gender issue in water and sanitation. percik. indonesia water and sanitation magazine. april 2007

7/31/2019 Gender Issue in Water and Sanitation. PERCIK. Indonesia Water and Sanitation Magazine. April 2007

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From the Editor 1

Your Voice 2

Main Feature

Gender Issue in Water Supply and Sanitation Provision 3

Gender Implementation in WSS Development Projects in Indonesia 7

Interview

Deputy of Gender Mainstreaming State Ministry of

Women Empowerment 9

Regulation

Special Fund Allocation for Water Supply and Sanitation System 11

Insight

What Makes CLTS Work? 13

Regardless of Funding Source, What Counts is the Plan 18

Waste is a Friend Instead of an Enemy 20

Balanced Scorecard Method 22

Inspiration

Tatung-Azizah's Willingness to Manage the Community's Water Supply System 25

Our Guest

Ananda: Deeply Concerns with Water Scarcity 26

InnovationBioporous Infiltration Pit 28

Opinion

Post Project Facilitation, Anyone Interested? 30

Around Plan Indonesia

Togo-togo Needs New Pioneer 31

Around ISSDP

Sanitation Workshop in Blitar Produces a Declaration 32

Around WASPOLA 34

Around WSS 39

Program 42

Water for Environmental Health and Human Being 45

Abstracts 47

IATPI Clinic 48

Book Info 49

Website Info 50

CD Info 51

WSS Bibliography 52

Percik Magazine in April 2007 is published on partnership activity between WSS Working Group and Plan Indonesia

Percik magazine can be accessed through WSS website: http://www.ampl.or.id

Information Media for Water Supply andEnvironmental Sanitation

Published by:

Working Group for Water Supply and Sanitation

Advisor:

Director General for Urban and

Rural Development, Department of Public Works

Board of Trustee:

Director of Human Settlement and Housing,ational Development Planning Agency Republic

of Indonesia

Director of Water and Sanitation,

Ministry of HealthDirector of Water Supply Development,Department of Public Works

Director of Natural Resources and Appropriate

Technology, Director General on Village andCommunity Empowerment,Department of Home Affairs

Director for Facilitation of Special PlanningEnvironment Management,Department of Home Affairs

Chief Editor:

Oswar Mungkasa

Board of Editor:

Indar Parawansa, Bambang Purwanto

Editor:

Maraita Listyasari, Rewang Budiyana,Raymond Marpaung, Bowo Leksono

Design/Illustrator:

Rudi Kosasih

Production:

Machrudin

Distribution:

Agus Syuhada

Address:

Jl. Cianjur No. 4, Menteng, Jakarta PusatPhone/Fax.: 62-21-31904113

http://www.ampl.or.id

e-mail: [email protected]@ampl.or.id

[email protected]

Unsolicited article or opinion itemsare welcome. Please send to our address

or e-mail. Don't forget to be brief andaccompanied by identity.

This magazine can be accessed at WaterSupply and Environmental Sanitation Website

at www.apml.or.id


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Without our being aware we

are now paving our way in

the fifth month of 2007.

We haven't seen each since the begin-

ning of the year. Now we are back

addressing you, Percik's readers, asalways with a spirit of "water and

environment care and affection".

Many things we have to straighten

out. Column adjustment, data collec-

tion, up to internal coordination. In

this 17th edition, we again convey to

you water supply and environmental

sanitation related information.

Within the last four months, many

events and activities have taken place,

all related to water supply and sanita-

tion. The events and activities arewrapped up to be presented to you,

our dear readers.

Last March the 22nd was the com-

memoration of the World Water Day.

It's already 10 years since the UN

General Assembly recommended

World Water Day commemoration

every March the 22nd beginning from

1993. It is not without reason that all

nations of the world remember that

day. Isn't it that water remains a com-

plicated problem encumbering many

nations of the world, especially the

poor? And it is undeniable that water

is human being's basic need.

Therefore, in this edition, we dis-

cuss topics related to World Water

Day. On the history and several acti-

vities undertaken by the Indonesian

communities for its commemoration.

Including the government, private

sector, university students, and the

common people. The enthusiasm re-flects everyone's wish to be liberated

from water scarcity.

The theme of this year's World

Water Day is "Coping with Water

Scarcity". Quite suitable, because

from year after year water scarcity is

becoming more and more significant.

In many areas of Indonesia, in the

villages as well in the cities, access to

water is still the main issue, especially

for the poor. And the ones suffering

the most are the women.

It is already time for women to

take an active role in determining the

policy related to water supply and

sanitiation provision. Not only that,

everyone must realize the importance

of women involvement.

Speaking of women, just as a

reminder, on April the 21st once there

was born a woman pioneer and edu-

cator, Raden Ajeng Kartini. It seems

that in this time, women pioneers andeducators are in great demand to sal-

vage the families from water scarcity.

Our main feature this time is con-

centrated on gender. Historial back-

ground, definition and gender main-

streaming, will hopefully shed a light

to all of us. To place gender issue on

the table, we try to unearth how far

the projects such as ProAir, Sanimas,

WSLIC-2, and Prokes have proportio-

nately provided the opportunity to

women to play a role. To make the pictu-

re complete we made an exclusive inter-

view with Dr. Surjadi Soeparman, MPH,

Deputy for Gender Mainstreaming, State

Ministry for Women Empowerment.

One column that is planned be

continue is "Our Guest". This will

bring forth celebrity or public figure

who is well connected and competent

in water supply and sanitation. We

must learn from his/her experience.

There are still many more dis-cussions and information in this

WSS-WG published magazine. Yet

different from the earlier edition,

Percik Junior is now published sepa-

rately for distribution direcly to

schools. Your comments are most

welcome. Finally, we wish you enjoy

reading.

DARI REDAKSI

Percik April 2007 1

Banner posted by KRUHA (People's Coalitian for Rights to Water)for the World Water Day commemoration

(the banner reads: Clean water is still a luxury for 100 million Indonesians)

SOURCE:KRUHA/DOC


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Disaster Emergency Opinion

In considering the disaster that hit

Jakarta last February 2007 we wish to

propose the following preventive mea-

sures:Background

a. The expansion of settlement areas

is difficult to prevent especially for

an attractive city such as Jakarta

and its urban/suburban areas like

Depok and Bogor.

b. Relocation of citizens living on

riverbanks is equally difficult for

various different reasons and con-

siderations.

c. Regulation on infiltration pit hasbeen declared effective, but in rea-

lity the citizens do build ones but at

an insufficient quality, lack of pro-

per maintainance, and is oriented

to conservation of shallow ground-

water. Therefore the threat of floo-

ding is continuing because the infi-

ltration pits do not function pro-

perly.

d. The economic burden of the com-

munity, especially of the flood vul-

nerable depression areas, is too

heavy.

2. Proposal

a. Considering that the availability of

sufficient budget both national and

Jakarta provincial region, it should

be recommendable that the infiltra-

tion pit issue is taken over by the

government/regional government.

b. The infiltration pits should be built

at a community level, at a suffi-

ciently large capacity, maintainable,

sustaining, and are oriented to con-

servation of the lower level of

groundwater.

c. As a pilot project Jakarta should

develop a deep infiltration pit,

somewhere around 80-100 m deep

just like a deep well for groundwa-

ter extraction. Should it become

clogged it could be flushed and

reactivated.

d. In reference to groundwater extrac-

tion for drinkling purpose, of which

an extraction deep well can supply

20-40 l/sec of water, the same infil-

tration pit can absorb an equal

amount of water, 20-40 l/sec.

e. To maintain and prevent untimely

clogging, the draining water is let to

pass a control structure to catch

sand and gravel and prevent it from

entering the pit.

f. This technology may be tried at big

hotels or large commercial bu-

ildings.

g. To make more applicative it should

be previously academically tested.

h. If the technology is well proven in

Jakarta it could be disseminated to

other provinces/kabupatens all

over the country.

