gender and media production Ángela maría rojas martínez departamento de psicología universidad...
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GENDER AND MEDIA PRODUCTION
Ángela María Rojas Martínez
Departamento de Psicología
Universidad de Los Andes
Bogotá / Colombia
2011
SEX
WHY WORK ON GENDER AND MEDIA?
Greater sexism
Greater Criminality
Greater Human Rights
Violations
Lower Quality of
Life
Inglehart, R.F. & Norris, P. (2002). "Islamic Culture and Democracy: Testing the Clash of Civilizations Thesis." Comparative Sociology, 1 (3/4): 235-264.; Moya, M., Páez, D., Glick, P., Fernández, I y Poeschl, G. (1997). Sexismo, masculinidad feminidad y factores culturales. Revista Electrónica de Motivación y Emoción, 4(8-9).)
HOW DO THE MEDIA PROMOTE THE LEARNING OF GENDER COGNITIONS?
DAILY DIARY OF GIRLS IN THE UK
8 AM Wake up, check my email (hotmail) 9 AM – 3 PM At school, check email on mobile
phone, check BBC News, Facebook, Twitter 4 PM Update blog, check Facebook, Messenger, Skype 5 PM Check out music and videos on YouTube 6 PM – 8PM Googling stuff, checking Facebook,
Twitter, MSN, watch TV on iPlayer
Because I am a Girl: Youth Summary. The State of the world´s girls 2010.Girls in a Changing Landscape: Urban and Digital Frontiers http://planinternational.org/girls/resources/publications.php
HOW DO THE MEDIA PROMOTE THE LEARNING OF GENDER COGNITIONS?
Self-efficacy Practice Impact
Vicarious learning
Enactive experienc
e
Direct teaching
Bussey, K. & Bandura, A. (1984). Influence of gender constancy and social power on sexlinked modeling. Journal of Personality and Social Pscyhology.
Nuestro nuevo apartamento http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S1ZZreXE
qSY
Uno de cada diez hombres es gay http://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=8HI5AaHYmfw
Los hombres no somos románticos pero lo intentamos
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=snyAv1AYzYo
GENDER REPRESENTATIONS IN THE MEDIA
REPRESENTATIONS OF MEN AND WOMEN IN MEDIA
24% Wome
n
76%Men
Men
Men
Men
Men
Women
News Experts
UNIFEM, WWDP & WACC (2010) Global Media Monitoring Project.
GENDER REPRESENTATIONS IN CHILDREN'S TV
32% Femal
e68% Male
Male
Male
Female
Main character Secondary characters
Gözt, M et al (2008). Gender in children´s television worldwide in Televizion 21. Murcia, O. (2009). Análisis con perspectiva de género de la Producción Animada Infantil en Colombia. Uniminuto.
THE FUTURE ...
2050
2040
2030
2020
2010
UNIFEM, WWDP & WACC (2010) Global Media Monitoring Project
GENDER REPRESENTATIONS IN CHILDREN'S TV
Teens Hair blonde or red Asian, African or Latin In groups Victims Waiting for the love of his life Beautiful Thin Hyper-sexualized Less negative values Latina's best friend Fat girls or old women do not
exist
Adults Hair black or brown Caucasian Solitary Leaders Overweight Evil Antagonists black or
brown hair, disabled Latino “macho”
Female Male
Gözt, M et al (2008). Gender in children´s television worldwide in Televizion 21.
REPRESENTATIONS OF THE BODY IN CHILD TV(102 MALE/71 FEMALE)
V-shaped Torso
Overweight.
Absense of avaragely proportioned bodies
Unhealthy proportion of waist-hip (50%)
Unhealthy proportion shoulder-waist (84%)
Enhance the hip (83%)
Legs are too long (57%)
Male protagonists Female protagonists
Gözt, M et al (2008). Gender in children´s television worldwide in Televizion 21.
