np

236TJ236

Np

236mNp236 pu

237

237pu238 u

238Np238pu

238Cm239Np239 pu

239 Am

239Cm240 u

240Pu240

Am240Cm241Pu 14.35 y

241Am241

Cm242pu

242 Am

2.9 h /3+(90.9) a(9.1)14.9 d ft-(100)10.0 d a(100)1.600 ky a(100)29.37 h ft-(83) EC(17) a(0.006)21.773 y 0- (98.62) a(1.38)18.72 d a(100)5.75 y ft-(100)6.15 h ft-(100)1.9131 y a(100)22 h ft+(98.15) a(1.85)7.34 ky a(100)1.50 d EC(~100) a(0.48)75.38 ky a(100)17.4 d ft+(91.6) ft-(8.4) a(0.0032)20.8 d a(100) SF(

Appendix B

Atomic Mass Table

Atomic Mass TablesIn this appendix a series of tables of atomic masses is given. These data are fromthe "The 1995 update to the atomic mass evaluation" by G. Audi and A.H. WapstraNuclear Physics, A595, Vol. 4 p. 409 480, December 25, 1995.


Table B.I. Atomic mass tables

N Z

1 00 11 12 11 23 12 21 34 13 22 31 45 14 23 32 45 24 33 42 56 25 34 43 52 67 26 35 44 53 68 27 36 45 54 63 78 37 46 55 64 79 38 47 56 65 74 89 48 57 66 75 810 49 58 67 76 85 9

A El

1 nH

2 H3 HHe

4 HHeLi

5 HHeLiBe

6 HHeLiBe

7 HeLiBeB

8 HeLiBeBC

9 HeLiBeBC

10 HeLiBeBCN

11 LiBeBCN

12 LiBeBCNO

13 BeBCN0

14 BeBCN0F

Atomic Mass(/xu)

11233444555566667777888889999910101010101011111111111212121212121313131313

008664.9233007825.0321014101.7780016049.2675016029.3097027830002603.2497027180039540012220012540040790044940018888.1015122.3019726028030016004.0016929.2029920033922022486.7005305.09024606.7037675043820026789.1012182.1013328.8031040.1052400035481013533.7012937.0016853.1042620043796021658009305.5011433.8026800053780026921014352.1000000.0018613.2034405036130017780.3003354.8378005738.58024810

14 0428201414141414

025404003241.988003074.0052008595.29036080

N

1098761110987612111098713121110987141312111098141312111098151413121110981615141312111098161514

Z

5678956789105678910567891011567891011678910111267891011121367891011121314789

A El

15 BCNOF

16 BCNOFNe

17 BCNOFNe

18 BCN0FNeNa

19 BCNOFNeNa

20 CNOFNeNaMg

21 CN0FNeNaMgAl

22 CN0FNeNaMgAlSi

23 N0F

Atomic Mass

15 03109715 010599.315 000108.898415 003065.415 01801016 03981016 01470116 006101.415 994914.622116 01146616 02575717 04693017 02258417 00845016 999131.5017 002095.2417 01770018 05617018 02676018 01408217 999160.418 000937.718 005697.118 02718019 06373019 03525019 01702719 00357918 998403.2019 001879.819 01387920 04032020 02337020 004076.219 999981.3219 992440.175920 00734820 01886321 04934021 02709021 00865520 999948.920 993846.7420 997655.121 01171421 02804022 05645022 03444022 00997022 00299921 991385.5121 994436.821 999574.122 01952022 03453023 04051023 01569023 003570

N Z

13 1012 1111 1210 139 1417 716 815 914 1013 1112 1211 1310 149 1517 816 915 1014 1113 1212 1311 1410 1518 817 916 1015 1114 1213 1312 1411 1510 1618 917 1016 1115 1214 1313 1412 1511 1619 918 1017 1116 1215 1314 1413 1512 1611 1720 919 1018 1117 1216 1315 1414 1513 1612 1720 10

A El

NeNaMgAlSi

24 N0FNeNaMgAlSiP

25 OFNeNaMgAlSiP

26 OFNeNaMgAlSiPS

27 FNeNaMgAlSiPS

28 FNeNaMgAlSiPSCl

29 FNeNaMgAlSiPSCl

30 Ne

Atomic Mass(/nil)

2222222323242424232323232424252524

994467.34989769.67994124.9007265025520050500020370008100993615990963.33985041.90999941011546034350029140012090997790

24 989954.424242525262626252525252626272726262626262728282727272727282829292928282828282930

985837.02990428.6004107020260037750019630000460992590982593.04986891.66992330011780027880026890007620994010984340.74981538.44986704.76999190018800035670012110998890983876.7981910.18976926.5327992312004370028510043260019350002810988550980444.8976494.72981801.4996610014110023870


Table B.I. Atomic mass tables (cont.)N Z

19 1118 1217 1316 1415 1514 1613 1712 1821 1020 1119 1218 1317 1416 1515 1614 1713 1822 1021 1120 1219 1318 1417 1516 1615 1714 1813 1922 1121 1220 1319 1418 1517 1616 1715 1814 1923 1122 1221 1320 1419 1518 1617 1716 1815 1914 2024 1123 1222 1321 1420 1519 1618 1717 1816 1915 2024 1223 13

A El

NaMgAlSiPsClAr

31 NeNaMgAlSiPSClAr

32 NeNaMgAlSiPSClArK

33 NaMgAlSiPSClArK

34 NaMgAlSiPSClArKCa

35 NaMgAlSiPSClArKCa

36 MgAl

Atomic Mass(MU)

30292929292930303131303030303030313232313131313131313233333232323232323334343333333333333334353534343434343434353636

009230990460982960973770.22978313.8984903004770021560033110013600996550983946975363.27973761.51979554.4992420012130039910019650999150988120974148.1973907.16972070.69985689997660021920027390005590990870978001971725.3971458.50977451.8

N

22212019181716152524232221201918171625242322212019181716262524232221

989930 20007260 19034900 18009070 17996930 26978576 25973636 24967866.83 23973761.97 22980270 21998410 20014120 19044180 18017490 17999940984580973314.2969032.14968852.71975256.7988012004770022450006350

27262524232221201918

Z A

141516171819202112 3713141516171819202113 3814151617181920212213 3914151617181920212214 4015161718192021222314 41151617181920212223

El

SiPSClArKCaScMgAlSiPSClArKCaScAlSiPSClArKCaScTiAlSiPSClArKCaScTiSiPSClArKCaScTiVSiPSClArKCaScTiV

Atomic Mass(MU)