Thank you for your attention.

Bambang Widiyoko

Staf Dinas Kimpraswilhub

Kabupaten Sleman

Request for Percik

My name is Joko Sutrisno, teacher,

SMA 1 of Karangmojo, Yogyakarta 55891.

One day I came across a Pecik maga-

zine and I get so interested with the va-

rious environmental issues discussed in

it. I would be thanful if you could regu-

larly send me one copy of the magazine.

First it will open new horizon regarding

the environment, secondly and so on to

get involved in developing ways andmeans of environmental protection of

my immediate neighbourhood and

more extensively with the regional gov-

ernment of Kabupaten Gunungkidul.

Thank you in advance.

Joko Sutrisno, S.Pd., M.T.

SMA 1 Karangmojo, Gunungkidul,

Yogyakarta 55891

YOUR VOICE

Percik April 2007 2

CREATED BY: RUDI KOZ

C A R I C A T U R E

It'sNATURE'S

fault.


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Everyone, regardless of sex, eve-

ryday needs water for various

different activities. To met the

demand for domestic water, especially

of the villages, women play a dominant

role, from taking water, cooking, chil-

dren cleansing, washing, and watering

garden. But men hold the rein in decisi-

on making related to water supply and

sanitation provision.

This condition later created ineffi-

ciency and ineffectiveness in water sup-

ply and sanitation. Most of the con-

structed facilities turned out to be

unsuitable to the demand especially of

women who nota bene are the dominantusers, both in terms of number of popu-

lation and also in the role in water use.

In the latest few decades there arised

an awareness of the need to consider the

women's demand in relation to water

supply and sanitation provision. This

issue is later known as gender issue.

Gender Misunderstood

Understanding gender as female sex is

quite common around us. It is not too sur-

prising if in a meeting someone would ask:

"Why all of them are men. Where is the

gender?" It is even infrequent we would

find in a gender related study that all the

experts are women. The reason is simple:

"In order to prevent the study from gender

biassed." Thus here gender is understood

as simply the female sex.

What is Gender?

If we trace back, the term gender

came into use in the academic circle

only towards the end of the 20th centu-

ry. For the first time the word gender

was traceable in 1976 in a workshop on

Women Subordination at the University

of Sussex. The experts in the workshop

pointed out that women, just like men,

are biological difference, while women

subordination was created socially and

not biologically determined. They fur-

ther ascertained that for the purpose of

conceptual distinction of these facts it is

Percik April 2007 3

Gender Issuein Water Supply and SanitationProvision

MAIN FEATURE

Up to the beginning of 1970s the

development policy was focused

on the demand of poor women in

the context of their role as housewife

and mother. Now it is known as welfare

approach, the main concern being placedin mother and child welfare and health,

and nutrition. It was assumed that the

benefit from the macro economic ori-

ented strategy will sprinkle to the poor

population and thus the poor women will

receive some benefit from their hus-

band's welfare improvement. Women are

passive welfare beneficiary. Water sup-

ply and sanitation service is defined in

the context of health and hygiene, which

is viewed as women's responsibility.

In the decade of 1970-80 Women in

Development (WID) approach was direct-ed to integrate women in development

process through placing them in the tar-

get position, even in a women specific

formatted activity. In this approach

women remain the passive beneficiary.

Although many WID projects did improve

health, short term income and human

resources, but women are not treated

equally, many of the activities are not

sustained. The main weakness of WID

projects is its failures to consider the

diversity of women's roles or miscalcula-

tion of the elasticity of women's time

availability.Since the end of 1980s the Gender

and Development (GAD) approach was

introduced for the intention of abolishing

social, economic disparity and political

balance between men and women as

requirement for community oriented

development. Most of water and sanita-

tion sector development at this time uses

this approach. However, there are many

ways from which this approach is viewed

and there is no single blue print to make

equality in water supply provision possi-

ble.Both WID and GAD approaches are

still being applied presently.

During the last few years the gender

and empowerment approach is being

tried to change the present gender link-

age through emphasis on women empo-

werment.

The Evolution of Gender Issue


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necessary to identify "sex" as biological

difference between men and women,

and "gender" is difference between mas-

culinity and femininity which is con-

ceived for the most part through educa-

tion and socialization. Biological factor

is permanent and unchangeable, but

social factor is changeable.

Thus gender later refers to differ-

ence between men's and women's in

role, right, and responsibility and the re-

lationship between them. Gender does

not only refer to men and women, but

also how the quality, habit, and identity

are determined through socialization

process. Gender is generally linked to

inequity of power and access to choices

and resources. The difference in the ro-le of women and men is influenced by

historical, religious, economic and cul-

tural facts. The totality of the roles and

responsibilities may change over time.

The most recent use of gender it has

been used extensively just like class,

ethnic, race to describe analysis of social

category in social interfactor relation-

ship.

To make it simple, gender should

not be about women but it is rather the

equity of roles between men and women

in all aspects of life. In one opportunity,

the main is the role of women but this

does not deny the possibility that some

other time men's role is the central

issue.

What is Gender Analysis?

Gender analysis refers to the sys-tematic way of looking at the different

development impacts between men and

women. Gender analysis requires data

separation based on sex. Gender analy-

sis must be conducted at every level of

development, in order to obtain a pic-

ture how certain activity, decision, and

plan influences men and women in any

different way.

Why Gender is Important in Water

Supply and Sanitation Provision

There are several important factsthat may serve as the reasons for the

importance of bringing up gender

issues, such as (i) women are the main

collector, carrier, user and manager of

water for domestic need and as promo-

tor in water supply and sanitation relat-

ed activities, (ii) bigger benefit than just

a project capacity for provision of water

and improved sanitation through

o Economic benefit: better access to

water will provide the women with

more time to income generating

MAIN FEATURE

Percik April 2007 4

FOTO:DOK/CWSH

Gender and Education --- More gilrs go to school when water supply is

increased and when there is a separate toilet facility for boys and girls.

Gender dan kesehatan --- health improvement directly in favour of women

(including in childbirth), and eventually improves family hygiene condition

Gender and household chorus --- increased water supply decreases burdens

in household activity and provides women more time for their children and for

economic generating activities

Gender and income --- increased water supply and less illness will give more

time for women to find a job

Gender and culture --- increased water supply and sanitation facility improves

women's dignity, status and opportunity

Gender Linkage


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program in all aspects. In short, gender

mainstreaming is intended as a means

to guarantee that equity of men and

women is properly manifested in plan-

ning, operation and maintenance, in

project and program management.

In water supply and sanitation pro-

vision the community based approach

the program frequently fails to achieve

efficiency and sustainability because the

community is viewed as a group of citi-

zens with the same demand without dis-

tinction of women and men.

In reality, a community is not only a

group of citizens with uniform

needs and characteristics. A

community consists of various

different groups who compete

one another. When resources

are in limited amount there the

competition occurs and as usual

the poor will be neglected, espe-

cially women. The application

of gender analysis will help deci-

sion makers allocate resources

better without causing any harm

to the marginal group.

When it is agreed that

women involvement is a criticalfactor in achieving efficiency

and sustainability of water sup-

ply and sanitation, gender

mainstreaming is the way out.

Gender mainstreaming in water

supply and sanitation does, of

course, need strategic steps,

among others (i) preparation of

data for gender analysis through

separation of data between men

and women; (ii) promoting the

involvement of women in deci-

sion making, for instance in program

scheduling in order to make women

involved; (iii) promoting strategic

cooperation between community based

organisation and NGO with the commu-

nity and the regional government in

WSS provision and small business

development; (iv) improvement the

capacity of professionals in gender

mainstreaming; (v) involvement of pri-

vate sector in WSS provision must con-

sider gender aspect.

