genito-urinary tract radio
TRANSCRIPT
Genito-urinary Tract Radiology
Department of Radiology
FEU-NRMF Medical Center
Kidneys
• BEAN SHAPED ORGANS FOR EXCRETION
• ANATOMY
1. Location – upper lumbar
and thoracic
spines
- descends by 2-3 cm
in upright films
- right kidney is lower
– than the left
• - axis is parallel to the
• lateral border of the
• psoas muscle
DORSAL VIEW
KIDNEYS AND THE GUT
Kidneys
• General Rule:
Adults 3.7 + 0.37 x ht. of
L2 vertebra
Filipino – RK =11.8 + 0.8
- LK = 12.3 + 0.7cm
Children (1-14 y/o) equal to
length of 1st four lumbar
vertebra and disc
spaces
MRI- CORONAL SLICES
NORMAL PLANE OF THE KIDNEYS
ANATOMY OF THE CALYCES AND RENAL PELVIS IN IVP
ANATOMY OF THE CALYCES AND RENAL PELVIS IN IVP
NORMAL AXIAL CT SLICES
NORMAL RENAL ARTERIES IN CT ANGIOGRAM
Ureter
• URETER
Three points of narrowing:
• 1. uretero-pelvic junction
• 2. uretero-vesical junction
3. bifurcation of iliac
vessels
Urinary Bladder
• - projects above the
symphysis pubis
approximately 5-10mm
METHODS OF EXAMINATION
1. Plain film2. Excretory urography (IVP)3. Retrograde urography4. Renal angiography5. Translumbar aortography6. Renal Venography7. Nephrotomography8. Percutaneous antegrade pyelography9. Voiding cystography or cystourethrogram10.Cystography11.Extraperitoneal pneumography12.Ultrasound13.CT scan
METHODS OF EXAMINATION
1. KUB - evaluation of
renal size, shape,
and position
- includes the kidneys,
ureters and bladder
- evaluation of presence of calcifications
- shows adequacy of preparation
KUB SCOUT OR PLAIN FILM
METHODS OF EXAMINATION
• Retrograde Pyelography
- radiographs taken after instillation of contrast media via catheter
– - confirms findings suspected to IVP
– - done if excretory urogram
– is unsatisfactory
Advantages
• 1. direct visualization of calyces under controlled pressure
Disadvantages
• 1. ascending infection
• 2. perforation with hemorrhage
• 3. post manipulative stricture or fibrosis
VOIDING CYSTOGRAM, WITH MILD REFLUX
METHODS OF EXAMINATION
EXCRETOY UROGRAPHY
or Intravenous Pyelography (I.V.P.)
• Advantages of I.V.P.
-test of renal function
-less complication of ascending
infection
Contraindications:
1. hypersensitivity to contrast media
2. presence of combined hepatic and renal disease
3. oliguria
4. serum creatinine
of >7 mg/100 ml
multiple myeloma
>RENAL PAPILLA ARE CUP-SHAPED
>NO ABNORMAL FILLING DEFECTS
>PELVOCALYSES ARE NOT DILATED
>URETERS ARE 3-5 MM IN DIAMETER
> BLADDER IS LOCATE ABOVE THE PELVIC BRIM, MODERATELY DILATED WITH NO FILLING DEFECTS
NORMAL PYELOGRAM
METHODS OF EXAMINATION
• Ultrasound
• - detects abnormality of
the kidneys and urinary
bladder
• - delineation of solid from
cystic masses
detection of lithiasis and
hydronephrosis
NORMAL SONOGRAM OF THE LEFT KIDNEY
LEFT
KIDNEY
SPLEEN
NORMAL SONOGRAM ANATOMY OF THE RIGHT KIDNEY
LIVER
RIGHT
KIDNEY
NORMAL SONOGRAM ANATOMY OF THE RIGHT KIDNEY
LIVER
RIGHT
KIDNEY
NORMAL SONOGRAM, RIGHT KIDNEY, TRANSVERSE PLANE
NORMAL SONOGRAM OF THE URINARY BLADDER
Anomalies of the Kidney
I. Number
• A. Renal Agenesis
- rare anomaly
- larger in patients
with agenesis than
those due to
secondary
compensatory
hyperplasia
• B. Supernumerary kidney
Anomalies of the Kidney• II. Size – more common than anomalies in number