35 98669035 97826035 967080.8835 968306.9535 967546.2835 98129335 99309036 01492037 03124037 01031036 99300036 97961036 971125.7236 965902.6036 966775.936 973376.9136 98587237 00305038 01690037 99598037 98447037 97116337 968010.5537 962732.237 969080.137 97631937 99470038 00977039 02190039 00230038 98642038 97514038 968007.738 96431338 963706.938 970717.738 98479039 00132040 00580039 99105039 97547039 97042039 962383.12339 963998.6739 962591.239 97796439 99050040 01109041 01270040 99480040 98003040 97065040 964500.840 961825.9740 962278.340 969251.340 98313040 999740

N Z

28 1427 1526 1625 1724 1823 1922 2021 2120 2219 2318 2428 1527 1626 1725 1824 1923 2022 2121 2220 2319 2429 1528 1627 1726 1825 1924 2023 2122 2221 2320 2419 2530 1529 1628 1727 1826 1925 2024 2123 2222 2321 2420 2519 2631 1530 1629 1728 1827 1926 2025 2124 2223 2322 2421 2520 2631 1630 17

A El

42 SiPSClArKCaScTiVCr

43 PSClArKCaScTiVCr

44 PSClArKCaScTiVCrMn

45 PSClArKCaScTiVCrMnFe

46 PSClArKCaScTiVCrMnFe

47 SCl

Atomic Mass(AMI)

42424141414141414141424342424242424242424244

016100000090981490973170963050962403.1958618.3965516.8973032991230006430003310986600974200965670960716958766.8961151.0968523980650997710009880

43 9883204343434343434343444544444444444444444444454645454545454545454545464746

978540965365961560955481.1959403.0959690.2974400985470006870015140994820979700968090960700956185.9955910.2958124.3965782979160994510014560023830999570984120968090961976953692.8955170.3952629.5960199.5968362986720000810007620987950



29 1828 1927 2026 2125 2224 2323 2422 2521 2632 1631 1730 1829 1928 2027 2126 2225 2324 2423 2522 2621 2733 1632 1731 1830 1929 2028 2127 2226 2325 2424 2523 2622 2733 1732 1831 1930 2029 2128 2227 2326 2425 2524 2623 2722 2834 1733 1832 1931 2030 2129 2228 2327 2426 2525 2624 2723 2834 18

A El

ArKCaScTiVCrMnFe

48 SClArKCaScTiVCrMnFeCo

49 SClArKCaScTiVCrMnFeCo

50 ClArKCaScTiVCrMnFeCoNi

51 ClArKCaScTiVCrMnFeCoNi

52 Ar

Atomic Mass(MU)

46 97219046 96167846 954546.546 952408.046 951763.846 954906.946 96290746 97610046 99289048 01299047 99485047 97507047 96551347 95253447 95223547 947947.147 952254.547 95403647 96887047 98056048 00176049 02201048 99989048 98218048 96745048 95567348 95002448 947870.848 948516.948 951341.148 95962348 97361048 98972050 00773049 98594049 97278049 95751849 95218749 944792.149 947162.849 946049.649 954244.049 96299049 98154049 99593051 01353050 99324050 97638050 96147050 95360350 946616.050 943963.750 944771.850 948215.550 95682550 97072050 98772051 998170

N

33323130292827262524233534333231302928272625243534333231302928272625243635343332313029282726253635343332313029282726

Z

19202122232425262728291819202122232425262728291920212223242526272829301920212223242526272829302021222324252627282930

A El

KCaScTiVCrMnFeCoNiCu

53 ArKCaScTiVCrMnFeCoNiCu

54 KCaScTiVCrMnFeCoNiCuZn

55 KCaScTiVCrMnFeCoNiCuZn

56 CaScTiVCrMnFeCoNiCuZn

Atomic Mass(MU)

51515151515151515151515352525252525252525252525353535353535353535353535454545454

982610965100956650946898944779.7940511.9945570.1948117963590975680997180006230987120970050959240949730944343940653.8941294.7945312.3954225968460985550993990974680963000950870946444938884.9940363.2939614.8948464.1957910976710992950999390980550967430955120947240

54 940844.25454545454545555555555555555555555

938049.6938298.0942003.1951336966050983980985790972660957990950360940645938909.4934942.1939843.9942136958560972380

N

25373635343332313029282726373635343332313029282726383736353433323130292827383736353433323130292827393837363534333231

Z

31202122232425262728293031212223242526272829303132212223242526272829303132222324252627282930313233222324252627282930

A El

Ga57 Ca

ScTiVCrMnFeCoNiCuZnGa

58 ScTiVCrMnFeCoNiCuZnGaGe

59 ScTiVCrMnFeCoNiCuZnGaGe

60 TiVCrMnFeCoNiCuZnGaGeAs

61 TiVCrMnFeCoNiCuZn

Atomic Mass(/LIU)

55 99491056 99236056 97704056 96290056 95236056 94375056 93828756 935398.756 936296.256 93980056 94921656 96491056 98293057 98307057 96611057 95665057 94425057 93999057 933280.557 935757.657 935347.957 944540.757 95460057 97425057 99101058 98804058 97196058 95930058 94863058 94045058 934880.558 933200.258 934351.658 939504.158 94927058 96337058 98175059 97564059 96450059 94973059 94319059 93407759 933822.259 930790.659 937368.159 94183259 95706059 97019059 99313060 98202060 96741060 95409060 94446060 93674960 932479.460 931060.460 933462.260 939514


Table B.I. Atomic mass tables (cont.)N

30292839383736353433323130294039383736353433323130403938373635343332314140393837363534333231414039383736353433324241

Z A

31323323 622425262728293031323323 632425262728293031323324 6425262728293031323324 652526272829303132333425 6626272829303132333425 6726

El

GaGeAsVCrMnFeCoNiCuZnGaGeAsVCrMnFeCoNiCuZnGaGeAsCrMnFeCoNiCuZnGaGeAsCrMnFeCoNiCuZnGaGeAsSeMnFeCoNiCuZnGaGeAsSeMnFe

Atomic Mass(/zu)

60 94917060 96379060 98062061 97314061 95580061 94797061 93677061 93405461 928348.861 93258761 93433461 94418061 95465061 97320062 97675062 96186062 94981062 94012062 93361562 929672.962 929601.162 933215.662 93914062 94964062 96369063 96420063 95373063 94087063 93581463 927969.663 929767.963 929146.663 93683863 94157063 95757064 97037064 95610064 94494064 93648564 930088.064 927793.764 929245.164 932739.364 93944064 94948064 96466065 96082065 94598065 93983065 92911565 928873.065 926036.865 93159265 93385065 94437065 95521066 96382066 950000

N Z

40 2739 2838 2937 3036 3135 3234 3333 3432 3542 2641 2740 2839 2938 3037 3136 3235 3334 3433 3543 2642 2741 2840 2939 3038 3137 3236 3335 3434 3533 3643 2742 2841 2940 3039 3138 3237 3336 3435 3534 3644 2743 2842 2941 3040 3139 3238 3337 3436 3535 3634 3745 2744 2843 2942 3041 3140 3239 33