How Gender Issue Translated into

Policy

In many countries the national poli-

cy for water supply and sanitation provi-

sion has for the most part made specific

mention about the importance of the

role of women and more detailed in the

division of responsibilities between men

and women, inspite of the fact that a

complete gender focus is quite rare. In

Uganda, Gender Strategy in Water

Supply Sector was introduced in 2003

with emphasis on women involvement

at all levels of water supply manage-

ment. A relatively more detailed exam-

ple is in Lesotho and South Africa in

which there is a specific mention of

women proportion in staffing structure.

In Rep. Dominika, the Water Supply

Authority requires that at least 40 per-

cent of water supply committee mem-

bers are women.

In Indonesia, gender isssue has been

adopted as one of principles of the

National Policy for Community Based

Water Supply and Environmental

Sanitation (CB-WSS) Development. In

terms of language it is called the role of

women in decision making. The basic

principles are then translated into

practical implementation by each

of the WSS Developemnt projects

in Indonesia (WSLIC-2, CWSH,

Sanimas, ProAir and so on). The

implementation format of this

principle differs from one project

to another (see further Gender

Implementation in WSS Projects

in Indonesia in this issue). Some

clearly state the proportion of wo-

men involvement in a number of

activities, while others make it a

requirement the provision of equ-

al opportunity for women. Thereis yet no clear definition of how

gender concept shall be applied in

WSS provision in Indonesia.

The remaining homework

When gender concept is cor-

rectly understood and when gen-

der concept has been translated

into government policy, when

gender concept has been brought

to implementation in WSS deve-

lopment activity, and as many

other whens, the question that wafts out

is whether the gender concept related to

WSS development in Indonesia is in the

right track? The homework reads: how

are we going to measure it? This will be

our common task, for men as well as for

women. (OM)

MAIN FEATURE

Percik April 2007 6

SOURCE:PRO AIR


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MAIN FEATURE

Percik April 2007 7

Gender Implementation

in WSS Project in Indonesia

Basically, implied or in reality,

WSS projects in Indonesia have

implemented the gender sensi-

tive principle.

ProAir, or Water Program, the

German grant funded water supply

development program strongly empha-

sizes gender oriented principles for its

implementation. ProAir Executive

Secretary, Ir. Deni Mulyana, M. Kes

stresses that women play a central role

in water provision, management and

protection. "Therefore, women must be

involved in decision making related to

the use of water," he said firmly.

ProAir Project refers to the natio-

nal Policy for CB-WSS Development

that women are involved in decision

making.

One of WSLIC-2 (Water and

Sanitation for Low Income Com-

munities-2) focuses itself in gender and

poverty. This project is essentially an

effort to awaken and unearth the role of

women and poor community of their

equal rights and responsibilities in

expressing their opinion and in deci-

sion making.

Similarly with CWSH (Community

Water Services and Health Project) this

project is characterized by gender

development approach. CWSH places

women in key position as facilitator

that is expected to get involved in each

level of the development process.

While Sanimas Project does not

specifically implement gender sensitivi-

ty approach. But in actual implementa-tion women are frequently involved in

giving soul to Sanimas through facilita-

tion and decision making.

Dra. Pimanih, M.Kes, a Planning

and Financial Management officer of

CWSH describes the important role of

women with the fact that they are

always connected with water right from

waking up in the morning until night

time they prepare everything for the

family from cooking, bathing and wash-

ing. "In their daily household activity

women are never far from water, it is

their natural character," she says.

While according to CPMU WSLIC-2

project Imam Syahbandi, women play a

major role in sustaining the activity

that's why they are important in deter-

mining the technology choice in order

Speaking of gender is like a road

without an end. In one place a progress has been

made but on the other there is still limitation

of the role of women

SOURCE:PRO AIR


10/56

to be suitable for both men and women.

"Women are also important in deter-

mining the rules and sanction related to

use, maintenance and the size of contri-

bution to cover O&M costs," he says.

Equity of Role

In reality, is it fair the division of

responsibilities between men and

women in water supply and sanitation?

It is not only in villages that women are

considered lady of the house. Even in

the urban the difference in social status

is still prevailing.

From ProAir study in 2004 on

knowledge, attitude and practice in

water treatment/use especially for

women, it was concluded that womenare more involved in taking water par-

ticularly from the lower income bracket.

As for the women from the higher

income level the water taking duty is

given to their daughter.

Of those who take water 27 percent

are girls, 41 percent adult women, the

remainder are men. While in terms of

status, regardles of rich, medium or low

the duty for water taking is with the

women.

According to Pimanih or more inti-

mately called Upi there is still gender

inequity such as in meeting for decision

making. It is men who are frequently

invited because they are considered

more knowlegible and more capable of

doing the job.

Emah, an employee of Dept Public

Works who deals with the day to day

activity related to Sanimas considers

that it is not necessary to argue whose

responsibility it is to get water becausewater is everyone's basic need.

However, according to Deni, the role

provided for the women is not fully

exploited because some women may

hesitate if it might have exceeded

women's role or fear that they might

make mistake because all this time the

role is always played by men. And all

these worries that make inequality pre-

vail.

Accoring to Emah, women must

actively involve in each stage of the

development as far as they are capable

and opportunity permits them.

"Without choosing the role because in

reality women can and capable of con-

ducting and playing the role in any posi-

tion," says the woman who is an

employee of Subdirectorate of Was-

tewater Directorate of Environmental

Sanitation, DG Cipta Karya.

For water supply provision, said

Emah further, women should be giventhe first priority in providing their opi-

nion and demand, because women are

basically the housewives who are the

determinant factor for the future of a

family. "If our future generation is to be

a generation with quality, the first thing

to do is to each of the women to become

wise and skillful mother," she said.

Women Involvement Effort and

Concept

The method of women involvementin Sanimas is through involving them in

each step of community empowerment.

This can be seen from the number of

women involved in each Sanimas deve-

lopment.

In WSLIC-2 women involvement

process is done through determining the

quota for women representation in each

step and community institution person-

nel (at least 30 persent are women),

staff recruitment, and through con-

ducting special gender training and gen-

der advocacy for the socialization ofgender approach implementation.

In CWSH women involvement could

be seen from their paricipation in meet-

ings, workshops, and group discussions.

Women are requested to express their

opinion in each step of the process, from

planning, implementation, use, and

O&M.

From the beginning there has been a

support and involvement of women in

the ProAir project implementation so

that it is easier to follow the existing rulein each step of its activity. "It all goes

back to the women. Whether they are

willing to get involved or not, or capable

of taking benefit from this opportunity,"

says Deni.

At present, women empowerment

and increasing their role is still limited

to the loosely defined involvement or

participation in each step. It is still ne-

cessary to have a more intensive role.

Imam described that the current

WSLIC-2 efforts in empowerment of

women and improvement of their role

are conceived as "participation of

women" following the principle of

"equity" because there is yet no specific

effort directed to empowering women.

Still an involvement in each step that is

moving towards decision making.

"In the future, the design of gender

sensitive projects must be based on a

policy that definitely mention not only

the quota and staffing but also a specificproject for women empowerment in

development role," he says.

Whatever it seems if the community

empowerment is to be truly implement-

ed, women will become actively

involved and their voice will be heard.

All that needs a common awareness and

adulthood. Bowo Leksono

MAIN FEATURE

Percik April 2007 8

In CWSH women

involvement could be seen

from their paricipation in

meetings, workshops, andgroup discussions. Women

are requested to express their

opinion in each step of the

process, from planning,

implementation, use,

and O&M


11/56

How do you see water and sani-

tation development from gen-

der perspective?

We see from the viewpouint that

water and sanitation influences the

internationally accepted human deve-

lopment standard and index, namelyHuman Development Index (HDI) and

if it is further classified it will come to

Gender Development Index (GDI) to

later into gender development index in

various specific aspects such as econo-

mic and decision making. Looking at

Human Development Index (HDI) of

2006 the main topic is water and sanita-

tion. Water scarcity and sanitation sig-

nificantly impedes human resources

development.

