Global History 10Content Review

The Scientific Revolution

• Age when science developed in many fields, particularly astronomy and physics.• Developed Scientific Method: Use of proofs in experiments (empiricism).• Often clashed with official Church dogma.

• Age when science developed in many fields, particularly astronomy and physics.• Developed Scientific Method: Use of proofs in experiments (empiricism).• Often clashed with official Church dogma.

1543-1650

Sir Isaac NewtonSir Isaac Newton

Famous Scientists• Copernicus – disproved

Geocentric theory with Heliocentric Theory.

• Kepler proved elliptical orbits of planets.

• Galileo invented telescope, observed four moons of Jupiter.

• Newton created laws of gravitation and calculus.

Divine Right Monarchs• Believed in their special

status as kings chosen by and accountable only to God.

• Louis XIV, James I of England (Stuarts).

• Challenged by Enlightenment ideals and led to clashes with Parliament.

The Enlightenment

• Era of philosophes who emphasized natural law, scientific progress and technology, deism and civic freedoms.

• Such natural rights are the foundation of modern political and economic systems.

The Social Contract• Belief that Man leaves the

state of nature and enters into society in order to form a social contract.

• Thomas Hobbes [negative] believed in necessity of absolute government.

• Jean-Jacques Rousseau added idea of the noble savage and general will to the social contract theory.

John Locke• John Locke believed that

“life, liberty and property”

must be protected by an agreement between the

people and the government [a social

contract]

The KEY thinker of the Enlightenment!

The KEY thinker of the Enlightenment!

Voltaire

Influential French philosophe who

defended freedom of the press and speech and blasted religious

intolerance of the Church

Montesquieu

Father of the political concept of separation of

powers (three branches of government: executive,

legislative and judicial) and balance of powers (checks

and balances)

Directly inspired the American and

French Revolutions.

Directly inspired the American and

French Revolutions.

Enlightened Despots

• Absolute rulers who emphasized their usefulness to society.

• Passed laws on serfdom, educational and judicial reforms, and patronized the arts.

• E.g. Joseph II, Frederick the Great and Catherine the Great.

Rule for the people, but not by the people!Rule for the people, but not by the people!

The French Revolution• Economic turmoil forced

Louis XVI to convene Estates-General (1788) to raise taxes.

• Third Estate (bourgeoisie and peasants) declared itself a National Assembly.

• The SPARK! Mobs in Paris stormed the Bastille prison (July 14, 1789).

• The Declaration of the Rights of Man and a Constitution were written (1789-91).

The Reign of Terror• King was overthrown and

guillotined; France became a republic ruled by radicals.

• Robespierre ordered the execution of thousands during The Terror (1792-1794).

• Regime was overthrown by coup d’etat (Thermidor).

• French government remained unstable under the Directory (1794-1799).

The Age of Napoleon• Napoleon Bonaparte

took power and led France into an age of military triumph and

empire.

• Used nationalism as a way of inspiring his people and others.

• Failed in Russia (Scorched Earth and Winter) and defeated

at Waterloo.

Congress of Vienna

• Conservative European rulers redrew map of Europe. Wanted a Balance of Power

• Dominated by Austrian diplomat Metternich.

• Tried to stop liberal or nationalist uprisings.

• Known as the Age of Metternich or Reaction (1815 - 1848).

Nationalism• Inspired by Revolutionary

and Napoleonic France.• Fired up rebels and patriots

across Europe and the Americas.

• Early example: Haiti (1802).• Toussaint L’Ouverture led

revolt of slaves against France.

• Guerilla warfare ultimately led to independence.

Spanish Colonies• Spain had conquered

and colonized American territories (encomienda system) since Columbus.

• Social class system and race played great role.

• Enlightenment ideas and American Revolution inspired creoles into actions against colonial rule.

Latin American Independence

• Mexico rebelled under Father Hidalgo but was liberated by 1821.

• Simon Bolivar [The Liberator] led several nations to independence and aided Jose de San Martin in Argentina and Chile.

• Bolivar’s ideas for a democratic union, Gran Colombia, failed.

Italian Unification• Kingdom of Sardinia

-Piedmont spearheaded unification of Italy (led by Count Cavour and achieved by Giuseppe Garibaldi (Red Shirts).

• French helped Sardinia.• Giuseppe Mazzini had

inspired with his works.

• The Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed by 1871.

German Unification• Began with Zollverein.• Kingdom of Prussia

developed into leading German power under Otto von Bismarck.

• Pursued realpolitik.• Steered Prussia to

victory in three wars (Franco-Prussian War, militarism).

• The German Empire was proclaimed in 1871.

• Ruled by the Kaiser.

Proto-Industrialization• Began with new farming

techniques – seed drill, sheep breeding, crop rotation – in 18th Century Britain.

• Enclosure Acts forced many farmers to migrate to the cities after losing lands to wealthy landowners.

• Urban areas increased in population.

Industrial Revolution

• Inventions in textiles and steam triggered industrial growth.

