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OTS:60-11,778 JPRS:285913JuneI960

LENIN'S TEACHINGS O NRUTHND MODERNCIENCE

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ReproducedFrom BestAvailableCopy By. Kursanov

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J P R S :2859O S O :3885-NLENIN'STEACHINGSOKTRUTHANDMODERNSCIENCE[FollowingIsatranslationofanarticle~by G,A.KursanovinPriroda(Nature),Vol.XLVIII,No.9,1959,pages3-10].

InLenin's worksofgenius"MaterialismandSpiriocritieism"and"PhilosophicalNotebooks"profoundideasaredevelopedinthedoctrineontruth,whicharebeingcontinuallyconfirmedincontemporaryscienceandractice..I .Lenindeveloped hisideasbasedonthemostimpor-tantthesislaiddownbyKarxandEngelsandusing andcriticallyeval-uatingHegel'sconceptionof truth}hegeneralisedthemostrecentdatafurnishedbyscientificcognitionof the worldandthedevelopmentofsocialrelationsofhisepoch.imultaneouslyhesubjectstheviewsontruthof Machism,Neo-Kantismandpragmatismtoprofoundandmany-sidedcriticism.

V.I .Lenin'sdevelopmentoftheideaoftruthisbased,inou ropinion,onthefollowinggnosiologlcslprinciplestonrecognitionofth edecisiveroleofracticeincognitionasitsbasisand movingorce,asthemaingoalofcognitionandasthedeterminingcriterionoftruth;andnanalysisofth econtradictorynatureoftheprocessofcognitionofheworldofman.asedonthis,V.I .Leninconsiderstruthinthefirstplaceasaprocessoftheeflectionintheconscicuenessof manofthelawsofthematerialworldjintheecondplaceasadefiniteconcrete-historicalresultof cognitionofthe world?inthethirdplaceitshowsthecontradictorycharacteroftruthasanexpres-

sionofthecontradictorynatureofth eentireprocessofcognition.


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Atthesametime,Leninalwaysmphaaisedthegreat activeroleofhumanreasonincognitionoftheworld.orthisreasonitispossible,guided byLenin'sthesis,todefinetrui . t o d a yasfollowsruthistheprocessofhereflectionintheconsciousnessof ma nof .thgJag,"of thematerialworld,whileatthesametime,menformsascientifiopictureofthe world.

Itisalsonecessary,inouropinion,toemphasisethatthereisonlyonetruth,butitcanbedescribedfrom variouslogicalsides*from thepointof viewofitsobjective,absolute,relativeorconcretenature.twasthesepointsof viewinthedoctrinentruthwhichweredevelopedespeciallyprofoundly inthe philosophical worksofV.I .Lsain.

The leotivonesBfrutht Thedeafhebjectivesesftruthsentralohedoctrinefruthneneralofdialecticalmaterialism,whichwasevelopedromellidesyV..enin. Con-eideringruthas process,emphasiseshathisrocessshecoincidencefhehoughtwithhebject,whileheentireprocessfcognitionroceedsfrom ubjectiveonceptnd ubjeotivegoaloobjectiveruth."1) Inddition,..eninonsistentlyndundeyi-atinglyholdsohehoughthattoecognizeobjectiveruth"shesamehingstoholdohematerialistheoryofognition."2) The objectivityfruthsheeterminingbasisfallotherogioaldescriptionfruth-tsabsolute,elativendoonoreteharacter.O nhisevel,henlyorreetonoeptofruthneneralsheconceptfobjectiveruth truthslwaysndnveryoaseobjec-tiveruth. A theam eime7..eninlwayspointsuthat* (seeootnotestndfeport)


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theonceptfbjectiveruthswhollydeterminedbyheriticismitofractice,ithoutwhich/isointlessoalkaboutruthatall.Theogicalesoeptofobjectiveruthanoolmrmetrl*edn

twoaye. Inheirstplace,bjectiveroth,ssruths.aaaeral,is eflectionnheonsciousnessofsanofheattributesfnd'linksndelationbetweenobjeotsfhemterialworld-hatwhichHegelepeatedlyallsheoincidenceofheonceptwitheality,accordancefobjectiveswithheoncept,hedentityofheon-ceptand'objeotlreness* Inpiteofheobviousndlearnaturefhegivenlpais,tsofsportano*nprinciplendsirectedagainstsubjectivismnogssitioneneralndagainstvariousubjectiveoecpisfruthnarticular* Inheeoondplacet e .V..minspaeiallynE&*six8,beubjectivenatureofruthassistsBhattheontmtofourknowledgeonotdependnheubject,eessotdependenhe huneingornhuisanity.