Who suffers the most if water

demand is not sufficiently met?

Of the families or population suffer-ing the most because lack of access

water supply and sanitation are the poor

ones. Who are actually the poorest

among the population? They are the

women. Poverty in Indonesia bears the

face of a woman. Somewhere around 84

percent of the poor population is

woman. In a report it is recorded that

one out of five people suffers from lack

of access to water. While for sanitation

one out of two is experiencing difficulty

in access to hygienic sanitation. Water

scarcity and poor sanitation is a prob-

lem that requires national as well asregional level policies if HDI standard is

to be achieved.

How significant is the role of

women in this case?

If we take a look at the role of both

men and women in terms of access to

water and sanitation women are the

ones who care the most. The men would

care about the details, they will accept it

as ready for use. Water must be ready

for any form of use. Drinking water,

water for bath, washing and so on.

Those who care the most are women

because they are aware that is will

improve familiy health especially to pro-

tect the children and the whole family

from contamination.

Whereas it is too expensive for the

poor families to access water, it takes a

lot of time and efforts through climbing

up and down hill. And the source is too

little. They spend a lot of their energyfor water.

One could imagine that women lose

their productive hours only to get water.

The poorer they are the mode difficult it

is to get water. Therefore, we have to

pay more attention to the demand for

water and sanitation as the manifesta-

tion of respect to women.

INTERVIEW

Percik April 2007 9

Dr. Surjadi Soeparman, MPH

(Deputy for Gender Mainstreaming State Ministry of Women Empowerment)

WOMEN CARE THE MOST

Women are frequently considered as

the lady of the house destined to take

care of the household. While men are

free to express themselves and deter-

mine their steps. Frequently women's

demand which is actually the demand of

the family fails to be realized. Such as in

the case of water and sanitation.

The State Ministry of Women

Empowerment attempts to improve

women's backwardness in various

aspects, such as education, health, eco-

nomics, politics, and decision making

process, including the demand for water and sanitation. What does the steps

taken by the Ministry look like? The following is an interview made by Percik with

Deputy for Gender Mainstreaming Ministry of Women Empowerment Dr. Surjadi

Soeparman, MPH.

SOURCE:BOWO LEKSONO


12/56

This is unfair, then

Yes, it is. As an example, once I

had the opportunity to attend a village

level Development Planning Meeting(acronym Musrenbang), the lowest

development planning system avail-

able. There are the so-called men rep-

resentatives and women representa-

tives but there were too few females

attending the meeting. How could

women express their

aspiration and expec-

tion?

At that time the

chairman wished to ha-

ve a decision made.

Men opted to have

improvement to village

road, while the women

wanted a water supply

near the village in order

to cut the time for ta-

king water.

As it went, women

were outvoted. Finally

we considered that if

women aspiration, ex-pectation, and demand

is to play its role in a development

process, there must be an empower-

ment to make them capable of exper-

essing their views in a forum.

Decision makers' care?

We have seen decision makers at

every level, from local, national and

global levels and we can conclude that

they don't care enough. Water is still

regarded as a commodity without eco-nomic value. Whereas water scarcity is

a serious threat to human resources

that may lead to mortality. We aren't

aware that the number of infant mor-

tality is by far exceeds the number of

death from war.

How far is the Women Empo-

werment Ministry play its role?

One of our programs is women

empowerment in decision making atthe grassroot level. Oftentimes women

aspiration and expectation is far more

oriented to family wellbeing, such as

the availability of water supply, latrine

and good hygiene system compared to

that of men. This is where the impor-

tant women role lie to enable them

express their aspiration in village level

community meeting.

In what way?

Our weakness is that we are not in

the capacity to implement activity

down to the grassroot level. Our work-

ing unit is located at the bureau level at

the province and and women empow-

erment section at kabupaten level. Themethod is through working out coope-

ration with women organization, NGO,

and several donors that have activities

as far down as the grassroot level.

While at the policy level we are work-

ing in coordination with technical

departments or working units at the

operational level.

What are the influencing fac-

tors for the inequality?Gender inequality is influenced,

first by socio cultural factor. Up to

now women are believed as the lady of

the house or the second person who

are often marginalized from taking any

role. Secondly, education. This is one

of the reasons why

women are always left

behind. The the third

factor is poverty that

makes women more

and more marginalized.

In reality, if women

were involved in deci-

sion making through

opportunity to express

their opinion and nego-

tiate at the village level

meeting, women would

be capable of winning

an important develop-

ment project such as

water supply and sani-tation. Women's opin-

ion must be heard because they care

the most. That's why we have to

involve women in water supply and

sanitation development through a

decision made at the village level

development planning.

What then is to be done?

We have to look how far is equality

between of men and women in reality.

Whether program sensitivity has pro-vided equal access? Has it provided

equal opportunity for participation?

Equitable decision making? And equi-

table benefit?

If the equality has been there, then we

can say that the program and its budget is

gender responsive.Bowo Leksono

INTERVIEW

Percik April 2007 10

SOURCE:BOWO LEKSONO


13/56

In line with the implementation of

decentralization and regionalautonomy, the government sets

aside in the national budget an alloca-

tion for the regions to finance the

needs of the regions, one that is called

Balance Fund. This is intended to

establish an equitable relationship in

terms of financing, public service and

benefit from natural and other

resources between the central and

regional governments and among the

regional governments.The balance fund consists of

Sharing Fund, General Allocation

Fund and Specific Allocation Fund

(DAK). In principle the three funds

are intended to finance the activities

that take place in or in conformance

with the regional demands, the differ-

ence lies in the scope of activities sup-

ported but each of the funds.

DAK is fund allocation to specific

region to help in the financing ofregional development activities which

are nationally prioritized.

While specific activities include the

development and/or procurement

and/or rehabilitation of basic facility

and community infrastructure with

long lasting economic value, including

procurement of support physical faci-lity. The basic services include educa-

tion, health, infrastructure (road, irri-

gation, and water supply), marine and

fishery, agriculture, regional govern-

ment infrastructures, and environ-

ment.

DAK Allocation for Water Supplyand Sanitation

As one of the basic needs the devel-

opment of water supply and sanitation

facility deserves funding subsidy from

DAK. This is stipulated in Finace

Ministerial Regulation No.

128/PKM.07/2006 on Allocation and

General Guidelines for theManagement of Spacial Allocation

Funds FY 2007. Pursuant to the regu-

lation in FY 2007 water supply and

sanitation is alloted Rp 1,206 trillion

or 6,21 percent Rp 17,094 trillion being

the total of DAK Non RB (Re-

forestation Budget). Reforestation

Buddget is the fund collected from for-

est concessioners for reforestation and

forest rehabilitation.

The portion for water and sanita-tion may look relatively small in com-

parison to the overall DAK Non RB

allotted by the government. This is

because water supply and sanitation is

not yet considered as specific item in

the budgeting system therefore it must

share with road and irrigation as part

of infrastructure development.

However, this proportion has

increased compared to it was two years

earlier when in 2005 water supply andsanitation portion of the DAK Non RB

was 5,07 percent and in 2006 it slight-

ly increased to 5,25 percent. Before

2005 water and sanitation sector did

not get anything from DAK.

In two years since 2005 one could

REGULATION


Special Allocation Fund for Water Supply

and Sanitation Development Pursuantto Finance Ministerial Regulation

No. 128/PMK.07/2006

DAK is fund allocation to

specific region to help in

the financing of specific

regional development

activities which are

nationally prioritized


14/56

notice the growing tendency of budget

increment. FY 2006 the allocation

increases by 0,18 percent from the pre-

vious year while FY 2007 it increases by

0,96 percent from FY 2006. This hope-

fully may in part erase the pessimism of

government half-heartedness in budget

provision for water and sanitation

development.