A El

CoNiCuZnGaGeAsSeBr

68 FeCoNiCuZnGaGeAsSeBr

69 FeCoNiCuZnGaGeAsSeBrKr

70 CoNiCuZnGaGeAsSeBrKr

71 CoNiCuZnGaGeAsSeBrKrRb

72 CoNiCuZnGaGeAs

Atomic Mass(MU)

66666666666666666667676767676767676767686868686868686868686869696969696969696969707070707070707070707071717171717171

940610931570927750927130.9928204.9932738939190950090964790952510944360931845929640924847.6927983.5928097936790941870958250957700945200935180929425926553.5925581927972932280939560950180965320949810936140932409925325926028924250.4930930933500944620956010951730940000932620927727924705.0924954.0927115932270939250950510965320956410941300935520926861926369.4922076.2926753

N

38373635454443424140393837363546454443424140393837364746454443424140393837484746454443424140393849484746454443424140

Z A

3435363728 732930313233343536373828 742930313233343536373828 752930313233343536373828 762930313233343536373828 77293031323334353637

El Atomic Mass(MU)

Se 71Br 71Kr 71Rb 71Ni 72Cu 72Zn 72Ga 72Ge 72As 72Se 72Br 72Kr 72Rb 72Sr 72Ni 73Cu 73Zn 73Ga 73Ge 73As 73Se 73Br 73Kr 73Rb 73Sr 73Ni 74Cu 74Zn 74Ga 74Ge 74As 74Se 74Br 74Kr 74Rb 74Sr 74Ni 75Cu 75Zn 75Ga 75Ge 75As 75Se 75Br 75Kr 75Rb 75Sr 75Ni 76Cu 76Zn 76Ga 76Ge 76As 76Se 76Br 76Kr 76Rb 76

927112936500941910959080946080936490929780925170923459.4923825926767931790938930950370965970947910940200929460926940921178.2923929.1922476.6929891933260944470956310952970941700932940926501922859.5921596.4922523.6925776931034938569949920955330945990933390928930921402.7922393.9919214.1924542925948935071941610960830947950937090929280923548.5920647.7919914.6921380924668930407



39 3838 3950 2849 2948 3047 3146 3245 3344 3443 3542 3641 3740 3839 3950 2949 3048 3147 3246 3345 3444 3543 3642 3741 3840 3939 4051 2950 3049 3148 3247 3346 3445 3544 3643 3742 3841 3940 4051 3050 3149 3248 3347 3446 3545 3644 3743 3842 3941 4040 4152 3051 3150 3249 3348 3447 3546 3645 37

A El

SrY

78 NiCuZnGaGeAsSeBrKrRbSrY

79 CuZnGaGeAsSeBrKrRbSrYZr

80 CuZnGaGeAsSeBrKrRbSrYZr

81 ZnGaGeAsSeBrKrRbSrYZrNb

82 ZnGaGeAsSeBrKrRb

Atomic Mass

7676777777777777777777

937760949620963800952810938570931660922853921829917309.5921146920386

77 92814177777878787878787878787878787979797979797979797979798080808080808080808080808181818181818181

932179943500955280942680932920925400920948918499.8918337.6920083923997929707937350949160961890944410936590925445922578916521.8918530.0916378922519924525934340940550950480937750928820922133917992.9916291916592"918994923213929130936820949050954840943160929550924500916700.0916805913484.6918208

N

44434241525150494847464544434241535251504948474645444342535251504948474645444342545352515049484746454443545352515049

Z

38394041313233343536373839404142313233343536373839404142323334353637383940414243323334353637383940414243333435363738

A El

SrYZrNb

83 GaGeAsSeBrKrRbSrYZrNbMo

84 GaGeAsSeBrKrRbSrYZrNbMo

85 GeAsSeBrKrRbSrYZrNbMoTc

86 GeAsSeBrKrRbSrYZrNbMoTc

87 AsSeBrKrRbSr

Atomic Mass

81 91840181 92679081 93109081 94313082 94687082 93451082 92498082 91911982 91518082 91413682 91511282 91755582 92235082 92865082 93670082 94874083 95234083 93731083 92906083 91846583 91650483 91150783 91438583 91342583 92039083 92325083 93357083 94009084 94269084 93181084 92224084 91560884 91252784 911789.384 91293384 91642784 92147084 92791084 93659084 94894085 94627085 93623085 92427185 91879785 910610.385 911167.185 909262.485 91488885 91647085 92504085 93070085 94288086 93958086 92852086 92071186 913354.386 909183.586 908879.3

N Z

48 3947 4046 4145 4244 4343 4455 3354 3453 3552 3651 3750 3849 3948 4047 4146 4245 4344 4456 3355 3454 3553 3652 3751 3850 3949 4048 4147 4246 4345 4444 4556 3455 3554 3653 3752 3851 3950 4049 4148 4247 4346 4445 4557 3456 3555 3654 3753 3852 3951 4050 4149 4248 4347 4446 4545 4658 3457 35

A El

YZrNbMoTcRu

88 AsSeBrKrRbSrYZrNbMoTcRu

89 AsSeBrKrRbSrYZrNbMoTcRuRh

90 SeBrKrRbSrYZrNbMoTcRuRh

91 SeBrKrRbSrYZrNbMoTcRuRhPd

92 SeBr

Atomic Mass

86868686868687878787878787878787878788888888888888888888888888898989898989898989898989909090909090909090909090909191

910877.8914817920360927330936530949180944560931420924070914447911319905614.3909503.4910226917960921953932830940420949230936020926390917630912280907452.9905847.9908889913500919481927540936110949380939420930630919524914809907737.6907151.4904703.7911264913936923560929780942870945370933970923440916534910210907303905645.0906991911751918430926380936550949480949330939260


Table B.I. Atomic mass tables (cont.)N

56555453525150494847465857565554535251504948475958575655545352515049484759585756555453525150494860595857565554535251

Z A

363738394041424344454635 93363738394041424344454635 9436373839404142434445464736 95373839404142434445464736 96373839404142434445

El At

Kr 91Rb 91Sr 91Y 91Zr 91Nb 91Mo 91Tc 91Ru 91Rh 91Pd 91Br 92Kr 92Rb 92Sr 92Y 92Zr 92Nb 92Mo 92Tc 92Ru 92Rh 92Pd 92Br 93Kr 93Rb 93Sr 93Y 93Zr 93Nb 93Mo 93Tc 93Ru 93Rh 93Pd 93Ag 93Kr 94Rb 94Sr 94Y 94Zr 94Nb 94Mo 94Tc 94Ru 94Rh 94Pd 94Ag 94Kr 95Rb 95Sr 95Y 95Zr 95Nb 95Mo 95Tc 95Ru 95Rh 95

