fundamentos de economia rural
DESCRIPTION
A obra se utiliza de uma linguagem simples, ao apresentar osprincípios teórico-metodológicos aplicados à Economia Rural. Essa característica faz com que qualquer pessoa interessada em compreender mais profundamente o universo das questões ligadas ao agronegócio possa utilizá-lo como uma de suas fontes de referência, especialmente professores e alunos das disciplinas de Economia Agrícola, Economia Rural e outras que componham o rol das com ênfase em Economia dos cursos de graduação pertencentes às Ciências Agrárias.TRANSCRIPT
!"#$%&'#()*+$',-)#)&.%+/"0%1+
!"#$%&'()
!"#$$%&'()*+)(,)(%--.*!(/%0#
!"#$%&'()*+,*
!"#$%&'#()*+$'+,-)#)&.%+/"0%1*-)%./012
34%55#6.72)827$27#99/)37:#;%
!"#$%&!"#$%&'()#*'+%$#''#(")!"#$%&*+,"+-./#.%0+1"/23#/*+"+-4$"./5%,-.#-'/0-.12#"-'()22-'3-%4#$$-'#(")!"#$%&+,"+16*."7*8".$%+"+9"/".:%6:#8".$%3$-)"#%'/$2#"15'6-2%57#'#(")!"#$%&+,"+;,8#.#/$&*<5%/&89&#%':-&#&'9#&"$%&*+,"+1"/23#/*+"+1=/)>&*,3*<5%+?$&#($%+?"./3,-.#-'/55)&8-';)5-8%
Todos os direitos reservados à Argos Editora da Unochapecó
Av. Atílio Fontana, 591-E – Bairro EfapiChapecó (SC) – 89809-000 – Caixa Postal 1141(49) 3321 8218 – [email protected] – www.unochapeco.edu.br/argos
@%./"6A%+-,#$%&#*6Rosana Maria Badalotti (presidente), Carla Rosane Paz Arruda Teo (vice-presidente), César da Silva Camargo, Dirceu Luiz Hermes, Elison Antonio Paim, Érico Gonçalves de Assis, Maria Aparecida Lucca Caovilla, Maria Assunta Busato, Murilo Cesar Costelli, Tania Mara Zancanaro Pieczkowski
@%%&,".*,%&Dirceu Luiz Hermes
Catalogação elaborada por Caroline Miotto CRB 14/1178Biblioteca Central da Unochapecó
<='1"#>?%@'ABBC
D581'$#4.%'%)'0-.81'"1$1'&?%'0%"1E'51.'.10.%")*#"%5'0%.'F)-$F)1.'E1#%'51E'-)8%.#*->?%'152.#8-'"%'D"#8%.G
338.1 Arbage, Alessandro PorporattiA118f Fundamentos de Economia Rural / Alessandro Porporatti Arbage – 2. ed. rev. – Chapecó : Argos, 2012. 307 p. ; 23 cm – (Didáticos ; 4) Inclui bibliogra!as ISBN: 978-85-7897-042-0 1. Economia agrícola. I. Título CDD 338.1
?38B&#%
1&"CB(#%+
;D&"/".$*<5%+