DAK allocation for water supply and

sanitation is intended to increase ser-

vice coverage and installation efficacy.

In more detail the fund is to be used for

repair works, construction of new facili-

ty for urban as well as rural communi-ties with scarce water source and dry

areas.

Beneficiary Region

To request for DAK fund allocation

the region must meet several criteria.

The criteria are classified as general,

specific and technical. As for general

criteria it is mentioned that DAK fund is

alloted to priority regions consisting of

ones with low fiscal capacity or belownational average. The capacity is based

on the balance between regional re-

venue (regional income, general aloca-

tion fund, and sharing fund) with the

total expenses for regional civil srvants

of Regional Budget 2005.

As for the specific criteria, the bene-

ficiary region of the following charac-

tristics (a) Papua province as a Special

Autonomy Region; (b) coastal and insu-

lar regions, regions located at a border

with other countries, remote/secluded

areas, and food resilience and tourist

destination areas; (c) flood/landslide

vulnerable areas, transmigration acco-

modating areas, areas with small islets

close to the border, areas with a general

allocation in 2007 does not increase,

food shortage and or drought vulnerable

areas, post conflict areas, and refugee

accomodating areas.

The technical criteria differ from one

sector with another. For water supply

and sanitation the criteria are deter-

mined by the Minister of Public Works.

The criteria include consideration of the

following aspects (a) number of desa or

kelurahan (desa/kelurahan as counting

unit); (b) number of desa/kelurahan

vulnerable to water shortage (desa/ke-

lurahan); (c) total population; (d) waste

water service coverage (percentage of

population); (e) solid waste service co-

verage (percentage of population); (f)

total inundation areas in Kabu-

paten/kota (ha); (g) total slum areas in

kabupaten/kota (ha); and (h) construc-

tion price index.

The Obligation of the Beneficiary

Region

Once a region is selected as DAK

beneficiary it has to make available a

counterpart budget at least 10 percent of

the total it is going to receive from the

central government and is also set aside

for physical construction. Physical

construction consist of activities other

than project administration, preparato-

ry activities, research, training, travel

expenses, and other project related ge-

neral activities. The obligation to set

aside a counterpart budget is intended

to measure the region's seriousness

about the DAK funded activity. Some

region, however, is exempted from the

obligation if its revenue equals or lessthan the total expenses for personnel.

In the implementation of the DAK

the Ministry of National Planning

(Bappenas) and the involved Technical

Ministry, in the name of central go-

vernment reserve the right to monitor

and conduct evaluation of the DAK

funded activity implementation and

operational procedures. As for the

DAK fund management the govern-

ment assigns the Ministry of Financeto undertake the necessary monitoring

and evaluation. In addition to the said

assignments the region is also obliged

to submit quarterly report containing

the detail implementation and DAK

fund disbursement to Ministries of

Finance, Technical and Home Affairs.

Any delay of failure to submit report

by a region may adversely affect the

said region and may cause delayed

DAK fund appropriation schedule.

Through the said regulations it is

hoped that DAK allocation may pro-

vide an opt imum support to the

nationally priorized regional develop-

ment. Afif Nu'man

REGULATION


The technicalcriteria differ from

one sector with

another. For water

supply and sanitation

the criteria are

determined by the

Minister of Public

Works


15/56

INSIGHT


Iam of the conviction that Kamal

Karr, a Bangladeshi, is the creator of

latrine development model that is

fully implemented by the community

(Community Total Led Sanitation). He

is a pragmatist. He does not like to be

tied in any one pole of social science

paradigm but he prefers mixing theminto a tool for social engineering to the

utmost possibility for improvement the

community wellbeing. He pays no heed

that among the scientists there are

sharp differences, each pole waving its

own banner and exclusively group

themselves and seldom exchange ideas

in a single forum.

Whether one admits it or not the

effort to manipulate the principles of

social science to engineer an influence

and ways of changing habit, has beenquite successful. Its applicability in

some areas in Indonesia has indicated

an excellent performance. How not? In

a relatively short time the habit of the

community who used to defecate in the

open has completely changed.

Household latrine with a model devel-

oped by the community itself is devel-

oped within a few months, and coverage

of users grows very fast up to 100 per-

cent. Something that never happened

before. Something phenomenal is quite

interesting, of course. How are we going

to explain it?

Performance in several areas

In Indonesia CLTS has been applied

in many areas, such as several villages of

Kabupaten Sambas (W. Kalimantan),

Muaro Jambi (Jambi), Bogor, W.

Lombok, and so on. Almost all the

regions applied the principles at an out-

standing result, not only in terms of

immediate absortion and growth in cov-

erage area but also the community self

reliance and willingness to together

change their habit and upholding social

control in various different ways.

The application of CLTS principles is

quite consistent. Several of the main

principles are summarized as the fol-

lowing:

1. Without any form of subsidy and

external inputs, such as stimulant

fund, material or toilet model.

2. The application of triggering andshocking the awareness level and

feeling of the target community

that they have been doing is a

wrong practice and faulty notion.

3. Growth of individual commitment

to immediately change the habit.

4. Facilitation is conducted in direct

language, tends to be harsh, with-

out pity.5. The basic assumption is that the

community is willing and capable

of liberating themselves from the

problem of defecation in the open.

In consistence to the above princi-

ples it seems that the mainstay of basic

sanitation development is the CLTS.

Several selected villages in Indonesia

are disqualified from the trial because of

the pity from the village administration

that tried to provide cash inputs to thecommunity out of a pure intention to

WHAT MAKES CLTS WORK?

(A Review from the Social Science Perspectives)

By: Alma Arief *)

SOURCE: DOK/POKJA AMPL


16/56

INSIGHT


make the objective be achieved faster

i.e the community build toilet at 100

percent coverage. Such an external

input is something to be avoided

because it does not comply with selfreliant CLTS model community and

conversely it will create dependency.

Pioneer in Indonesia

Immediately, after the trial has

indicated its success, various commu-

nities who have been concerned about

improvement of the habit of defeca-

tion in the open and improvement of

health and environment, were

shocked and astonished, just like see-

ing an achievement that have never

been achieved before. Is that really

so?

When speaking in statistical num-

bers, sanitation development achieve-

ment in Indonesia up to this time is

more of a sad story. The percentage

of the population without latrine is

high and in other words the percent-

age of those defecating in the open is

high.

Where do they defecate all thistime? In rivers, gardens, backyard,

bushes, etc. In short, anywhere in the

open. Because of this sad condition,

the term water closet (WC) for them

turns into sad satire. Some name it

with "flying WC" to mention a habit of

defecating in a sack and hurl it to a

garbage heap, some call "rotating

WC" refering to defecating behind a

thicket or a tree, and will move

around to avoid the sight of passer-

by, other term is "moving WC" said todefecating while carrying a stick to

drive away dogs or pigs that come

nearby to grab the faeces, again there

is the "plung lap WC" refers to defe-

cating in the river, said of the fact the

faeces dissapear into the mouths of

fish as it drops into water, and so on.

Some name pig or dog neck toilet

instead of goose neck because it is pig

or dog that takes the role of a latrine.

There is also "helicopter or hangingtoilet" for a wooden box for latrine

hanging above the river water.

There are millions who behave

thay way. Sanitation development

through stimulant promoted by the

government is growing too slowly if

not stationary. This is because low

community willingnes to adapt, to

change the age long habit. Research

data indicate that the time lapse

between one knowing about latrine

until he really builds one in his home

varies between 5 - 33 years, a very

long time span. From numerical

aspect that is a distressing develop-

ment performance. Unfortunately,

the development implementors seem

reluctant to learn from experience,

and always insist on the model they

design. Whereas in fact, there are

sanitation development with spectac-

ular results, that should inspire for

repetition in other places. Whoknows, that kamal Kharr was also

inspired from Indonesian cases, took

its substance, and synthesized it into

CLTS model.