Dniic Mass(AIU)926153919725911030908947905040.1907193.2906810915260920120931980940420943100931270

N Z

50 4649 4748 4861 3660 3759 3858 3957 4056 4155 4254 4353 4452 45

922033 51 46914022909582906475.6906377.5906812910248917050925740935910948680934360926407915360911594906315.8907283.5905087.6909656911360921700928770942780939840929319919358912824908042.7906835.2905841.5907656910413915900924690935480943070934284921680915898908276908100904678.9907871907598914518

50 4749 4861 3760 3859 3958 4057 4156 4255 4354 4453 4552 4651 4750 4849 4962 3761 3860 3959 4058 4157 4256 4355 4454 4553 4652 4751 4850 4963 3762 3861 3960 4059 4158 4257 4356 4455 4554 4653 4752 4851 4950 5064 3763 38

A El

PdAgCd

97 KrRbSrYZrNbMoTcRuRhPdAgCd

98 RbSrYZrNbMoTcRuRhPdAgCdIn

99 RbSrYZrNbMoTcRuRhPdAgCdIn

100 RbSrYZrNbMoTcRuRhPdAgCdInSn

101 RbSr

Atomic Mass(MU)

9595959696969696969696969696969697979797979797979797979797989898989898989898989898989999999999999999999999999999100100

918220930680939770948560937340926149918131910951908097.1906021.0906365907555911340916480924000934940941700928471922220912746910331905407.8907216905287910716912721921760927580942240945420933320924635916511911618907711.6906254.6905939.3908132911768917600925010934610949870935350927760917760914181907477907657.6904219.7908117908505916070920230931150938950953200940520

N Z

62 3961 4060 4159 4258 4357 4456 4555 4654 4753 4852 4951 5065 3764 3863 3962 4061 4160 4259 4358 4457 4556 4655 4754 4853 4952 5065 3864 3963 4062 4161 4260 4359 4458 4557 4656 4755 4854 4953 5052 5166 3865 3964 4063 4162 4261 4360 4459 4558 4657 4756 4855 4954 5053 5166 3965 4064 4163 42

A El

YZrNbMoTcRuRhPdAgCdInSn

102 RbSrYZrNbMoTcRuRhPdAgCdInSn

103 SrYZrNbMoTcRuRhPdAgCdInSnSb

104 SrYZrNbMoTcRuRhPdAgCdInSnSb

105 YZrNbMo

Atomic Mass(/LUI)

100100100100100100100100100100100100101101101101101101101101101101101101101101102102102102102102102102102102102102102102103103103103103103103103103103103103103103104104104104

930310921140915252910347907314905582.2906164908289912800918680926560936060959210943020933560922980918040910297909213904349.5906843905608912000914780924710930490948950936940926600919140913200909179906323.7905504906087908972913419919914928130940120952330941450928780922460913760911440905430906655904035908628909848918340923190936290945090933050923930916970



62 4361 4460 4559 4658 4757 4856 4955 5054 5167 3966 4065 4164 4263 4362 4461 4560 4659 4758 4857 4956 5055 5154 5267 4066 4165 4264 4363 4462 4561 4660 4759 4858 4957 5056 5155 5268 4067 4166 4265 4364 4463 4562 4661 4760 4859 4958 5057 5156 5255 5368 4167 4266 4365 4464 4563 4662 4761 48

A El

TcRuRhPdAgCdInSnSb

106 YZrNbMoTcRuRhPdAgCdInSnSbTe

107 ZrNbMoTcRuRhPdAgCdInSnSbTe

108 ZrNbMoTcRuRhPdAgCdInSnSbTeI

109 NbMoTcRuRhPdAgCd

Atomic Mass(fj,u)

104104104104104104104104104105105105105105105105105105105105105105105106106106106106106106106106106106106106107107107107107107107107107107107107107107108108108108108108108108

911660907750905692905084906528909468914673921390931530950220935910928190918134914355907327907285903483906666906458913461916880928760937700940860930310921690915080909910906751905128905093906614910292915670924150935040944280935010923580918480910190908730903894905954904183909720911970922160929490943290937630927810919630913200908736905954904756904986

N

60595857566968676665646362616059585756696867666564636261605958577069686766656463626160595857717069686766656463626160

Z

49505152534142434445464748495051525354424344454647484950515253544243444546474849505152535455424344454647484950515253

A El

InSnSbTeI

110 NbMoTcRuRhPdAgCdInSnSbTeIXe

111 MoTcRuRhPdAgCdInSnSbTeIXe

112 MoTcRuRhPdAgCdInSnSbTeIXeCs

113 MoTcRuRhPdAgCdInSnSbTeI

Atomic Mass(/xu)

108108108108108109109109109109109109109109109109109109109110110110110110110110110110110110110110111111111111111111111111111111111111111111112112112112112112112112112112112112

907154911287918136927460938190942680929730923390913970910950905152906110903006907169907853916760922410935210944480934510925050917560911660907640905295904182905111907735913210921120930280941630936840929240918550914610907313907004902757.2905533904821912395917060927970935670950330942030931330922540915420910150906566904400.9904061905173909378915930923640

N Z

59 5458 5571 4370 4469 4568 4667 4766 4865 4964 5063 5162 5261 5360 5459 5558 5672 4371 4470 4569 4668 4767 4866 4965 5064 5163 5262 5361 5460 5559 5672 4471 4570 4669 4768 4867 4966 5065 5164 5263 5362 5461 5560 5673 4472 4571 4670 4769 4868 4967 5066 5165 5264 5363 5462 5561 5660 5774 44

A El

XeCs

114 TcRuRhPdAgCdInSnSbTeIXeCsBa

115 TcRuRhPdAgCdInSnSbTeIXeCsBa

116 RuRhPdAgCdInSnSbTeIXeCsBa

117 RuRhPdAgCdInSnSbTeIXeCsBaLa

118 Ru

Atomic Massdiu)

112 933380112 944540113 935880113 924000113 918850113 910365113 908808113 903358.1113 904917113 902782113 909100113 912060113 921850113 928150113 941420113 950940114 938280114 928310114 920120114 913680114 908760114 905431114 903878114 903346114 906599114 911580114 917920114 926540114 935940114 947710115 930160115 923710115 914160115 911360115 904755115 905260115 901744115 906797115 908420115 916740115 921740115 932910115 941680116 934790116 925350116 917840116 911680116 907218116 904516116 902954116 904840116 908634116 913650116 920560116 928640116 938860116 950010117 937030