• Entrepreneurs invested capital in factories; factory system led to mass produced goods.

• Labor abuse against women and children was common.

• Sadler Commission pushed for child labor reforms.

• Led to rise of labor unions.

Effects of Industrialization

• Luddites attacked textile machinery.

• Urbanization• City life worsened in

hygiene, sanitation, crime, social unrest and overpopulation.

• Charles Dickens portrayed slum life in realistic novels.

Population Theories• Thomas Malthus believed

that rises in population will outpace food production; this will lead to disaster.

• David Ricardo believed that increase in wages led to population increase.

• War and disease would help decrease populations.

• Jeremy Bentham believed that government could help with the “greatest good for the greatest number” (known as utilitarianism).

New Ideologies• Laissez-faire economists

[Adam Smith] believed in free market (the laws of supply and demand) without regulation.

• Socialists believed in government regulation and public ownership of the economy.

• Utopian Socialists [Robert Owen] believed in organized communities sharing in all benefits.

Communism• Karl Marx wrote The

Communist Manifesto to describe the history of class struggle and the eventual victory of the proletariat over the bourgeoisie.

• A dictatorship of the proletariat would create a communist system where all wealth was publicly owned.

• He wrote Kapital together with Friedrich Engels.

Imperialism• “Old Imperialism”:

God, gold, glory led to colonies (1500 – 1700).

• “New Imperialism”: securing resources and trade routes and new markets. (1800 – 1914).

• “The sun never sets on the British Empire.”

Social Darwinism• Belief in the superiority

of European civilization.• “Survival of the fittest”

used as a racist theory.• Best example of Social

Darwinism: Kipling poem, The White Man’s Burden.

• Asians and Africans viewed as inferiors who need to be civilized by the imperialist powers.

“Scramble for Africa”

• Berlin Conference (1884) – partition.

• Seeking natural resources: gold and diamonds.

• Cecil Rhodes – the “Cape-to-Cairo” link.

• Belgian Congo – King Leopold II.

• Ethiopia and Liberia remain free.

British Raj in India• British shaken by

the Sepoy Mutiny in India (against foreign rule).

• Sepoys felt disrespected because the cartridges used to load the Enfield Rifle were sealed

with cow and pig fat, which goes against Hindu and Islamic

beliefs.

Spheres of Influence in China• British defeat China in Opium

Wars: Treaty of Nanking (an “unequal treaty”).

• Taiping and Boxer Rebellions against foreigners but defeated by

imperialist powers.

The Meiji Restoration• Arrival of Commodore

Matthew Perry in Tokyo (end of isolationism).

• Overthrow of shogun and restoration of imperial rule (Emperor Meiji).

• Westernization and modernization of Japan.

• Japan defeats China in Sino-Japanese War: gains resources in Korea and Manchuria.

Russo-Japanese War• Russia and Japan fight in

Manchuria (1904-1905): Trans-Siberian Railway seen as threat to Japanese resources.

• Japanese fleet knocks out Russian navy.

• Treaty of Portsmouth – Japan emerges as a world power.

• Rise of Japanese empire.

Ottoman Empire: The Sick Man of Europe

• Ottoman Empire was in decline in the 19th Century.

• The Greeks had gained independence (1821).

• Russia had fought and won several wars by 1877.

• The Balkan Wars (1912-1913) witnessed the defeat of the Turks in Europe.

• Ethnic unrest made the Balkans the “powder keg of Europe.”

World War I (1914-19)• M.A.N.I.A. and the

Assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand (Austria).

• Triple Entente and Triple Alliance.

• Diplomatic blank check and ultimatum.

• Trench warfare and low morale at the Front.

• Armenian Genocide (1915).

End of the War• US entered war in 1917

(Zimmerman Note).• Wilson’s 14 Points (self-

determination and League of Nations) proposed (fair deal).

• Treaty of Versailles reached with war guilt clause and reparations from Germany.

• Map of Europe redrawn with emphasis on self-determination (1918).

The Russian Revolution• Tsarist incompetence led

to Bloody Sunday Massacre and failing World War I policies.

• Rasputin caused scandals.• Tsar Nicholas II

abdicated (Feb. 1917)• Lenin returned from exile

and proclaimed “Peace, Bread, Land!”

• Short-lived Kerensky gov’t overthrown by Bolsheviks (Oct. 1917).

Lenin’s Policies• Russian Civil War [Reds v.

Whites] fought and won by Bolsheviks [led by Leon Trotsky] in 1920.

• Tsar and his family executed by Bolsheviks.

• Lenin proclaimed the USSR [Soviet Union] and pursued New Economic Policy [NEP] to build up the economy.

• His death led to power struggle - Trotsky v. Stalin.

DBQ Review

• Answer all documents (Short Answer)

• Use “half plus one rule” in essay.

• Refer to documents by their “specific name” not their number (and in parentheses mention the number).

• Analyze question fully and use as much outside information as possible.

• In short answer and essay, provide “outside info”