Is that true that in Indonesia there

has never been a model capable of

making such an achievement, and is it

true that beneficiary community is

slow in responding the idea for

improvement of their own wellbeing?

In the village of Piyangang, Village

of Syawal (C.Java), village ofNeglasari, Gunung Sari, Sumur

Gintung, Kabupaten Subang

(W.Java) and Kab. E. Flores the basic

sanitation development has even

made a marvellous result.

In the village of Piyangang, Kabu-

paten Semarang, the achievement of

toilet construction was 100 percent

within only several years. There are

several methods developed by the

Puskesmas facilitator, among others: Manipulating the parents' love to

children, distributing simulant

assistance through schoolchild-

ren. Inserted here the hygiene

behaviour message and the dis-

tribution of the stimulant is

effected through the kindness of

schoolteacher who knows exact-

ly who among the children have

not household toilet.

At school each class has its own

toilet, a wash basin in every

classroom, and a small garden in

the school yard. Every year

there is a clean and beauty com-

petition of the hygiene facilities.

In this Piyangang village the

hygiene behariour message is

also disseminated through reli-

gious teacher who then explains

it to the jema'ah, and through

the PKK gatherings among

women of the village.In the village of Syawal, Banjar-

negara, C. Java the method is much

simpler. In a village whose communi-

ty used to defecate in a drainage

canal, in the dry season when the

water is low the stench is spreading

all over the place, but within a few

years the village is free from defecat-

ing in the open. Here the method is

placed more on the role of religious

teacher, school teacher (organized by

Muhammadiyah) and communityfacilitator. The embarassing village

indentity due to the enormous stench

was used as the identity to be elimi-

nated through religious gathering,

classroom teaching, and explanation

by community facilitator. Because of


17/56

INSIGHT


his achievement, the community

facilitator was frequently asked to

join a parade in a national event and

to explain his successes so that oth-ers could take lesson from him.

In the village of Lewoloba, E.

Flores the spectacular toilet develop-

ment achievement was made

through compulsion method and

imposing of economically heavy

sanction, and social embarrassment.

When this village was led by a retired

army serviceman, one of the priority

is toilet construction. During his

office the community was compelled

to build toilet so that within a shorttime all the households built a toilet.

The compulsion was followed by

imposing of economic and social

santion for those who failed to obey.

In the 17th of August commemora-

tion the families who had no toilet

were announced to the public, and

were fined with one hen or dog.

There was no community facilitator

involved, what was there was a firm

upholding of rule with sanction

behind it.

In the village of Neglasari,

Gunung Sari, Margahayu, Sumur

Gintung, Subang the the method is

highly normative following the

intensive participatory faciliattion

model. Several facilitators from

Yayasan Pradipta Paramitha they

invited the community to a FGD near

a toilet. The facilitation was con-

ducted intensively so that the com-

munity really understand the disad-vantages/risks of defecating in the

open, and what benefit they will gain

by building and using toilet. In rela-

tively short time, due to the intensive

facilitation, all families in the com-

munity built a toilet.

The lessons learned from the

cases are:

It is necessary to generate

awareness through formal aswell as non-formal education.

Transformation of knowledge

through religious teacher, com-

munity facilitator, Puskesmas

facilitator, school teacher, etc.

Imposing extrinsic sanction in

cash and in kind.

Imposing inrinsic sanction

through embarrassment, back-

wardness, etc.

Provision of reward (extrinsic)

for prestigiousindividual/group (group or

class competition).

Internal reward through social

acceptance, self respect, etc.

Provision of pressure through

influential group power (their

own children who are primary

school pupils).

Provision of pressure through

powerful institution (village

headman, retired member of

armed forces).

Triggering Factor

One thing peculiar in CLTS

model is the dramatising of the com-

munity awareness development

process, that in a short time capable

of making the community under-

stand the disadvantage of the habit

of defecating in the open and the

advantage of doing it in a hygienic

toilet. In organization developmenttheory in the section discussing

planned change, the term triggering

is more closely comparable with the

term unfreezing from Lewin's

planned change model than the two

other models, i.e action research and

contemporary action research mod-

els that are widely known in organi-

zation development theory. In the

unfreezing phase, a pshychologicaltransformation process is taking

place, in which a dismantling of

wanted and unwanted behaviours

occurs. In terms of time, this process

may sometimes produce tension

between the group who wishes a

change with one who doesn't.

In CLTS model the awareness

development process is dramatised

in such a way that shocks the com-

munity and opens their vision.

Through role playing on social map-ping for identification of the distri-

bution of settlement and who is defe-

cating in the open, role playing for

offering who is willing to drink faecal

contaminated water through offering

a glass of water mixed with a drop of

human faeces, and by calculating the

quantity of excrement contaminat-

ing the environment every day, and

taking a transect walk to places

where they usually do their defeca-

tion, have been able to really shock

the community's awareness and feel-

ing (affective as well as cognitive

aspects). This is where the aware-

ness process that is called the trig-

gering. The community becomes

aware that all this time they have

lived a non hygienic life, after they

are given explanation how pollutant

that quantitavely is enormous is

scattered around and through vari-

ous processes the pollutant contami-nates food and drink and finally

finds it way into the stomach.

At the time when the community

is in great shock from the short

awareness development process and

is in a highly guilty feeling, together


18/56

INSIGHT


they are asked to give their commit-

ment to change behaviour through

building a toilet. The participants of

the discussion are asked to clap their

hands each time an individual men-

tion his name and give his commit-

ment, and they are named the pioneer

hero of behavioural change.

At the final session of the trigger-

ing the community has had a plan to

build a toilet. Guided by the facilita-

tor, each of the paricipants will inform

the name and when he will finish the

toilet construction. The group of com-

munity members who has given its

commitment will serve as pioneer inbehavioural change, and will continu-

ously become the change control

group, just like a snowball that is

growing larger and larger, finally the

participants will reach 100 percent of

the community.

One of the determining phases of

CLTS model is the upholding of social

control. This varies widely. Some

activate children as spy force who

would directly inform other members

of the community of someone defecat-

ing in the open. Some compose songs

to embarrass those who defecate in

the open, and so on. This is the most

effective form of punishment and will

make the violator wary, more effective

than imposing a fine.

Social Science Perspective

As mentioned above, Kamal Karr

does not care about the polarization of

social science paradigms, he tends to

dissolve them into social engineering

for the good of the community. As a

matter fact there is in social science a

polarization wherein each school car-

ries its own banner. On one side

standing firmly scientists conceived as

naturalist school who analyse social

phenomenon scientifically assuming

that the community is similar with

nature or other object of science

whose behavioural order and princi-

ples can be determined, and therefore

can be measured by way of statistical

method. To this school of thought

belong several sub-groups such as

functional structure, conflict struc-

turalist that is further divided into

Marxist and Non-Marxist structural-

ist, and behaviorist sub-groups.

While on the other side standing

equally firmly the humanist group,

who sees man as a unique phenome-non that cannot be generalised or be

deduced its rules. The humanist

group strongly denies the naturalists'

views who reduce human values into

identical with natural objects, includ-

ing animal.

CLTS model uses various princi-

ples in each social science paradigm to

create behavioural change (manipu-

late social science principles) regard-

less to polarization of school of

thoughts, which, in realty is quite

intense. Several of the principles that

are manipulated to engineer CLTS:

Where are the theoretical compo-

nents of each of the school of thoughts

being manipulated for the engineer-

ing? Here is the explanation:

1. Social control: It comes in var-

ious different models, some uses chil-

dren to spy on who is defecating in the

open, some use songs to generate

embarrassment for the unwanted

practice, etc.

2. Socialization: intensive discus-

sion, dramatizing and role playing to

transfer experience and knowledge on

hygienic life. If successful this process

will give birth to a new norm and

value that serve as glue and collective

agreement.