73 4572 4671 4770 4869 4968 5067 5166 5265 5364 5463 5562 5661 5774 4573 4672 4771 4870 4969 5068 5167 5266 5365 5464 5563 5662 5761 5875 4574 4673 4772 4871 4970 5069 5168 5267 5366 5465 5564 5663 5762 5876 4575 4674 4773 4872 4971 5070 5169 5268 5367 5466 5565 5664 5763 5862 5976 4675 47

A El

RhPdAgCdInSnSbTeIXeCsBaLa

119 RhPdAgCdInSnSbTeIXeCsBaLaCe

120 RhPdAgCdInSnSbTeIXeCsBaLaCe

121 RhPdAgCdInSnSbTeIXeCsBaLaCePr

122 PdAg

Atomic Mass

117117117117117117117117117117117117117118118118118118118118118118118118118118118119119119119119119119119119119119119119119120120120120120120120120120120120120120120120121121

929430918980914580906914906355901606905532905825913380916570926555933440946570931360922680915670909920905846903309903946906408910180915550922371931050940990952760935780924030918790909851907960902196.6905074904020

N Z

74 4873 4972 5071 5170 5269 5368 5467 5566 5665 5764 5863 5977 4676 4775 4874 4973 5072 5171 5270 5369 5468 5567 5666 5765 5864 5977 4776 4875 4974 5073 5172 5271 5370 5469 55

910048 68 56912150920678926050938070946640938080928180919850912980907849904236.9903818.0904930907366911386917184924490933010943670955360929800923320

67 5766 5865 5978 4777 4876 4975 5074 5173 5272 5371 5470 5569 5668 5767 5866 5979 4778 4877 4976 5075 5174 52

A El

CdInSnSbTeIXeCsBaLaCePr

123 PdAgCrlInSnSbTeIXeCsBaLaCePr

124 AgCdInSnSbTeIXeCsBaLaCePr

125 AgCdInSnSbTeIXeCsBaLaCePr

126 AgCdInSnSbTe

Atomic Mass

121121121121121121121121121121121121122122122122122122122122122122122122122122123123123123123123123123123123123123123124124124124124124124124124124124124124125125125125125125

913500910280903440.1905175.4903047.1907592908550916122920260930710938010951650934260924900917000910439905721.9904215.7904273.0905598908471912990918850926240935510945960928530917650913180905274.6905937.5902819.5906211.4905895.8912246915088924530930520942960930540921250913600907784.9905248904424.7904624.1906398.2909725914620920670928540937830934500922350916460907654907250903305.5

N Z

73 5372 5471 5570 5669 5768 5867 5966 6080 4779 4878 4977 5076 5175 5274 5373 5472 5571 5670 5769 5868 5967 6080 4879 4978 5077 5176 5275 5374 5473 5572 5671 5770 5869 5968 6067 6181 4880 4979 5078 5177 5276 5375 5474 5573 5672 5771 5870 5969 6068 6182 4881 4980 5079 5178 5277 5376 5475 55

A El

IXeCsBaLaCePrNd

127 AgCdInSnSbTeIXeCsBaLaCePrNd

128 CdInSnSbTeIXeCsBaLaCePrNdPm

129 CdInSnSbTeIXeCsBaLaCePrNdPm

130 CdInSnSbTeIXeCs

Atomic Mass

125125125125125125125125126126

905619904269909448911244919370924100935310943070936880926430

126 917340126126126126126126126126126126126127127127127127127127127127127127127127127128128128128128128128128128128128128128128129129129129129129

910351906915905217904468905180907418911120916160922750930830940500927760920170910535909167904461.4905805903530.4907748908309915450918870928800935390948260932260921660913440909150906596904987904779.5906063908674912670918090924860933250943160933980924850913850911546906222.8906674

129 903507.9129 906706


N Z

74 5673 5772 5871 5970 6069 6168 6282 4981 5080 5179 5278 5377 5476 5575 5674 5773 5872 5971 6070 6169 6283 4982 5081 5180 5279 5378 5477 5576 5675 5774 5873 5972 6071 6170 6269 6384 4983 5082 5181 5280 5379 5478 5577 5676 5775 5874 5973 6072 6171 6270 6385 4984 5083 5182 5281 5380 5479 55

A El

BaLaCePrNdPmSm

131 InSnSbTeIXeCsBaLaCePrNdPmSm

132 InSnSbTeIXeCsBaLaCePrNdPmSmEu

133 InSnSbTeIXeCsBaLaCePrNdPmSmEu

134 InSnSbTeIXeCs

Atomic Mass

129129129129129129129130130130130130130130130130130130130130130131131131131131131131131131131131131131131131132132132132132132132132132132132132132132132133133133133133133133

906310912320914690923380928780940450948630926770916920911950908521.9906124.2905081.9905460906931910110914420920060927100935800945890932920917744914413908524907995904154.5906430905056910110911490919120923120933750940820954160938340923810915240910940907806905906905447906002908400911550916200922210929720938730948900944660928460920550911540909877905394.5906713

N Z

78 5677 5776 5875 5974 6073 6172 6271 6385 5084 5183 5282 5381 5480 5579 5678 5777 5876 5975 6074 6173 6272 6386 5085 5184 5283 5382 5481 5580 5679 5778 5877 5976 6075 6174 6273 6372 6487 5086 5185 5284 5383 5482 5581 5680 5779 5878 5977 6076 6175 6274 6373 6487 5186 5285 5384 5483 5582 56

A El

BaLaCePrNdPmSmEu

135 SnSbTeIXeCsBaLaCePrNdPmSmEu

136 SnSbTeIXeCsBaLaCePrNdPmSmEuGd

137 SnSbTeIXeCsBaLaCePrNdPmSmEuGd

138 SbTeIXeCsBa

Atomic Mass

133 904503133 908490133 909030133 915670133 918650133 928490133 934020133 946320134 934730134 925170134 916450134 910050134 907207134 905972134 905683134 906971134 909146134 913140134 918240134 924620134 932350134 941720135 939340135 930660135 920100135 914660135 907220135 907306135 904570135 907650135 907140135 912650135 915020135 923450135 928300135 939500135 947070136 945790136 935310136 925320136 917873136 911563136 907084136 905821136 906470136 907780136 910680136 914640136 920710136 927050136 935210136 944650137 940960137 929220137 922380137 913990137 911011137 905241

N

81807978777675747388878685848382818079787776757488878685848382818079787776757489888786858483828180797877767590898887

Z

57585960616263646551525354555657585960616263646552535455565758596061626364656652535455565758596061626364656652535455

A El

LaCePrNdPmSmEuGdTb

139 SbTeIXeCsBaLaCePrNdPmSmEuGdTb

140 TeIXeCsBaLaCePrNdPmSmEuGdTbDy

141 TeIXeCsBaLaCePrNdPmSmEuGdTbDy

142 TeIXeCs

Atomic Mass

137137137137137137137137137138138138138138138138138138138138138138138138139139139139139