IF SOMEONE HAD BARBIE'S BODY, THEY WOULD HAVE:
Extreme thinness, Herniated disc, Respiratory problems, Osteoporosis and Possible infertility (Gözt, 2008)
PHYSICAL EXPECTATIONS OF IDEAL PARTNERS IN COLLEGE STUDENTS The answers of man
Cute face Round and lifted buttocks Breasts not too large nor too
small Nice legs, no stretch marks,
without varicose veins and toned Thin Small waist (hourglass) flat stomach Long hair, silky and smooth
preferably fine features Without any body hair plump lips Small and pink nipples
The answers of woman
Pretty smile Large expressive eyes Perfect teeth, white and well
aligned Tall Muscular Pronounced buttocks Face without pimples, spots or
zit Athletic arms and legs Thin lips but pronounced Hair: nice, clean and without gel flat stomach Pronounced pelvic bones
Curso Sexualidad Humana. Departamento de Psicología. Universidad de Los Andes, Septiembre, 2010
CHARACTERIZATION OF CHARACTERS IN THE COLOMBIAN TV(4)
dominant assertive outgoing (Extrovertido) cheerful public leaders honest solidarity defenders They face dangers Fix mistakes They provide order and
discipline
conciliatory patient passive cheerful (alegre) distraught (angustiada) Public and domestic
leaders ethical Behavior solidarity Caring for others
Male Female
Murcia, O. (2009). Análisis con perspectiva de género de la Producción Animada Infantil en Colombia. Uniminuto.
WHAT EMOTIONS DO THE CHILDREN’S FAVORITE CHARACTERS EXPRESS?
Anger Sadness Distress
Sadness Love Joy The boys did not
identify feelings
Male Female
Vargas-Trujillo, E., Rojas, A.M & Balanta, P. (2008) Una propuesta dirigida al público infantil para ver televisión con perspectiva de género. Convenio 007 Comisión Nacional de Televisión, Universidad de Los Andes y Corporación Universitaria Minuto de Dios. Bogotá.
WHAT KINDS OF DECISIONS DO FAVORITE CHARACTERS MAKE?
Punishments What you can do or
not do When buying a
home or car Other non-
traditional (boys)
How to organize the house
What tasks are done
Troubleshooting Other non-
traditional (girls)
Male Female
Vargas-Trujillo, E., Rojas, A.M & Balanta, P. (2008) Una propuesta dirigida al público infantil para ver televisión con perspectiva de género. Convenio 007 Comisión Nacional de Televisión, Universidad de Los Andes y Corporación Universitaria Minuto de Dios. Bogotá.
What can women do that men can’t?
Love with sincerity easily relate to others cry flirt Washing and cooking Caring for children Take care of household
(Encargarse del hogar) Be housewives (Ser amas
de casa) Doing Good lying Solving problems
The hard work of the company
scientific inventions Having money and power Having women Killing a mouse Hit and fight (Golpear y
pelear) illegal work Do wrong things without
thinking about the consequences
Party till dawn without worrying about tending to their children.
What can men do that women can’t?
Vargas-Trujillo, E., Rojas, A.M & Balanta, P. (2008) Una propuesta dirigida al público infantil para ver televisión con perspectiva de género. Convenio 007 Comisión Nacional de Televisión, Universidad de Los Andes y Corporación Universitaria Minuto de Dios. Bogotá.
HOW TO TREAT THEM WELL... (COMO SE TRATA BIEN A…)
Do not hurt them (no lastimarlas)
No beating (no pegarles) Take care of them not yelling (no gritarlas) pamper them (consentirlas) be detailed love them Meeting their needs
(satisfacer sus necesidades) Not show too much infidelity Do not betray (no
traicionarlas)
Keep their clothes and things tidy
The girls take care of them Let them rest Treat them with love Talk without shouting Do not boss them around Listen when they speak Respect their opinion Understand Value their work performance
Men Woman
GENDER COGNITIONS OF MEDIA PRODUCERS
A GREATER SEXISM- GREATER ASSIGNMENT OF:
Risks
Unethical behavior
Desirable physical appearance
Sociability Self-devaluation sexual passivity
Male Female
Rojas, A. M. (2007) Identidad de género y consumos culturales televisivos: Más allá de las diferencias por sexo. Tesis de grado. Maestría en Psicología
WHAT YOU SEE ON TV IS SEXIST?