3. Upholding of rules through a

strong/firm sanction. This process is

the continuation of social control with

a more concrete and mutually agreed

sanction.

4. Basically the inroduction of

hygiene behaviour inherently contains

conflicting aspect, i.e fighting for

hygienic space to live in. On one hand

stand a group who use to defecate in

the open, while on the other a renova-

tion group who wish to live hygienical-

ly, create a clean and healthy environ-

ment.5. Social integrity is established

by coercive power: Upholding of the

established and agreed norms and val-

ues is guarded together through

imposing a sanction which is essen-

tially a compulsion. Everyone must

obey, or suffer a consequence for

being considered uncivilized, being

ostracized, alluded to in any meeting,

announced during 17th of August

commemoration, and so on.

Essentially this is violence, insistence,

though not in terms of physical

encounter.

6. If there is benefit (reward) for

a certain activity, then the activity will

be sustained. The triggering partici-

pants will give their commitment to

change behaviour, because the facili-

tator is capable of explaining in every

way that they will be benefited if they

live hygienically. On the other hand, if

he fails, the community will never

obey him.

7. Man tends to avoid a behaviour

that does not give him any benefit or

reward, in other word man tends to

avoid punishment. In management

the principles as mentioned in 6. and


19/56

INSIGHT


7. are called the carrot and stick princi-

ples. Here man is assumed as an animal

looking for reward (carrot) and avoiding

punishment (stick). As with CLTS the

community will obey a common agree-ment governed under new norms and

values, otherwise he will undergo a pun-

ishment, becomes a laughingstock,

object of public taunt, public announce-

ment, etc. Although the punishment is

never corporal such as lashing. While if

one is obedient the reward is social

acceptance, improvement in health, etc.

8. The value of one thing or symp-

tom is obtained from social interaction

process. Up to now the community

defecates in the open because up to now

(since childhood) the knowledge taught

by the elders and other people around

them that river, garden, bushes, etc.

means a place for defecation, garbage

disposal, etc.

9. The value of one thing or symp-

tom will change through interaction

with other things or symptoms. In

CLTS it is obvious that the triggering

participants learn a new knowledge

about the meaning or river, garden,

bushes, etc. That those places are noplace for defecation. That defecation

must be properly managed so that the

environment becomes clean and

healthy. That defecation must be done

in a toilet, et cetera. The success in

introducing new meaning to a thing or

sysmptom highly depends on the skill of

the triggering facilitator.

10. The reaction to a certain symp-

tom or thing depends on the mind set

how the meaning of symptom or thing is

defined. If someone defines that river is

place for disposing of any waste inclu-

ding for defecation then he won't feel

guilty using river as place for defecation.

But if the definition has changed as

mentioned in 9. he will certainly feel

guilty and will no longer use it as place

for defecation. This change is strength-

ened if it is followed by common agree-

ment and application of santion (point

4).

Those are several principles in social

science that are manipulated in de-veloping CLTS engineering. If it is so,

then the CLTS principles have since a

long time before been in application in

Indonesia, as discussed above. Then

what makes it different that CLTS per-

formance has been so marvellous, pro-

ducing sky rocketing result at 100 per-

cent coverage within less than one year?

The answer is the triggering that

therein contains dramatization of com-

munity awareness through implanting

of new knowledge, and visual demon-

stration, and directly asking for commit-

ment for behavioural change and an

agenda when it will be put into action.

No less important is social control

which may come in various different

forms.

*) WASPOLA Consultant

STRUCTURE FUNC-

TIONALIST SCHOOL

Social control as a mech-

anism to control beha-

vioural deviation

Socialization of values

and norms to stabilize so-

cial system

BEHAVIORISTSCHOOL

Through experiment with certain

animal it is concluded that:

1. If beneficial (rewarding) in

doing a certain activity, the

activity will be maintained

2. Will avoid any unbeneficial/

rewardless activity or in other

words avoid punitive activity.

In management this is called

carrot and stick principle

HUMANIST/INTERAC-TIONIST SCHOOL

Each thing or symptom has a

specific meaning:

The meaning of a thing or

symptom is obtained

through social interaction

(the knwledge about name

of a thing or symptom is

obtained from intraction

with others)

The meaning of a thing orsymptom changes through

interaction with others

Response to a certain

symptom or thing depends

on the definition of the

meaning of the thing

STRUCTURALIST(MARXIST AND NON-

MARXIST) SCHOOL

- Establishment of social

order by force/ compulsion

- Harsh sanction for violator

- Conflict for control of scarce

resources as social reality

- Social integrity is esta-

blished through coercive

power


20/56

In the National WSS Development

Policy Implementation at Se-

marang last February Kabupaten

Pekalongan made a quite interesting

presentation. In front of 70 partici-

pants representing 50 kabupatens

from 9 provinces the Kabupaten

Pekalongan WSS-WG told the audi-

ence how they made a coordination

approach with the DAK (Special

Allocation Fund) 2006 funded water

supply project management.

The Pekalongan WSS-WG does

really care with the development and

this is translated into the best effort

they can take. Through preparation of

the beneficiary community, it is hoped

that the water supply facility could be

managed properly by the community.

Through this effort community man-

agement team was established in 11 vil-

lages to manage a facility called

"Village Water Utility" or Village

PDAM.

When it was time for workshop par-

ticipants to leave for DAK beneficiary

villages several questions were raised

to the management and the communi-

ty. In essence the participants wished

to know how far the community is

involved in the overall stages of devel-

opment from planning, implementa-

tion, and management. There is animpression that the community partic-

ipation does exist except in quite limit-

ed amount, at the time when the proj-

ect was about to be implemented. The

community was asked to determine the

site for deep well, but the reason for

deep well was selected none of commu-

nity knows anything about. During

implementation it turned out that

there was a need for additional distri-

bution pipes, the community held a

meeting and agreed to contribute.

Although it is still far from commu-

nity based management principles -in

which the decision lies with the com-

munity- but still the effort of the

Pekalongan WSS-WG in inviting com-

munity involvement should be com-

mended. It seems that effort bears

some hope as evidenced from the effec-

tively functioning facility. However,

facilitation must be given from time to

time because the facility employs a rel-

atively advanced technology for which

the required technical skill is not

always available in villages.

What is interesting from the

Pekalongan experience is the revela-

tion of a wrong perception regarding

the management of DAK. It seems

there is a belief that DAK funded activ-

ity falls right away from the central to

the region, and with such rigid regula-

tions it seems impossible for the region

to undertake any non physical prepara-

tion.

If only the DAK mechanism and re-

gulations were well understood by all

of the development implementers, theregions could have taken the best ben-

efit out of it. The DAK allocation

process is in essence designed as bot-

tom up mechanism. The first stage is

the regional government prepare a pro-

posal submitted to technical depart-

ment, in case of water supply it is to

Dept of Public Works. Then the techni-

cal minister submits the proposal to

Dept of Finance. The minister of

Finance accompanied by Minister of

Public Works and Home Affairs, and

Bappenas discuss the proposal to

Budget Committee of DPR

(Parliament). Finally Minister of

Finance decides DAK allocation for

each of the regions. It is clearly seen

that the role of regional government is

prerequisite, the initiative must come

from the regions. It should be recom-

mended that the region proposes activ-

ities that it is capable of doing by itself,

taking into consideration the commu-

nity preparedness, and the capacity of

the government itself.

In PP (Government Regulation)

No. 25 of 2005 on Balanced Budget

there is a mention that a Special

Allocation Fund (DAK) is fund origi-

nating from national revenue is allocat-

ed to specific regions for specific

regional activity in accordance with

national priority. The said specific

activity is development and/or pro-

curement and/or rehabilitation of

basic facility and infrastructure of the

community and long lasting economic

value, including procurement of sup-

port physical facility. Specifically with

water supply, DAK is intended for

rehabilitation works, improvement oflevel of service for optimum use, and

construction of new facility for are-

as/villages vulnerable to water scarcity

during dry season, using appropriate

technology and is located beyond the

existing PDAM/PAM distribution net-

work, at village scale coverage and is

managed by the local community.