907107905986910749911930919450923540933450939970952870945710934730926090918787913358908835906348906647908932911920916760922302929840938080948030938700931210921640917277910599

139 909473139139139139139139139139139140140140140140140140140140140140140140140140141141141141

905434909071909310915800918991928080933950945540953790944390934830926650920044914406910957908271907648909605913607918469924890932210941160951190948500940180929700924292



86 5685 5784 5883 5982 6081 6180 6279 6378 6477 6576 6675 6790 5389 5488 5587 5686 5785 5884 5983 6082 6181 6280 6379 6478 6577 6676 6791 5390 5489 5588 5687 5786 5885 5984 6083 6182 6281 6380 6479 6578 6677 6776 6891 5490 5589 5688 5787 5886 5985 6084 6183 6282 6381 6480 6579 6678 6777 68

A El

BaLaCePrNdPmSmEuGdTbDyHo

143 IXeCsBaLaCePrNdPmSmEuGdTbDyHo

144 IXeCsBaLaCePrNdPmSmEuGdTbDyHoEr

145 XeCsBaLaCePrNdPmSmEuGdTbDyHoEr

Atomic Mass(MU)

141141141141141141141141141141141141142142142142142142142142142142142142142142142143143143143143143143143143143143143143143143143144144144144144144144144144144144144144144144

916448914074909240910040907719912950915193923400928230938860946270959860944070934890927330920617916059912381910812909810910928914624920287926740934750943830954690949610938230932030922940919590913643913301910083912586911995918774922790932530939070951640960590943670935390926920

N Z

92 5491 5590 5689 5788 5887 5986 6085 6184 6283 6382 6481 6580 6679 6778 6877 6993 5492 5591 5690 5789 5888 5987 6086 6185 6284 6383 6482 6581 6680 6779 6878 6993 5592 5691 5790 5889 5988 6087 6186 6285 6384 6483 6582 6681 6780 68

921640 79 69917230 78 70914507912569

94 5593 56

912744 92 57913406916261921690928880936950946880957460

91 5890 5989 6088 6187 6286 6385 64

A El

146 XeCsBaLaCePrNdPmSmEuGdTbDyHoErTm

147 XeCsBaLaCePrNdPmSmEuGdTbDyHoErTm

148 CsBaLaCePrNdPmSmEuGdTbDyHoErTmYb

149 CsBaLaCePrNdPmSmEuGd

Atomic Mass(/ill)

145145145145145145145145145145145145145145145145146146146146146146146146146146146146146146146146147147147147147147147147147147147147147147147147148148148148148148148148148148

947300940160930110925700918690917590913112914692913037917200918305927180932720944100952120966500953010943860933990927820922510918980916096915134914893916741919089924037930880

4

939840949310961080948900937680932190924390922180916889917468914818918154918110924300927180937270944440957550966760952720942460934370928290923791920144918329917180917926919336

N

84838281807995949392919089888786858483828180799695949392919089888786858483828180969594939291908988878685848382819796

Z

65666768697055565758596061626364656667686970715556575859606162636465666768697071565758596061626364656667686970715657

A El

TbDyHoErTmYb

150 CsBaLaCePrNdPmSmEuGdTbDyHoErTmYbLu

151 CsBaLaCePrNdPmSmEuGdTbDyHoErTmYbLu

152 BaLaCePrNdPmSmEuGdTbDyHoErTmYbLu

153 BaLa

Atomic Mass(nu)

148 923242148 927334148 933790148 942170148 952650148 963480149 957970149 945620149 938570149 930230149 927000149 920887149 920979149 917271149 919698149 918655149 923654149 925580149 933350149 937760149 949670149 957990149 972670150 962000150 950700150 941560150 934040150 928230150 923825150 921203150 919928150 919846150 920344150 923098150 926180150 931681150 937460150 945430150 955250150 967150151 954160151 946110151 936380151 931600151 924680151 923490151 919728151 921740151 919788151 924070151 924714151 931740151 935080151 944300151 950170151 963610152 959610152 949450



95 5894 5993 6092 6191 6290 6389 6488 6587 6686 6785 6884 6983 7082 7197 5796 5895 5994 6093 6192 6291 6390 6489 6588 6687 6786 6885 6984 7083 7182 7298 5797 5896 5995 6094 6193 6292 6391 6490 6589 6688 6787 6886 6985 7084 7183 7298 5897 5996 6095 6194 6293 6392 6491 6590 6689 6788 6887 69

A El

CePrNdPmSmEuGdTbDyHoErTmYbLu

154 LaCePrNdPmSmEuGdTbDyHoErTmYbLuHf

155 LaCePrNdPmSmEuGdTbDyHoErTmYbLuHf

156 CePrNdPmSmEuGdTbDyHoErTm

Atomic Mass(/xu)

152152152152152152152152152152152152152152153153153153153153

940580933650927695924113922094921226921746923431925761930195935093942028949210958690954400943320937390929480926550922205

153 922975153153153153153153153153153154154154154154154154154154154154154154154154154155155155155155155155155155

920862924690924422930596932777941420946240957100964250958130948040939990932630928100924636922889922619923500925749929079933200939192945790954230962760951260944120935200931060925526924751922120924744924278

155 929710155155

931020939010

N

8685848399989796959493929190898887868584999897969594939291908988878685841009998979695949392919089888786851009998979695

Z

70717273585960616263646566676869707172735960616263646566676869707172737459606162636465666768697071727374606162636465

A El

YbLuHfTa

157 CePrNdPmSmEuGdTbDyHoErTmYbLuHfTa

158 PrNdPmSmEuGdTbDyHoErTmYbLuHfTaW

159 PrNdPmSmEuGdTbDyHoErTmYbLuHfTaW

160 NdPmSmEuGdTb

Atomic Mass(/zu)

155155155155156156156156156156156156156156156156156156156

942850952910959250971690956340947170939270933200928350925419923957924021925461928190931950936760942660950102958130

156 968150157157157157157157157157157157157157157157157157158158158158158158158158158158158158158158158158159159159159159159

951780941870936690929990927840924101925410924405928950929910937000939858949170954650966370973940955230946390939130933200929084926385925343925736927709930681934810940150946620954000962910972280949390942990935140931970927051927164

N Z

94 6693 6792 6891 6990 7089 7188 7287 7386 7485 75101 60100 6199 6298 6397 6496 6595 6694 6793 6892 6991 7090 7189 7288 7387 7486 75101 61100 6299 6398 6497 6596 6695 6794 6893 6992 7091 7190 7289 7388 7487 7586 76102 61101 62100 6399 6498 6597 6696 6795 6894 6993 7092 7191 7290 7389 7488 7587 76