• A. Hypoplasia (infantile)
– - associated with hyperplasia of the other kidney
– - functions normally
- should be differentiated from acquired atrophic
kidney due to vascular or inflammatory disease
• Differences between hypoplasia and atrophy
Hypoplasia Atrophy
• 1. Calyceal system and pelvis small normal
• 2. Relationship of parenchyma
and size of collecting system normal abnormal (dec size)
• 3. Function normal impaired
• B. Hyperplasia
• - associated with agenesis or hypoplasia of the other side
Anomalies of the Kidney
• III. Fusion (Alteration in form)
1. Horseshoe kidney – most common type
- lower pole joined by soft tissue called isthmus
- one or both kidneys are malrotated
1. Crossed Ectopy – with or without fusion
- - lower one is ectopic
- - might be associated with partial obstruction
leading to
infection and calculus formation
2. Caked kidney – fusion of both upper and lower poles
-
Anomalies of the Kidney
• IV. Position
1. Malrotation – almost constantly present in fusion anomalies
2. Crossed ectopy – without fusion
– - ectopic kidney is low in position
3. Superior ectopia or thoracic kidney – usually unilateral
– - associated with herniation at foramen of
– Bochdalek or congenital eventration of
– diaphragm
4. Nephroptosis – abnormal downward displacement of the kidney
more than the width of a lumbar vertebrae
- frequent in the right and females
PELVIC KIDNEYS
CROSSED ECTOPIA, LEFT KIDNEY
HORSESHOE KIDNEYS
ANOMALIES OF THE RENAL PELVIS AND URETER
a. Bifid pelvis – division of upper and lower pole calyces
b. Complete duplication of ureter – upper ureter drains the upper
3rd of the kidney and is ventral; enters in a lower and
medial position
– - lower ureter drains the lower 2/3 of the kidney and
– enters the bladder in an upper and lateral position
c. Incomplete duplication of ureter
COMPLETE DUPLICATION OF THE LEFT URETER
COMPLETE DUPLICATION OF THE LEFT URETER
RENAL CALCULI, LEFT KIDNEY
RENAL CALCULI, LEFT KIDNEY
NORMAL PYELOGRAM
>RENAL PAPILLA ARE CUP-SHAPED
>NO ABNORMAL FILLING DEFECTS
>PELVOCALYSES ARE NOT DILATED
>URETERS ARE 3-5 MM IN DIAMETER
> BLADDER IS LOCATE ABOVE THE PELVIC BRIM, MODERATELY DILATED WITH NO FILLING DEFECTS
STAGHORN CALCULI
IRREGULAR CALCIFIC DENSITIES IN THE PARALUMBAR AREAS, HAVING THE CONFIGURATION OF THE CALYCES
OBSTRUCTING PROXIMAL URETEROLITHIASIS LEFT WITH HYDRONEPHROSIS
HYDRONEPHROSIS, BILATERAL
HYDRONEPHROSIS, RK
IVP SHOWING HYDRONEPHROSIS, LK
CORRELATED WITH ULTRASOUND
NEPHROLITHIASIS WITH HYDRONEPHROSIS
DILATED CALYCES
ECHOGENIC STONE
POSTERIOR SONIC SHADOWING
PELVOCALIECTASIA
DILATATION OF THE PELVOCALYCES
COMMONLY FROM OBSTRUCTING NEPHRO OR PROXIMAL URETEROLITHIASIS
MAY ALSO BE SEEN IN PREGNANT WOMEN
PROXIMAL URETEROLITHIASIS
PLAIN KUB FILMULTRASOUND
BILATERAL URETEROLITHIASES
CYSTOLITHIASIS
X-RAY- LAMELLATED CALCIFIC DENSITY IN THE PELVIC AREA
ULTRASOUND-MOVABLE ECHOGENIC FOCI IN THE BLADDER
RENAL CALCULI, BOTH KIDNEYS
CYSTIC CHANGES OF THE KIDNEYS, CT SCAN
POLYCYSTIC KIDNEYS DISEASE WITH EXTRARENAL CYSTS
RENAL CYST, LEFT KIDNEY
CYSTIC CHANGES OF THE KIDNEYS, USG
RENAL CELL CA, CT SCAN
RENAL TRAUMA, CT SCAN
URETEROCELE, LEFT, COBRA HEAD SIGN
VOIDING CYSTOGRAM, WITH MILD REFLUX