fidshesigcquirespecialignificanceaheightofhedevelopssentofontemporarycientificnowledge,

Letusecalleatalreadynhis workM arxismand*eviionim*?*.eninnpfaftalxedhat,fgtoaetrioalaxlonwereoosaeupag.isthenterestsfpeopleheywouldprobablybeefuted lhatheabsoluteawofaature-heawofheonservationofwetternd

motion. efutesllassertionfdealistsndheologiansnhe4struetlo&faattwrndbeminofiu world. Ithusnaturalthat,nheoursefmaaydecades,thasbeenubjectedby& emoth@iercestatteksshilephysicaldealistsnd theologianstrive


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tointerpretthemostrecentdiscoveriesofsciencetendentiously,soastocreatetheappearancethatthisuniversallawof naturehasnotbeenfulfilled.nthecontemporaryperiodon eof thesharpestsuohoLattemptswerespeculationswith thephenomenon/-disintegration,intheprooessof whichitatfirstappeared,thatthelawsof theconservationof energyand themomentof thequantityof motion whichexpresstheabsolutelawofnaturefromtheconcreteside,wereinfringed.heopponentsof materialismsa waninfringementof thelaw oftheconser-vationofenergyinthefactthattheatomicnucleiof agivenradio-

activeisotopeinth e^-disintegrationloseanidenticalquantity ofenergy,whiletheenergyoftheelectronseradiatedinthishasdiffer-entvalueserethendoestheremainingpartof thenuclearenergydisappearto?ouldthispossiblybeaninfringementof thelawofconservation withalltheoonaequeaceeresultingfromit?

No,naturally,therecanherealsobenoquestionofanyinfringe-mentof thelaw*twassoonaftersuggestedandlaterestablishedfirmlythatintheB~disintegration,inadditiontotheelectron( o rpositron)avery smallparticleof neutrinoisemitted,whiohcarrieswithitadefiniteamountofenergyequaltothedifferencebetweenth e maximumenergyErwhichwaslostbythenucleusandtheenergyoftheeleotronowever,thedistributionofenergybetweentheelectronandtheneutrinomayvary.his wasa new,brilliantconfirmationoftheobjectivetruthof theabsolutelawof nature,thesenseandcon-tentofwhichdonotatalldependonthesubjectiveopinions anddesiresoftheidee listsnndtheologians.tthesametime,the


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objectivetruthoftrulyscientificlaws,theoriesandideasisthegr&nitebaseforthefurtherfruitfuldevelopmentofscience

Theprincipleoftheobjectivityoftruthhasnot onlydecisivetheoreticalsignificanceincognition,butalsomakesitpossibletoexplaintheroleandsignificanceofscienceinthepracticalactivityandlifeofman,egelalready,in"ThePhenomenologyoftheSpirit"showedthatanwithhisreason,by masteringasacognitivesubjectthaobjectopposedtoh l a i ,istransformed fromaslaveintoa masterI f ,saysH e g e l , ,"theessenceofdominationisthereverseof whatitwantstobe,thenslaveryalso4init sfinalresult,becomesthaoppositeofwhati sseemsdirectly?asitisalienatedinitself,thisconscious-nessreturnstoitself'andturnstotruein dependence.'hi strueiadepsndeacsacquired bythecognitivesubjectbyfillinghiscon-sciousnesswithobjectively-truecontent*nhis- w o r k s"MaterialismandEmpiriooritiolsm*,1 I .Leningivesaclassicalformulation,whichexpressesthe mostimportant, thoughtonthesupremacyof manoverth esurrounding worldbecauseofMBobjectively-truecognition*Supre-macy overnaturewhichismanifestednthepracticeof humanity,istheresultofanobjective-faithfulreflectioninthehumanbrainofphenomenaandprocessesofnaturejitisproof.thatthereflection...

th eisobjective,absoluteandeternaltruth"'*)nthelightof/contem-poraryscientificachievementsofhumanity,thisLeninistthoughtwasbrilliantlyconfirmedhecreationofartificialearthsatellitesandth efirstartificialplanetofthesolarsystemisanexpressionofprofoundpenetrationintotheobjectiveawsofthemovementofearth