A El

DyHoErTmYbLuHfTaWRe

161 NdPmSmEuGdTbDyHoErTmYbLuHfTaWRe

162 PmSmEuGdTbDyHoErTmYbLuHfTaWReOs

163 PmSmEuGdTbDyHoErTmYbLuHfTaWReOs

Atomic Mass(Mu)

159 925194159 928726159 929080159 935090159 937560159 946020159 950710159 961360159 968370159 981490160 954330160 945860160 938830160 933680160 929666160 927566160 926930160 927852160 930001160 933400160 937850160 943540160 950330160 958370160 967090160 977660161 950290161 941220161 937040161 930981161 929480161 926795161 929092161 928775161 933970161 935750161 943220161 947203161 957150161 963340161 975710161 983820162 953520162 945360162 939210162 933990162 930644162 928728162 928730162 930029162 932648162 936270162 941200162 947060162 954320162 962530162 971970162 982050



102 62101 63100 6499 6598 6697 6796 6895 6994 7093 7192 7291 7390 7489 7588 76103 62102 63101 64100 6599 6698 6797 6896 6995 7094 7193 7292 7391 7490 7589 7688 77103 63102 64101 65100 6699 6798 6897 6996 7095 7194 7293 7392 7491 7590 7689 77104 63103 64102 65101 66100 6799 6898 6997 7096 7195 7294 7393 74

A El

164 SinEuGdTbDyHoErTmYbLuHfTaWReOs

165 SmEuGdTbDyHoErTmYbLuHfTaWReOsIr

166 EuGdTbDyHoErTmYbLuHfTaWReOsIr

167 EuGdTbDyHoErTmYbLuHfTaW

Atomic Mass(/LIU)

163163163163163163163163163163163163163163163164164164164164164164164164164164164164164164164165165165165165165165165165165165165165165165166166166166166166166166166166166166

948280942990935860933350929171930231929197933451934520941220944420953570958980970320977930952980945720939380934880931700930319930723932432935398939610944540950820958340967050976480987580949970941600938050932803932281930290933553933880939760942250950470955020965800972530985510953050

N Z

92 7591 7690 77104 64103 65102 66101 67100 6899 6998 7097 7196 7295 7394 7493 7592 7691 7790 78105 64104 65103 66102 67101 68100 6999 7098 7197 7296 7395 7494 7593 7692 7791 78105 65104 66103 67102 68101 69100 7099 7198 7297 7396 7495 7594 7693 7792 78

945570 106 65940050 105 66935650 104 67933126 103 68932045 102 69932849 101 70934947 100 71938310 99 72942600 98 73947970 97 74954670 96 75

A El

ReOsIr

168 GdTbDyHoErTmYbLuHfTaWReOsIrPt

169 GdTbDyHoErTmYbLuHfTaWReOsIrPt

170 TbDyHoErTmYbLuHfTaWReOsIrPt

171 TbDyHoErTmYbLuHfTaWRe

Atomic Mass

166166166167167167167167167167167167167167167167167167168168168168168168168168168168168168168168168169169169169169169169169169169169169169169170170170170170170170170170170170

962560971550981540948360943640937230935500932368934170933894938700940630947790951860961610967830979970988040952870946220940300936868934588934211935187937649941160945920951760958830967080976390986420950250942670939610935460935798934759938472939650946090949290958160963570975030982330953300946480941460938026936426936322937910940490944460949460955550

N Z

95 7694 7793 7892 79106 66105 67104 68103 69102 70101 71100 7299 7398 7497 7596 7695 7794 7893 79107 66106 67105 68104 69103 70102 71101 72100 7399 7498 7597 7696 7795 7894 79107 67106 68105 69104 70103 71102 72101 73100 7499 7598 7697 7796 7895 79108 67107 68106 69105 70104 71103 72102 73101 74100 7599 7698 7797 7896 79

A El

OsIrPtAu

172 DyHoErTmYbLuHfTaWReOsIrPtAu

173 DyHoErTmYbLuHfTaWReOsIrPtAu

174 HoErTmYbLuHfTaWReOsIrPtAu

175 HoErTmYbLuHfTaWReOsIrPtAu

Atomic Mass

170170170170171171171171171171171171171171171171171171172172172172172172172172172172172172172172173173173173173173173173173173173173173174174174174174174174174174174174174174

963040971780981250991770949110944820939352938396936377.7939082939460944740947420955290960080970640977380990110953440947290942400939600938206.8938927940650943540947830953060959790967710976500986400951150944340942160938858.1940333.5940040944170946160953110957120966800972811984920954050947930943830941272.5940767.9941503943650946770951390957080964280972280981550



95 80108 68107 69106 70105 71104 72103 73102 74101 75100 7699 7798 7897 7996 80109 68108 69107 70106 71105 72104 73103 74102 75101 76100 7799 7898 7997 8096 81109 69108 70107 71106 72105 73104 74103 75102 76101 77100 7899 7998 8097 81110 69109 70108 71107 72106 73105 74104 75103 76102 77101 78100 7999 8098 81110 70109 71108 72107 73

A El

Hg176 Er

TmYbLuHfTaWReOsIrPtAuHg

177 ErTmYbLuHfTaWReOsIrPtAuHgTl

178 TmYbLuHfTaWReOsIrPtAuHgTl

179 TmYbLuHfTaWReOsIrPtAuHgTl

180 YbLuHfTa

Atomic Mass

174175175175175175175175

991410950290946990942568942682.4941401.8944740945590

175 951570175175175175175176176176176176176176176176176176176176176177177177177177177177177177177177177177178178178178178178178178178178178178178179179179179

954950963510969000980270987410954370949040945257943755.0943220.0944472946620950270955050961170968450977220986340996880952640946643945951943697.7945750945850950850953350961080965710975980982476995230955340950170947324945815.1945934947072949980953950959150965480973410981780991470952330949880946548.8947466

N Z

106 74105 75104 76103 77102 78101 79100 8099 81111 70110 71109 72108 73107 74106 75105 76104 77103 78102 79101 80100 8199 82111 71110 72109 73108 74107 75106 76105 77104 78103 79102 80101 81100 82112 71111 72110 73109 74108 75107 76106 77105 78104 79103 80102 81101 82113 71112 72111 73110 74109 75108 76107 77106 78105 79104 80103 81102 82113 72

A El

WReOsIrPtAuHgTl

181 YbLuHfTaWReOsIrPtAuHgTlPb

182 LuHfTaWReOsIrPtAuHgTlPb



185 Hf

Atomic Mass

179179179179179179179179180180180180180180180180180180180180180181181181181181181181181181181181181182182182182182182182182182182182182183183183183183183183183183183183183184