@*DE$36%+FG+H%<I"/+#.$&%,3$=&#*/++<G<'!'0.%H$1E-'12%&9E#2%'<GA'I#4#5J15'"-'D2%&%E#-' '<GK',L8%"%5'"1'-&M$#51'1E'3#N&2#-5'O%2#-#5'<GP'3%&21#8%5'HM5#2%5'
<GPG<'Q-8%.15'"1'0.%")>?%'<GPGA'R12&%$%S#-'<GPGK'!"#$%&'$()''*<GPGP'T12155#"-"15'U)E-&-5'<GPGV'+),)#$'*-.#$%&''<GPGC'T-8).1*-'"%5'H1&5'"1'2%&5)E%'<GPGW'D2%&%E#-'X).-$'
@*DE$36%+JG+?#/$"8*+"(%.K8#(%+AG<'Y&8.%")>?%'AGA'D2%&%E#-'"1',1.2-"%'
AGP'O#581E-',#58%'AGV'X1$->J15'1E')E-'D2%&%E#-'"1',1.2-"%'
@*DE$36%+LG+MC"&$*+"+,"8*.,*+,"+D&%,3$%/+*N&E(%6*/++KG<'I1E-&"-'
KG<G<'3%&21#8%'"1'"1E-&"-'KG<GA'I1E-&"-'"1'E1.2-"%'KG<GK'DZ0$#2->?%'81[.#2-'0-.-'-5'2).4-5'"1'"1E-&"-''
O
FL
FP<V<\AAAWAWKBK<KKK\PBP<
QPPVPCPWP\VA
++
PRVWVWV]C<
KG<GP'Q-8%.15'F)1'-^18-E'-'"1E-&"-'1'-'F)-&8#"-"1'"1E-&"-"-
KG<GPG<'_)-&8#"-"1'"1E-&"-"-KG<GPGA'I1E-&"-
KG<GV'Q-8%.15'"181.E#&-&815'"-'(1#'"1'I1E-&"-'KG<GC'!)8.%5'^-8%.15'F)1'2%&"#2#%&-E'-'"1E-&"-'KG<GW'I1E-&"-'0.#EM.#-'1'"1.#4-"-'
KGA'!^1.8-'KGAG<'3%&21#8%'"1'%^1.8-'KGAGA'!^1.8-'"1'E1.2-"%KGAGK'Q-8%.15'F)1'-^18-E'-'%^1.8-'1'-'F)-&8#"-"1'%^1.8-"-
KGAGKG<'_)-&8#"-"1'%^1.8-"-KGAGKGA'!^1.8-
KGAGP'3).4-'"1'.150%58-KGAGV'/#).01$22*KGAGC'!^1.8-'0.#EM.#-'1'"1.#4-"-
@*DE$36%+QG+-/$&3$3&*/+,"+8"&(*,%+PG<',1.2-"%'3)#'&''#&"`58.#-'PGA'!Ha18%'"1'158)"%'PGK'3%&2%..N&2#-'01.^1#8-'PGP'DF)#$bH.#%'"1'E1.2-"%'PGV',%&%0[$#%'PGC'3%&2%..N&2#-'E%&%0%$#58-'PGW'!$#S%0[$#%'
@*DE$36%+PG+-6*/$#(#,*,"/+VG<'Y&8.%")>?%'VGA'D$-58#2#"-"1'0.1>%'"-'0.%2).-'cD00d'VGK'D$-58#2#"-"1'.1&"-'"-'0.%2).-'c #d'VGP'D$-58#2#"-"1'2.)*-"-'"-'0.%2).-'cDZed'VGV'D$-58#2#"-"1'0.1>%'"-'%^1.8-'cD5d'
CACACPCCCWC\C]WBW<W<W<WKWVW\\B
SF\<\A\P\C\]]<]A
OR]W]\
<<A<<\<<]
@*DE$36%+TG+U"%&#*+,*+1&%,3<5%+CG<'Y&8.%")>?%'CGA'R1%.#-'"-'DE0.15-'CGK'R1%.#-'"%5'3)58%5'CGP'+.%")>?%f'2)58%5'1'.1&"#E1&8%'&%'518%.'0.#EM.#%'
@*DE$36%+RG+HV8"&%/)W.,#("/+WG<'Y&8.%")>?%'WGA'T`E1.%gh&"#21'5#E0$15'WGK'T`E1.%gh&"#21'2%E0%58%'
WGKG<'h&"#21'"1'0.1>%5'"1'O-)1.H127'WGKGA',L"#-'U-.E9-'
WGP'T`E1.%gh&"#21'2%E0%58%'1'0%&"1.-"%'WGV',)"-&>-'"1'H-51'WGC'h&"#215'"-'D2%&%E#-'
WGCG<'YT+3'WGCGA'Yi+'WGCGK'Y3j'
WGW'h&"#21'"1'0-.#"-"1'