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an dheavenlybodies, theeraofnterplanetaryravelndonquestofworldpacehasegunndhisignifieshebeginningof newepochof [email protected] f l& nover nature, upremacyachievedyobjec-tively rueognitionoftsaws. Obviously, ,hisdidnotosseaboutuddenly,notikea eu*xfeohiaftj,utas esultof oagandomplicatedprocessofheevelopmentofussamowledge,sresultofuninterruptedndacrendorerofounddiscoveryby aafheretoforenaccessibleecreteofisatare

Finally,tgnecessaryoemark,hatheseeninistdeasntheunderstanding ofheobjectivityofruthareheomple teaati-thesisndhowhegroundlessnessfheassertionsfhegaoaiolo-gistaofragmatism withheirttstruatesitalonceptionofruth Asswell-known,,heogicalo&sequeaceofhisoncept^songastservessnecessarytastruQuaatsnhebiologicaladaptationohe environment uitendependentofm&againstheobjective ruesensndignificanceofallouroaeeptandheories theopposi-tion fMantistoragB&tistheoryof truthwaslearlyexpressedbyeninnheollowingwords aToonsiderruthsnoagtru-ffijaatofognitionmeangnessenceoooveroheideofgnosticism,

rurtkerraorei.eobandonm&iterlelisiB. ' / outstandingsabersfntalianpragsatistocietywithhepretentiousaseLeonardo*rrivedatnassertionofhedmtityofruthndieei). Th i sollowsompletely"logically"rsaheonceptofnstrumentalisndhedenialofheobjectivenatureofruth*

Ekeontradictorynatureofheprocessfheogpaiitlofru t&fr


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Hb*dialectiesfhebsolutendelativenaturefruth. Thero-cessofheoogitiefruthsherocessfohie-ringhebjec-tiveruthofheheories,oncepts, lawsndtherormsfaannought Undoubtedlynhisrocesstertain,olebelongsoivecontemplation,whenensations,erceptionndmoeptsriaauntnconsciousness* Nevertheless,heealprocessofettingonowhetruthbeginswithhiseofcientifichoughts Atheam eirosalways,seninointsut,racticehecksnndonfirmshbjec-tiveruthofoureverytepaognitionfheworld,tartingromelementaryensualonceptsndnding, withhighercientificabstrao-tioas-andcientificdeas

Inroceedingo iscussion ofhdialecticofeerocessftheogaitloafruth,.* Ieninhighlyv*lusegel'*hought, thattruthsealisedonlyshemtotalofll-sidesfeality, iaallthvarietyoftsenaectlORS andelations. Forhiseasonts

,naturalhathrooessfheognitionfruthsnninterruptedadsdl.esna7antfumannowledgeromheppearanceoh-


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ledgeofalllawsofthesurroundingworld.herelativenatureo ftruthischaracterizedbytheapproximatenatureofou rknowledge,th edefinitedegreeofthepenetrationo fou rconsciousnessintoth einex-haustibleessenceof matter,thedefinitelevelofhumanknowledgeachievedinanygivenepochtth esametime,aswasstated above,theabsoluteendelativenatureoftruthareentirelybased- aslogicalcharacteristicsoftruth-onitsobjectivecharacter.T h e absolutenessSKwell a t ?therelativityhave meaningandsignificanceonlyinconnectionwithth eobjectivityoftruth,withoutwhichalldiscussionsoftruthb e c o a i e nonsense*

I nthehistoricprocessof thecognitionoftruththemutualandcontradictoryconnectionbetweenitsabsolutenessandrelativityi srevealedt mustbe-mentionedbytheway,thatthisconnectionwasintuitivelypointedou tinancientIndianphilosophyandthephiloso-phyofJ s . i r . i s m andespeciallyinBuddhistphilosophyntheon ehand,theabsolutenatureoftheworldi srealizedinanuninterruptedseriesofrelatively-truetheseswithaneverincreasingdegreeofprofundityandccuraoy,reflectingth einfinitelycompliestedlawsofthematerialw o r l d ,ut,entheotherhand,therelativityoftruthisatthesamet i s i ealsoitsabsoluteness;thusseveryrelatively-truestepinthecog-nitionofthe world,meansasteptowardscognitionofthefull,absolute,inexhaustiblecontentofreality.hi sisageneraldialecticlaw oftheentireprocessofhumancognitionwhichisbeingrealizedinmanysectorsofscientificknowledge*