Low-sexis
mYES
Very sexistNOT
Rojas, A. M. (2007) Identidad de género y consumos culturales televisivos: Más allá de las diferencias por sexo. Tesis de grado. Maestría en Psicología.
THE MAKERS OF MEDIA TALK ABOUT GENDER
Sin darme cuenta escribo en masculino
Obviamente a los hombres les gusta un tipo de cosas distintas a la de las mujeres, eso es una cosa “genética” que no va a cambiar y no tiene por qué cambiar.
Género, es hacer programas para mujeres.
Las colombianas son maravillosas, sensuales, hogareñas, solidarias, excelentes esposas, pero son bravas, algo malo tenían que tener.
Murcia, O. (2009). Análisis con perspectiva de género de la Producción Animada Infantil en Colombia. Uniminuto.
GENDER, MEDIA AND WELL-BEING
CONCLUSIONS
PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING
Self-acceptance
Positive relationship
s
Purpose in life
Environment Control
Personal Growth
Autonomy
Ryff, C., y Keyes, C. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 719-727.
SELF-ACCEPTANCE
Dissatisfaction with their body and muscle mass.
Little information and knowledge about their bodies, nutrition and health. (less healthy diets and increased rates of being overweight.
Greater acceptance of values such as violence and unethical behavior.
Dissatisfaction with appearance, body image and sexual.
Information overload about dietary practices.
Fat, old age and disability are not acceptable.
Men Woman
Read, J & Gorman, B. (2010) Gender and Health Inequality. Annual. Review. Sociology. 36.
POSITIVE RELATIONSHIPS
It promotes isolation and over self-sufficiency (suicide and homicide rates higher).
It promotes the idea that men do not feel sorrow or affection without sexual connotation.
Deficit models that promote the formation of meaningful social ties.
Social relations are focused on domestic relations and couples. (Higher rates of partner violence)
Saturation of feelings like sadness, anxiety and affection.
Deficit models expressing anger assertively.
Men Woman
Denton M, Prus S, & Walters V. 2004. Gender differences in health: a Canadian study of the psychosocial, structural and behavioural determinants of health. Soc. Sci. Med. 58.
PURPOSE IN LIFE
Promote various life projects.
Focus on the recognition, expertise and / or economic status.
In politics, sports and crime.
Promote life project focused on the partner.
Deficit of nontraditional life choices : sports, technology, mathematics, science.
Minor public representation.
Men Woman
AUTONOMY & ENVIRONMENT CONTROL
It promotes responsibility to fix mistakes, provide order and discipline.
It promotes the pursuit of power, risk, competition, violence and unethical behavior (increased risk of morbidity / mortality from accidents and homicides (Read & Gorman, 2010)
Low self-efficacy in domestic contexts, affective ties and family.
Empowerment is associated with body image.
Deficit models starring roles competent and successful.
Low rate of successful leading role models in public and professional spheres.
Women often report lower levels of personal control(Denton et al, 2004)
Men Woman
PERSONAL GROWTH
Promote the development of intellectual and physical potential.
Limited personal care, prevention of risks, the potential development of social, emotional and cooperative ties.
Promote the development of potential social, emotional and personal care.
Limit the development of her intellectual potential, sport and technology and her pursuit of self-attained higher socioeconomic status.
Hombres Mujeres
RECOMMENDATIONS
Promote the study of a diversity of motivations and potentials amongst children, youth, men and women.
Expanding the scope of models of both sexes, with different characteristics, complex roles at different stages of life cycle, in media content.
Promote gender analysis of media consumption preferred by children, youth and adults, and contrast constructively with their reality.
Include education on gender and its relationship to the welfare of people in the training of media professionals, journalists and media makers.