INSIGHT


Lesson from Pekalongan in Optimizing DAK for Water Supply

Regardless of the Funding Source,

What Counts Most is the Planning

By: Sofyan Iskandar


21/56

There are certain rules that must be

observed in relations to DAK, such as:

The beneficiary region must speci-

fically mention the DAK allocation

and what is paid for.

DAK is used in accordance with

the Technical Guidelines on Use of

DAK fund.

DAK is not to be used for adminis-

tration purposes, preparation of

physical construction, research,

training and travel expenses.

The beneficiary region is obliged

to provide counterpart budget for

a particular DAK at least 10% of

the DAK amount.

Counterpart budget is used to pay

for technical construction costs.

From the rules it is obvious that

DAK provides only room for physical

construction, not for preliminary activ-

ities, training, and so on. Even thecounterpart budget provided by the

region is also for physical construction.

The question now is, whether the pre-

liminary activities are not needed or

they are necessary but they may not use

DAK fund. Whereas in fact the real

intention is the development of a facili-

ty that is effectively used and sustain-

ably managed by the user community.

This can be seen from the technical

guidelines issued by the Minister of

Public Works. For DAK 2006 imple-

mentation, it is clearly seen that the

definite plan must be prepared in con-

sideration of the program formulation

phases, screening and site selection,

budget calculation, and method of

implementation. Pursuant to the

abovementioned rules, the preparatory

activities including community prepa-

ration is an inherent part of the region-

al government responsibility. This is

made clear in the attachment of the

regulation in which the evaluation of

the implementation progress includes

three categories, namely i) preparation,

consisting of availability of counterpart

budget, fixed plan, letter of appoint-

ment, socialization of the activities

within the community, ii) implementa-tion, consisting of tender process, con-

tracting, actual activity, tranfer of proj-

ect, and post project activity consisting

of community management team,

effective use by the community.

It is obvious that DAK funded water

supply program is an activity that

needs specific attention from the very

beginning, during implementation and

post implementation. It is still a ques-

tion how far the regional government

could classify which of the activities are

directly paid by DAK and which ones by

the internal budget as part of regionalresponsibility in WSS development.

Imagine a kabupaten that has its

water supply development plan. It has

divided the region into zones and prior-

ity for development. Some areas are

assigned for PDAM service expansion,

some are intended for community

based facility. Based on the priorities,

inter-agency working group begins

facilitation for demand evaluation to

determine the priority area/village.

Through a guidance provided, the vil-

lage is motivated to develop its water

supply development plan, consisting

of: selection of water source, distribu-

tion system, im-plementation mecha-

nism, contribution, and O&M plan. All

these activities will, of course, need

financing, of which the regional budget

would provide. The question is now

which of the acivities is to be funded by

DAK and which one is fully paid from

the regional budget as part of regional

responsibilty in water supply sector

development.

From the village proposals then the

regional government proposes the

funding to various different sources

including the DAK. As the fund is

available the physical construction can

immediately start without any mean-

ingful preparation.

The limitation of DAK fund for

physical construction does not mean

that the activity can be implemented

without community preparation. Ra-

ther, it is implied therein that the re-gional government assumes the res-

ponsibility for comprehensive and

pragmatic planning. In this respect the

regional government of Kabupaten

Pekalongan deserves a high commend

for all its efforts in preparing her com-

munity to support the DAK funded

water supply in the area.

INSIGHT


SOURCE:BOWO LEKSONO


22/56

Since the beginning of regional

autonomy in 2001, the city of

Batu has officially been an

autonomous region separated from

Kabupaten Malang. This moun-

taineous city is famous for its fertile

soil, cool and beautiful scenery quite

suitable for tourism and recreation

area. Further, Batu is welknown for

dairy farms and home industries such

as tempe and tofu and broiler chicken

raising. Consequently it is necessary to

take serious attention to the environ-

mental issues caused by wastes from

animal raising and home industry.

The attention is translated into tak-

ing benefit from the wastes -solid as

well as liquid- as alternative fuel and

farm manure production.

The Potential

The city has a lot of water springs

(111 in all) as source of water supply

and irrigation for some part of E. Java.

With this potential it is suitable for cat-

tle farming. There are about 6.000

milking cows spread in the

Kecamatans of Bumiaji, Batu and

Junrejo. In addition there are 165

home industries producing tempe and

tofu and broiler chicken raising. Theseindustries are scattered in the keca-

matans of Batu and Junrejo.

The area with fertile soils and cool

climate is ideal for microorganism for

biogas and farm manure production.

What is left now is how to introduce

changes to the community that waste is

not an enemy, rather it is a useful

friend. This inducement should start

from taking benefit from waste materi-

als (from tofu, tempe, chicken and cat-

tle) to produce biogas as alternative

source of energy and production of

farm manure.

However, the treatment of these

wastes must consider sanitation and

final disposal of the waste water in

order to prevent environmental pollu-

tion and sustain water quality.

Community Involvement

In every community based program

it must start from socialization in order

to make the community understand

the purpose and the benefit from the

program. This program is no differ-

ence.

The program was put into reality

through labour intensive activity espe-

cially by thos who were to directly ben-

efit from the program. In view of long

term use the community must first

INSIGHT


Waste is a Friend Instead of an EnemyA Community Based Biogas Plant at Batu,

East Java

By: Muji Dwi Leksono, S.H., M.M.

SOURCE:EXCLUSIVE


23/56

agree with the site of digester.

The installation is managed com-

munally among the owners of cattle

and puoltry farmers and small indus-

tries. In the event of the transfer ofthe installation by the local govern-

ment emphasized the management to

take care the installation in order to

last long.

Benefit of Technology

In the treatment of liquid waste for

the benefit of the community it is nec-

essary for the selection of an applied

technology considering low construc-

tion cost, simplicity in operation and

low O&M cost.

In connection with applied tech-

nology in biogas production it is

necessary to make BOD5 content

(Biochemical Oxygen Demand) i.e

the amount of oxygen in ml/litre

required for completely oxydize the

organic matter of a water sample in

5 days, and COD (chemical Oxygen

Demand), the amount of oxygen for

chemical decomposition of organic

matter.

The wastewater treatment facility

produces methane gas as alternative

energy and farm manure. Most

importantly that it reduces environ-

mental pollution. A test indicates that

BOD5 and COD levels decrease by 90

percent.

The Product

Each program implementation

must be directed towards an expected

target for evaluation of similar effort

in the future. The product of this

activity is the resolution of pollutionproblems caused by liquid waste from

tofu, tempe industry, poultry farm

and cattle raising. This is evidenced

from the drop of BOD5 and COD by

90 percent in river water.

Therefore the environment will

remain clean, healthy and helps to

improve aesthetique because solid as

well as liquid waste is properly con-

tained. Methane (CH4) gas producedis an alternative source of energy for

cooking and lighting.

The slurry produced has an eco-

nomic value because it can be sold as

ready for use manure, thus it helps to

support household income.

Improvement of community par-

ticipation and introduction of appro-

priate technology in environmental

management will significantly con-

tribute to eradication of the negative

notion to waste material. That liquid

as well as solid waste is useful in sup-

porting and makling the burden of the

community lighter from increase of

fuel price, the biogas and and electric-

ity produced from waste treatmen

facility as an alternative source of

energy.

Environmental issue is our com-

mon responsibility to maintain since

it is the initial capital and important

factor for community wellbeing. It is

therefore necessary to have a strategymake it into reality and capacity and

willingness of both t

gender issue in water and sanitation. percik. indonesia water and sanitation magazine. april 2007

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