Letusillustratethis withacharacteristicfactinthedevelop-mentofcontemporary science.neofthefruitfulideasofthetheory

~~ * " "


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ofelativityshedeeofheependenceofheeometricalattri-butesfpacenthysicalnature,ndeawhichTOStotedoutalreadybyrt*flh*vsWyandUaun.i^orloalJy,hefirsttepntheognitionofmetricalattributesfpaaswasheeometryofBuelid,rowhichollowsheollowingexpressionor inearele-mentinSc


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Leninist idea,nheuestionfhebsolutendelativena-turefrutherveshetrongestheoreticaleaponnhetrugglebothgainst.l*tivm andgnosticismnontemporaryourgeoishos-iologyndgainstl*og-atimfoonf?oryheologiansndneo-r.all.tBithheirssertionsfbsolutendternalGod'sruth.

Relativismndagnostic!*,rereachedarticularlyncontrarySnoBiologjrfeo-tentin*mantlede.ll- Sufficetoiteheso-calledprinciplefolerancefenwp.hicheadsoompletearbitrorlwssn.ttlngpnyogicalrcientificyet. completelyindependentlyfhebjectiveruthfnyheories, concepts, ideas,etc. Lenin',deafherganicinkeidenhebjectivity,bsolute-nessndelativityfruthhowshcollet,roundless.fheassertion, ofheelativist.,hichnseencexpressepudiationfscientificognitionfheworld.

Inheam ewayheogmaticssertionsfontemporaryheologians,ndnee-realistsnhexigencefbsolut,ndMutableOod-ruthsareh*mobeompletelyroundlessnheightf Unini.tdeas.Thus, thehan!rtBritainssert,hatruthsontainednodnd,inaddition, thrfGodl*elfsruthprinaryndovereign".tothingsreachedyantayana,hort.hot.iaigherealm-theealfhe spirit-Godppears8ruth, happiness, goodndbeauty.The*deasl.oreevelopedbvrof.Morsfheologyfheatho-licuniversityof ix>uvainshoecentlyublished pecialollectionfarticles devotedoroblemfruthndreedom. Theirmeindeaconsistsnroclaiming thexistence, indditionoordinary"nd

same

u


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scientificndphilosophic*ruth,f igherreligiousruth*whichlonesapablefpenetratingheecretsfo*xistenceandheecretsfhemife*n d.oi.iT.ndxhaustive"wy,i.e.bolv*aly. Theepirit-theresnot lagl*irdean


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cognitionnvariousspeots. Primarily, itppearsnherocessofheormationnddevelopmentfhemoetmportantscientificconcepts,nheunityofheonereiendabstractaspects. Asswll-known,hisdeawasivenuslreadyyMarx* H ehowedhat

.theoncreteaspectof houghtas eflectionofoncreteealityisevealed,n eriesfeparateabstractdefinitions, MV. Leninhowshatnlyhenfinitumofbstractdefinitionsendersthisenerateaspectully* This lasthoughtfV. Ieninharac-teriseshentireuninterruptedprocessfumanognition.. Buttemrydefinitetagoft, thisognitionhast .ertainegreefaccuracyndpproximaticaa-theoncreteaspect.ofealitywithhehelpf umberfevelopingabstractdefinitionsorarticularconcepts)ynthesizednheorrespondingoncreteoncept Inhow-inghefutilityofheorael-abstractmethodnoliticalconomy,Marx saidhathestablishmentofconomicystemsndworkingoutofhemostmportantconomiconceptsroceededexactlynhebove-mentionedvmytirstom eabstractefinitionswerereated-labor,distributionfabor,oney,alue,ndothers-andafterhisgeneralandatheam eimeoncreteonceptswereormed, suchshetateinternationalxchange,orldmarket* Theam eawapplies, obviously,alsooheevelopmentfonceptsnheaturalndmathematicalsciences* Thus, theisendevelopmentofheonceptfmathema-ticalnfinityhistoricallyequiredhereationfnntireeriesofeparatabstractefinitions-conceptsfvariable* potentialndactualnfinity,,fifferentials,ntegraleUnit,ta5.cti.ons,,reat

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numbers,etc.erainallcaresth econcreteacteas definitehis-toricalresultofcognitionbut,of course,itisinnowaycomplete,absoluteorfinal, butonlyanimportantmomentinth euninterruptedprocessofthedevelopmentof knowledge .