@*DE$36%+SG+;N&#(36$3&*+X&*/#6"#&*+\G<'/S.#2)$8).-'1'"151&4%$4#E1&8%'\GA'3-.-281.b58#2-5'158.)8).-#5'\GK'+.%2155%'"12#5[.#%'"%5'0.%")8%.15'.).-#5'
@*DE$36%+OG+;N&%."N=(#%+]G<'Y&8.%")>?%']GA',-.2%'2%&21#8)-$@'+41140$,5*65',)1*!--#4.78*]GK'+.#&2#0-#5'2%&21#8%5'
]GKG<'O#581E-'-S.%#&")58.#-$'cO/Yd']GKGA'3%E0$1Z%'-S.%#&")58.#-$'c3/Yd']GKGK'3-"1#-'0.%")8#4-']GKGP'3-"1#-'"1'5)0.#E1&8%5']GKGV'Ob&8151'
FJP<AV<AW<PA<V]
FTR<CW<C\<C]<C]<WB<WB<WK<WV<WV<WC<WW<W\<W]
FSP<\V<]V<]]
JYPABVA<KA<VA<VA<WA<\AABAAA
@*DE$36%+FYG+1%6E$#(*+*N&E(%6*+<BG<'+%$b8#2-'-S.b2%$-'3)#'&''0%$b8#2-'-S.M.#-
<BG<G<'+%$b8#2-5'-S.b2%$-5'51S)&"%'5)-'E%"-$#"-"1'^%.E-$<BG<GA'+%$b8#2-5'-S.b2%$-5'51S)&"%'51)'0.-*%'"1'4#SN&2#-<BG<GK'+%$b8#2-5'"1'.12).5%5'1'8L2-5'"1'0.%")>?%
<BGA'k#58[.#2%'&%';.-5#$'<BGK'3.L"#8%'.).-$'
''
<BGV'3%&81Z8%'#&81.&-2#%&-$'
@*DE$36%+FFG+1&#.(ED#%/+8*(&%"(%.K8#(%/<<G<'!Ha18%'"1'158)"%'<<GA'3%&21#8%5'#E0%.8-&815'
<<GAG<'+.%")8%'Y&81.&%';.)8%'c+Y;d'1'+.%")8%'T-2#%&-$';.)8%'c+T;d'<<GAGA'X1&"-'&-2#%&-$'1'.1&"-*-)#*7.-$,.*<<GAGK'+%0)$->?%'12%&%E#2-E1&81'-8#4-'c+D/d'<<GAGP'/..12-"->?%'S%41.&-E1&8-$'<<GAGV';-$-&>%'"1'0-S-E1&8%5'<<GAGC'Ib4#"-'1Z81.&-'
<<GAG\'R-Z-'"1'2lEH#%'<<GAG]'Rb8)$%5'"-'"b4#"-'0`H$#2-'<<GAG<B'Rb8)$%5'0.#4-"%5'<<GAG<<'R-Z-'"1'a).%5'<<GAG<A'3%..1>?%'E%&18M.#-'<<GAG<K';%$5-'"1',1.2-"%.#-5'<<GAG<P'R15%).%'T-2#%&-$'<<GAG<V'!.>-E1&8%'0`H$#2%'
<<GAG<]'+%$b8#2-'E%&18M.#-'
!"C"&Z.(#*/+
JJPAAVAAWAAWAA\AA\APAAP]ACV
JRRAWWAW\
AW\A\AA\KA\PA\CA\WA\\A\\A]<A]KA]PA]VA]VA]CA]CA]WA]\A]\A]]
KB<
!"#$%&'(
!"#$%&%'()"*+,)-"&%".,)/(-"$%'%"$)'0%"12"2/3+1%"1)3)"1%"(&4$(%"1%"/5$+-%"667"89"2'":;<="2,)"$,()1%"%">&/?3(3+3%" 12" #$%&%'()" *+,)-" &)" @%A2" B&(C2,/(1)12" D212,)-"
:;EF"2"%" (&4$(%"1)"12":;=F"/2,C(,)'"12"'),$%"@(/3G,($%"
&)"'2&32"12"2/3+1(%/%/"H,)/(-2(,%/")"&2$2//(1)12"12"')(%,"$%&@2$('2&3%"1%"/23%,")I,4$%-)"2'"/2+/")/02$3%/"2$%&J?'($%/K"')(/"0,2$(/)'2&32"&%/"'($,%2$%&J'($%/7
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
!"#$%&'#()*+$'+,-)#)&.%+/"0%123
#)&.%+/"0%14+#56'1+$'+&'*(0%$)4+'&+"&%+.#*(.(".78)+90%*.:
1'.0%+$'+'#*.#)+*";'0.)0<+,&+2=>?4+%+@#.6'0*.$%$'+!'$'0%1+
$)+/.)+A0%#$'+$)+B"14+%(0%6C*+$'+*'"+D#*(.("()+$'+,*("$)*+
'+E'*F".*%*+,-)#G&.-%*+ HD,E,I@!/ABJ4+ '&+-)1%9)0%78)+
-)&+%+@#.6'0*.$%$'+$'+K.*-)#*.#4+(%&9C&+1%#7)"+)+-"0*)+
$'+,-)#)&.%+/"0%1<+,&+2=>>4+L0%7%*+%)+%;).)+0'-'9.$)+$)+
M)#6N#.)+@#.6'0*.$%$'+$'+B8)+E%"1)+O+,*-)1%+B";'0.)0+$'+
PL0.-"1("0%+Q".*+$'+R"'.0)S+ H,BPQRI@BEJ+'+@#.6'0*.$%:
$'+$'+TU.)4+V).+(%&9C&+.&;1%#(%$)+'&+E.0%-.-%9%+HBEJ+)+
-"0*)+$'+;W*:L0%$"%78)+'&+M.N#-.%*+B)-.%.*+/"0%.*<+,**'*+
#X-1')*+$'+'#*.#)+'+;'*F".*%+'6)1"50%&+'*(0"("0%#$)+*'"+
;0W;0.)+-)0;)+$)-'#('4+%+&%.)0.%+-)&+$)"()0%$)+#)+'Y:
('0.)04+'+V)0&%#$)+%+9%*'+$)+F"'+C+U)Z'+%+,-)#)&.%+/"0%1+
#)+[0%*.1<+
P1L"&+('&;)+$';).*+*"0L.0%&+)"(0)*+-'#(0)*+$'+'#*.:
#)+'+;'*F".*%+#%+\0'%4+#)(%$%&'#('+#)+])0$'*('+$)+;%:
5*<+P+@#.6'0*.$%$'+!'$'0%1+$)+M'%0\4+;)0+ 'Y'&;1)4+6'&+
)V'0'-'#$)+&'*(0%$)+'&+,-)#)&.%+/"0%1+$'*$'+2=^2<+_+
V%S.%&+ *'#(.0+ #)*+ -"0*)*+ $'+ L0%$"%78)4+ ;0.#-.;%1&'#('+
#)+$'+M.N#-.%*+/"0%.*4+-)&)+PL0)#)&.%+'+ '̀('0.#\0.%<+P+
-)#*-.N#-.%+$%+#'-'**.$%$'+$)+;'#*%0+'-)#G&.-)+-%$%+6'S+
&%.*+*'+V%S.%+;0'*'#('+#)*+'L0'**)*<+T*+-"005-"1)*+V)0%&+
0'V)0&"1%$)*4+;%0%4+;0)L0'**.6%&'#('4+)V'0'-'0'&+);7a'*+
$'+ $.*-.;1.#%*+ #%*+ \0'%*+ *)-.%.*<+ ,#(0'(%#()4+ *'#(.%:*'+ )+
)"+(C-#.-%*+$'&%.*4+$'*(.#%#$):*'+%)+-"0*)+$'+,-)#)&.%4+
)"+9\*.-%*+$'&%.*4+%9)0$%#$)+%*;'-()*+&%.*+1.L%$)*+%+0":
$.&'#()*+$'+P$&.#.*(0%78)+/"0%1<+b%6.%+#'-'**.$%$'+$'+
)90%*+F"'4+$'+V)0&%+$.$\(.-%+'+'F".1.90%$%4+*'06.**'&+$'+
,**%+C+"&%+$%*+0%Sa'*+F"'+0'6'*('+$'+.&;)0(c#-.%+)+1.:
60)+$)+;0)V'**)0+P1'**%#$0)+E)0;)0%((.+P09%L'<+M)&+"&%+
!"#$%&'( ))
*+(",*-#./0'.12#0/#/&2*"*3/&(+"'4,(/*0/%"#*0/#00#4&'*'0/,#/5./&5"0(/'46"(,567"'(/#./8&(4(.'*/95"*23/#06*/(+"*/:/,#/-"*4,#/;*2'*/*(0/ '4'&'*46#0</=#2*/(0/ 2#'6("#0/#4&(46"*">(/5./1(46(/,#/*1('(/1*"*/*/,'0&500>(/,#/?5#06@#0/?5#/1"#A(&51*./*/%"#*/0(&'(#&(4B.'&*/,(/.#'(/"5"*2<
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
H6(0/J</Z"*[54,#"!E\/#./8&(4(.'*/95"*2/
MI4';#"0',*,#/,#/]'0&(40'4N<
!"#$%&'()*)
+(,-./)01%2(3&%420"/
*5*)6)7869:;<=);!6+><?!6
!
