Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly

G404 Geobiology

Kardong 1995, Vertebrates

from bone and teeth

Geochemistry and Histological Inferences

Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly

G404 Geobiology

Photo credit

Structure of a mammal bone

Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly

G404 Geobiology

Hildebrand, 1988, Analysis of Vertebrate Structure)

Long bone growth in mammalslong bones grow form cartilage and membrane precursors

usually there are epiphseal cartilages at the ends and a diaphysis cartilage in the shaft, which ossify separately

lengthening occurs by growth of the diaphysis where it meets the epiphyses, thickening occurs by concentric apposition of bone along the diaphysis

remodelling of bone occurs continuously in healthy

Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly

G404 Geobiology

Order of epiphyseal fusions and approximate age at fusion in humans

Bone Female Male

Humerus Proximal 15.8* – 18.2 16.0 – 18.2

Distal 13.4 – 16.4 14.0 – 16.4

Medial epicon. 10.0 – 14.0 12.0 – 14.0

Ulna Proximal 13.10 – 15.0 14.0 – 15.0

Femur Head 13.4 – 16.4 14.0 – 16.4

Distal 14.0 – 17.0 14.0 – 16.4

Tibia Proximal 14.0 – 18.0 15.0 – 18.0

Distal 13.0 – 18.0 14.9 – 18.0

Fibula Proximal 14.0 – 18.0 16.0 – 18.0

Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly

G404 Geobiology

Kardong 1995, Vertebrates

Structure of mammalian boneHaversian system - blood vessels nourish osteocytes, chondrocytes, and provide minerals for bone deposition in concentric rings around the vessels

Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly

G404 Geobiology

(Martill, 1991, Bones as stones)

Histology of fossil boneOsteons (or Haversian structures

Jurassic age plesiosaurModern bone

Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly

G404 Geobiology

Padian, Horner and de Ricqlès, 2004, J. Vert. Paleo, 24: 555-571.

Bone histology and the rate of growth in dinosaurs

Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly

G404 Geobiology

Padian, Horner and de Ricqlès, 2004, J. Vert. Paleo, 24: 555-571.

Bone histology and rate of growth in dinosaurs

Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly

G404 Geobiology

Koch, Isotopic study of the biology of modern and fossil vertebrates

Isotope systems in vertebrate tissues

Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly

G404 Geobiology

Bone collagen fibers

Polypeptide chain

Collagen molecule

Fibril

Fiber

Fiber bundle

glycine

proline

Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly

G404 Geobiology

Topolov et al. , 2010

Hydrogen isotopes in bonethe ratio of deuterium (H2) decreases away from oceans and tropics

animals and plants incorporate this ratio in their bodies, including collagen

Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly

G404 Geobiology

Topalov et al, 2010

Ratio of deuterium is modified as animals eat plants, and animals eat animals

Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly

G404 Geobiology

Structure of teeth

crown

root

cervical margin

apical

coronal

Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly

G404 Geobiology

Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly

G404 Geobiology

Tooth development

Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly

G404 Geobiology

Tooth germs

future tooth crown

enamel organ

Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly

G404 Geobiology

Stages of tooth development

Tooth development proceeds as epithelial-mesenchyme interaction,

much like hair, feathers, and other structures

Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly

G404 Geobiology

Embryonic origins

Ectodermal origin(enamel)

Neural Crest Origin(all other tooth tissues)

Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly

G404 Geobiology

Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly

G404 Geobiology

Scientific papers for further readingFox-Dobbs, K., J. K. Bump, R. O. Peterson, D. L. Fox, and P. L. Koch. 2007. Carnivore-specific stable isotope variables and variation in the foraging ecology of modern and ancient wolf populations: case studies from Isle Royale, Minnesota and La Brea. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 85: 458-471.

Koch, P. 2008. Isotopic study of the biology of modern and fossil vertebrates. Pp. 99-154 in R. Michner and K. Lajtha (eds.), Stable Isotopes in Ecology and Environmental Science. Blackwell: Oxford, United Kingdom.

Padian, K., J. R. Horner and A. de Ricqlès. 2004. Growth in small dinosaurs and pterosaurs: the evolution of archosaurian growth strategies. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 24: 555-571.