Thequestionoftheconcretenessoftruthialsorevealedinthedialecticofgeneralandparticularcognition,V.I .Leninshowsthatthegenerali smanifestedintheparticularasitsdecisivepart,asitsessence*utetthesametime,thegeneraldoesnotexhaustorcoverthevarietyoftheparticularastheconcrete,whichinthisrespectisricherthanthegeneral.heseMinistideasereofgreatsignificanceatthepresentmomentforMarxist-Leninisttheory*heresolutionsofthe20th congressC P S I Tandthekosoowdeclarationof1S57pointoutth eenormoussignificanceofanalyzingandt a i l i n gintoaccountconcretepeculiaritiesandconcreteconditionsinvariouscountriesinthestruggleofthe workingclassforbuildingasocial-istsociety.tth esametime,analysisofconcreteconditionsandpeculiaritiesofeverycountrydoesnotevermeanforgettinganddenyingthe r o o s timportantanddetermininggenerallawsofth estruggleforsocialism*histheoreticalstatement,givenintheabove-men-tioneddocuments,clearlyshowstheuntenablepositionofboththeab-stract-dogmaticapproachtothesequestionsandth erevisionistdenialof th emostimportantgeneralprinciplesofMarxism-Leninism,

Finally,theprincipleoftheconcretenessoftruthinthetheoryofcognitionindialecticalmaterialismi sextremelyimportantinyetanotherconnection.hisprinciplerequires,as.I .Lenindeveloped-

1 4


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particularlyullyndprofoundly, onorate-hietoriealnalysisf * developingocialevents. Itwell-knownhatourovmmUtparty1MittwlyapplyinghegeneralprinciplefSferxiat-I^inisttheoryoeinginghistoricalonditions Aewemarkablemod.lf areative, concrete-historicalanalysisofheawsfevelopofhepresentpooh1.ontainednhemost^ortant eaisiven inheeportyI.,8."Khrushchevohe21stChattheeountxWofsocially successfullyutilisinghepossibilityon-tainednhocialistystm,willccomplishhransitionohhighertagef.omraunitocietyatmoreoressheaiaolae.Thdialectichesistheresoabstractruth,ruthlwayson-ertt,"sfdryingheoreticalsweilaspracticalignificance.

Inonnectionwithheeninisthesisnheonoretenessf - truth, itsnecessaryobrieflyevaluatehettemptsatettingpao-o.ll*iabsolute, logical .IgoritW Theseattestsaveheir

, origina. *rtyenhenotoriousartf tally"nheM iddle Agesi later, uehntellectssrttaitndeplaceatt^ptedoworkoutnabsolut^/logical^the^ticfillgorithmwithheaidofwhich itwouldapossibleoolvenyK*th*tioalproblemnheastfeead,epticeologistsuchsKnp.Morri.,orafclbsM yndaleohePolishogiciansar^ki andhkMttwiczarettemptingo.,tpuniversaltableofcience"ndvariousystfMetallic,M etalanguagendJSetagra^r. Inalluchaseshecientifioretirementfheoaorrtmniofruthsnfringedndnartificialextrapolationf prioriprinciplesornunlistedroupfheno-

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ff i


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"worldiddlesn-scientificroblemshich, inispinion,wouldneverbeolved. Andwhathappened? Atresentllrnearlyallheeroblemsavebeenolvednrinciplesmonghem, on efthemostifficult-theroblemofhessencefife-haseenro-foundlyelucidatedbyheussianhysiological, schoolfechenov-Vvedenskiy-Pavlov.

In900Gilbert,tnnternationalmathematics1ongress>;enum- er&ted8mathematicalroblemswhichhe thenbeginning0thenturywouldhaveoolve. W eanaywithridehatlreadyong;beforeitsnd, ourenturyhasolvedheseroblems. Notonggohegreathysicistfurge, AlbertEinstein, ironicallyecommended thatweeturno iscussionnheuseftomicnergyn00 years Thereatorf.theheoryofelativityould stillnislife-timeonvinceimselfhathisessimisticrognosesadbeengroundless Finally,anybourgeoishilosophersndvenmanycien-tists-specialistswouldardlyhavebelieved ewyearsgohatman-kindwas capablefuttinghefirstrtificiallanet'intorbitbetweenhearthndMarsn8591 Allhissonvincingprooffthenormousorcefumanognition itevealsheompleteround-lessnessfgnosticismndemonstratesheoleofumanracticePShseoieive, c r c *nhatonnectionbsolute, criterionfhetruthfurnowledge Atheam eime, practicelsoctss elativeindeterminate"criterionfruthnheense, thattannotfullyendabsolutelyeortfiraheruthfumannowledgesfinal"ndabsolute"ruths,.