946706950790952350959250963220972400978320990190956150951970949099.1947996948198950065953270957640963180969950977810986900996710955210950553950152948206951210952186958130961270969620974750985610992676957570953530951373950224.5950821953110956810961730967620974560982700991930961170955450954009950932.6952524952491957390959900967470971900981760988200958780

N Z

112 73111 74110 75109 76108 77107 78106 79105 80104 81103 82102 83114 72113 73112 74111 75110 76109 77108 78107 79106 80105 81104 82103 83114 73113 74112 75111 76110 77109 78108 79107 80106 81105 82104 83115 73114 74113 75112 76111 77110 78109 79108 80107 81106 82105 83115 74114 75113 76112 77111 78110 79109 80108 81107 82106 83116 74115 75114 76

A El

TaWReOsIrPtAuHgTlPbBi

186 HfTaWReOsIrPtAuHgTlPbBi

187 TaWReOsIrPtAuHgTlPbBi

188 TaWReOsIrPtAuHgTlPbBi

189 WReOsIrPtAuHgTlPbBi

190 WReOs

Atomic Mass

184184184184184184184184184184184185185185185185185185185185185185185186186186186186186186186186186186187187187187187187187187187187187188188188188188188188188188188189189189

955559953420.6952955.7954043956590960750965810971980979100987580997710960920958550954362954987953838957951959430966000969460978550984300996480960410957158955750.8955747.9957361960560964560969790976170984030993460963710958487958112.3955836.0958852959396965090967560975920981060992170961910959228958144.9958716960832963890968130973690980880989510963180961820958445



113 77112 78111 79110 80109 81108 82107 83106 84116 75115 76114 77113 78112 79111 80110 81109 82108 83107 84117 75116 76115 77114 78113 79112 80111 81110 82109 83108 84117 76116 77115 78114 79113 80112 81111 82110 83109 84108 85118 76117 77116 78115 79114 80113 81112 82111 83110 84109 85119 76118 77117 78116 79115 80114 81113 82112 83111 84110 85

A El

IrPtAuHgTlPbBiPo

191 ReOsIrPtAuHgTlPbBiPo

192 ReOsIrPtAuHgTlPbBiPo

193 OsIrPtAuHgTlPbBiPoAt



Atomic Mass(piu)

189189189189189189189189190190190190190190190190190190191191191191191191191191191191192192192192192192192192192193193193193193193193193193193193194194194194194194194194194194

960590959930964699966280973790978180988520995110963124960928960591961685963650967060971890978200986050994650965960961479962602961035964810965570972140975760985370991520964148962924962985964132966644970550976080983060991100000190965179965076962664965339965382971050973970982750988280998970968120965977964774965018966640969650974470980750988050996550

N Z

120 76119 77118 78117 79116 80115 81114 82113 83112 84111 85110 86120 77119 78118 79117 80116 81115 82114 83113 84112 85111 86121 77120 78119 79118 80117 81116 82115 83114 84113 85112 86122 77121 78120 79119 80118 81117 82116 83115 84114 85113 86122 78121 79120 80119 81118 82117 83116 84115 85114 86113 87123 78122 79121 80120 81119 82118 83117 84

A El

196 OsIrPtAuHgTlPbBiPoAtRn

197 IrPtAuHgTlPbBiPoAtRn



200 PtAuHgTlPbBiPoAtRnFr

201 PtAuHgTlPbBiPo

Atomic Mass(Mu)

195195195195195195195195195195196196196196196196196196196196197197197197197197197197197197197198198198198198198198198198198199199199199199199199199199200200200200200200200200

969620968380964935966551965815970520972710980610985510995700002310969636967323966552967195969540973380978930985570993290001660972280967876968225966752970470971980979020983340992750998780973790970576968748968262969810972910977580983600990630998310971424970720968309970945971816978140981740990290995680006500974500971641970285970804972850976970982210

N Z

116 85115 86114 87124 78123 79122 80121 81120 82119 83118 84117 85116 86115 87124 79123 80122 81121 82120 83119 84118 85117 86116 87115 88125 79124 80123 81122 82121 83120 84119 85118 86117 87116 88126 79125 80124 81123 82122 83121 84120 85119 86118 87117 88126 80125 81124 82123 83122 84121 85120 86119 87118 88127 80126 81125 82124 83123 84122 85

A El

AtRnFr

202 PtAuHgTlPbBiPoAtRnFr

203 AuHgTlPbBiPoAtRnFrRa



206 HgTlPbBiPoAtRnFrRa

207 HgTlPbBiPoAt

Atomic Mass(juu)

200200201201201201201201201201201201202202202202202202202202202203203203203203203203203203203204204204204

988490995540003990975740973790970626972091972144977670980700988450993220003290975137972857972329973375976868981410986850993320001050009210977710973476973849973029977805980307987260991370000590006480979610976056

204 974412204204204204204204205205205205205205205205205206206206206206206206

974467977375981170986040991670998660006190977499976095974449978483980465986600990160998490003780982580977408975881978455981578985776



121 86120 87119 88118 89128 80127 81126 82125 83124 84123 85122 86121 87120 88119 89128 81127 82126 83125 84124 85123 86122 87121 88120 89129 81128 82127 83126 84125 85124 86123 87122 88121 89120 90129 82128 83127 84126 85125 86124 87123 88122 89121 90130 82129 83128 84127 85126 86125 87124 88123 89122 90131 82130 83129 84128 85127 86126 87125 88

A El

RnFrRaAc

208 HgTlPbBiPoAtRnFrRaAc

209 TlPbBiPoAtRnFrRaAc

210 TlPbBiPoAtRnFrRaAcTh

211 PbBiPoAtRnFrRaAcTh

212 PbBiPoAtRnFrRaAcTh

213 PbBiPoAtRnFrRa

Atomic Mass(MU)

206206207207207207207207207207207207208208208208208208208208208209209209209209209209209209210210210210210210210210210211211211211211211211211211211212212212212212212212212213

990730996860003730012090985940982005976636979727981231986583989631997130001780011490985349981075980383982416986159990380995920001940009570990066984173984105982857987131989680996398000450009260015030988731987258986637987481990585995529000890007650014860991887.5991272988852990735990689996195999783007810012920996500994375992843992921993868996175000350

N Z

124 89123 90122 91132 82131 83130 84129 85128 86127 87126 88125 89124 90123 91132 83131 84130 85129 86128 87127 88126 89125 90124 91133 83132 84131 85130 86129 87128 88127 89126 90125 91133 84132 85131 86130 87129 88128 89127 90126 91134 84133 85132 86131 87130 88129 89128 90127 91126 92134 85133 86132 87131 88130 89129 90128 91127 92135 85134 86

A El

AcThPa

214 PbBiPoAtRnFrRaAcThPa

215 BiPoAtRnFrRaAcThPa

216 BiPoAtRnFrRaA

fundamentals of nuclear sciencie and engineering

Documents