!
"
!
!
#
!"#!$%&!'($!
!
!"
##
##
##
#
##
#
#
!
!!
!
!!
!
!
!
!
Sobre o autor
Alessandro Porporatti Arbage
É formado em Engenharia Agronômica pela Universi- dade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM, RS). É mestre em Economia Rural pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). Trabalhou na Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina (Unoesc), campus de Chapecó, hoje Unochapecó, e como assessor em desenvolvimento econômico pela Associação dos Municípios do Oeste do Estado de Santa Catarina (Amosc), tendo participado da equipe técnica que elaborou o Plano Básico de Desenvolvimento Regional da referida região (PBDR).Atualmente, é professor da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), onde leciona a disciplina de Eco- nomia Rural, para os cur-sos de graduação nas Ciên- cias Agrárias, e a disciplina de Processos Econômicos na Agricultura, para o Mestrado em Extensão Rural.
!"#$%&'()$*+,-.*#&/(+.(01&*&-2,(3$4,%5$#&4'(5%.//,*+4&(6&47&4,##2(548,9.:&%.;<&'(=2+>#21&/
:&&4+.*,+&4'(=241.$(?$2@(A.4-./5//2/#.*#.(.+2#&42,%'(5%.B/,*+4&(C#$-7D5//2/#.*#.(+.(E.*+,/'(F.%2().44,42
C.14.#,42,'(?.&*,4+&(),E.4&
=2E$%9,;<&G(+2/#428$2;<&(.(E.*+,/'(F.%2().44,42G).%27.(5%2/&*(H$,*,@@2G(?$,*,(6,$%,(I2,@$/G3.*,*(J%,$/(5%E./(+.(C&$@,
:,7,(+./#,(.+2;<&'(5%.B/,*+4&(C#$-7D=2,94,-,;<&'(5%.B/,*+4&(C#$-7DG(:,4&%2*.(J24/1K*.4G(C,4,(3,L$.%(A.DD.%
64.7,4,;<&(+&/(&4292*,2/'(54,1.%2(62-.*#.%(M&+2*K&3.E2/<&'(:,4%&/(6,1.(=&42G(54,1.%2(62-.*#.%(M&+2*K&()&4-,#&'(NO(B(PQ(1-
6,7.%(+&(-2&%&'(&DD/.#(RS96,7.%(+,(1,7,'(/$74.-&(QSS9FT-.4&(+.(7>92*,/'(QSU!24,9.-'(NSSS6$8%21,;<&'(PSNP
C,*#,(V,42,(W3CX
549&/(0+2#&4,(+,(Y*&1K,7.1Z5E[(5#"%2&()&*#,*,G(\RN]0(^(I,244&(0D,72:K,7.1Z(WC:X(^(_R_SR]SSS(^(:,2B,(6&/#,%(NN`N!.%.D&*.'(W`RX(QQPN]_PN_(^(!"#$%&'(,49&/a$*&1K,7.1&[.+$[84'%(!'(bbb[$*&1K,7.1&[.+$[84c,49&/
Este livro está à venda:
www.travessa.com.br www.livrariacultura.com.br
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
! "##$"# !" %&'%