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asnfalliblendternalogmas ,hichmeanhendfheevelop-mentfheognitionfheworld. Thisslsoeterminedbyhefacthatnotonlyumannowledgebutalsoheocialracticeofpeopletselfsontinuallydevelopingndbeingfilledwithew

;content, l*tusememberorxampleheeriodnhehistoryofscienfcsew h e n ,twasonsideredobenefheessentialignsfoheatioalelementftwasmpossibleoividerecomposeit. Thiswasrovedbyheracticeofhatime,hichwasimitedntstechnicalmeans. Itsurtherdevelopmenthowedhattwasnoter-missibleoonsiderpracticeabsolutendorrespondinglyransformournowledgentonabsolute,ntounshakeableogmasoreternity.Thisppliesonevengreaterextentoheevelopmentfocialtheories*

Itwasointedftbove,hathanmhistoricalracticeofthetrugglefheworkinglassorocialismndoastauaisiaequiresenenrichment offeracist-Leninistciencewithewhesis5hismeansthattsotermissibleoabsolut!enddopustlsoldhesfevanthoughheyorrespondoheoldonditionsndpraotioeof efinitehistoricaleriod. Thisacquiresparticularlygreatignificanceinheresentpoch,hennunusual"accelerationfhistoricalevel-opmentsakinglace,swasoreseenyheeniusf 1*Lenin,whenhaa&sseswithheiritanicaborareransformingheworldnreryhortimendndarebuilding ewoarauniistociety. Theentirehistoricalracticefmankindwillbedevelopedextremely

Lrapidly,rofoundlyndnusmy-eidedlyjhisequiresighlyndogically, 18


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aorrespondingevelopmentfocialcienceenddoesnotermitnyabsolutlsationrfetish,othnonnectionwith,variousheses ofsciencendnuman,racticetself,whichislwaysf oncretehistorlos.1andnotbstract^og^iatioh&r&a t e r

Inhisbriefly, consistsheialecticher&eterofheriterionofpracticenognition,ointed outbyV..eninnhieworkofgeniussMaterialismndEkapirtecritieies!Un

Letusbrieflyonsidernhisonnection,heuestionfheso-calledlogicalriterionfruth," Th essencefhelogicalcriterion"onsistsndeterminingheensendmeaningofogicalthesesyheironnectionndorrespondenceurithotherogicalheses.Th eealensfhelogical criterion**seterminedyheact,thattsoundedentirelynherinciplefhenon-contrsdiotorycharacterofhought Forhisessontmustbeaidhat, inheirstplaohelogicalriterionfruth*oundednheivenrinciple,isnfhenecessaryactorsfheealrocessfognition, par-ticularlymportantnheprocessfrectingndevelopingdeductivescientificystems, in .particularvariousystemsfeometry;nhesecondlace, the "logicalriterion"annote riterionofbjec-tiveruthnognition, asttselfbelongsntirelyoheogicalspherendnotonaturalealityihus,llhemoreunfoundedareallorms1-logioslttemptsomaketbsolute^nhehirdlace,thelogicalriterion"anbeofnlyelativeignificance, Inconnectionwithndependingnhessentialaiddecisivecriterionofruthnognition-theriterionfpracticenheroadeninit

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sansfheword Lenin'sreatdeasnheoctrinefruthrebeingonfirmed

overendoveragainnontemporaryciencendpracticenderveasuidingtarsnheognitionfheworld,nsuring profoundandprogressiveevelopmentfcience*XV..enintWorks",ol.8,.82.2)v..in*Work" ,Vol.4,.17.sTegels "Phenomenologyofhepirit1',Fb, 19154)V. I. Lenini "Works%ol. 14,. 177S)v..eniniWor-Ks.",ol.4,.666'eeV,. Fok*Some Applicationsfhedeasfon-Euclideaneo- metryfobachevskiynPhysics",n"theookbyA..otelixikovndV *.ok }nS o 3 & 3Applicationsfobachevskiy*sdeasnMechanicsndPhysics,"950, p.5.7)s e,MaritaintD eaVerite,"951,.41.8)Sse.antayanasTheealmsfe ing/942,.. ,.p.59-8419)"L'Osservatore Romano/3Sept.958

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