Global Issues IGlobal Issues I

ModernizationModernization

Billions of metric tons of Carbon consumed

http://petrolog.typepad.com/climate_change/2010/01/cumulative-emissions-of-co2.html

CCIISSCommonwealth ofCommonwealth of Independent Independent StatesStates

Russia: 1900Russia: 1900

1917: Russian Revolution1917: Russian Revolution

Nicholas IINicholas II(the last tsar)(the last tsar)

Labor and land reform!Labor and land reform!

• Landless peasantsLandless peasants

• Factory workersFactory workers

• Rejection of elites (czar)Rejection of elites (czar)

Vladimir Lenin 1917-24Vladimir Lenin 1917-24

Czar Out; Commies In!Czar Out; Commies In!Joseph Stalin 1924-53Joseph Stalin 1924-53

Wanted to Modernize Russia Industrialized USSR

The Josef StalinThe Josef StalinEra, 1924-53Era, 1924-53

• Ruthless murderer of Ruthless murderer of dissidents; purges of dissidents; purges of leadersleaders

• Millions and millions killedMillions and millions killed• Stalin’s Economic Plan:Stalin’s Economic Plan:

– TotalTotal state control state control– All power centralized All power centralized

in his handsin his hands– Wants to “modernize” Wants to “modernize”

(via industrialization)(via industrialization)– Industrialized farms, Industrialized farms,

tootoo

Stalinist “State Socialism”Stalinist “State Socialism”• Central planning of Central planning of

“Command Economy”“Command Economy”

• Heavy industrialization to catch up to West

• Forced collectivization of private farmlands (created large industrial farms)

The Moscow MetroThe Moscow Metro• 1930: Stalin commissioned an

underground subway system to be built

• Metro as functional propaganda piece

• Used as underground bunker in WWII

Moscow Metro StationsMoscow Metro Stations

Planned CitiesPlanned Cities• Stalinization (“Steel”) = Industrialization

• Industrialization = Planned Cities• All for HEAVY / DIRTY industries

COUNTRYCOUNTRY CITYCITY PRODUCTPRODUCT YEARYEARBelarus Novopolosk Petrochemicals 1958Belarus Salihorsk Plastics 1958Hungary Dunaújváros Metalworking 1951Hungary Tiszaújváros Chemicals 1955Lithuania Elektrėnai Powerplant 1961Poland Nowa Huta Steel 1949RussiaRussia Magnitogorsk Magnitogorsk SteelSteel 19301930Russia Protvino Particle Accelerator 1958UkraineUkraine PripyatPripyat Housing: NukesHousing: Nukes 19701970UkraineUkraine SlavutychSlavutych (Chernobyl)(Chernobyl) 19881988

Magnitogorsk

●●

Bratsk, Russia

BratskBratsk

A little about Bratsk…• 1961: Built a 1961: Built a

hydroelectric dam hydroelectric dam (largest in the world) (largest in the world) to attract and power to attract and power industryindustry

• Bratsk Aluminum Bratsk Aluminum Smelter: largest Smelter: largest producer of aluminum producer of aluminum in the worldin the world

• Consumes 75% of the Consumes 75% of the power generated by power generated by the damthe dam

Lovely and Picturesque Bratsk…Lovely and Picturesque Bratsk…

https://media.uwec.edu/VEMSWeb/VEMSHost.html?VBTemplate=Templates/VideoInfoTemplate.xml&contentID=854&shared=1

Q:Q: For Bratsk: For Bratsk:EnvironmentEnvironment oror Jobs?Jobs?

Aral SeaAral Sea• Once the 4th largest inland

body of water in the world.

• Dams built for irrigation: CottonCotton

• Sea reduced to ~25% of 1960 volume, 4x salinity, fish were nearly wiped out

• As lake dries up, pollutants on seabed become airborne as dust, causing significant local health problems.

• Still extremely polluted today, but progress being made

The The ShrinkingShrinking Aral Sea Aral Sea

A once prosperous fishing port(note the fish on the sign) is now

4040 miles from the shoreline.

Rivers diverted for irrigation

The Aral Sea in 1992The Aral Sea in 1992

Old Shoreline

50 miles50 miles

Sailing Sailing the Aral the Aral Sea…Sea…

Top 10 Most Polluted Places on EarthTop 10 Most Polluted Places on Earth1.1. Chernobyl, UkraineChernobyl, Ukraine 2.2. Dzerzhinsk, Russia Dzerzhinsk, Russia 3.3. Haina, Dominican Republic Haina, Dominican Republic 4.4. Kabwe, Zambia Kabwe, Zambia 5.5. La Oroya, Peru La Oroya, Peru 6.6. Linfen, China Linfen, China 7.7. Maiuu Suu, Kyrgyzstan Maiuu Suu, Kyrgyzstan 8.8. Norilsk, Russia Norilsk, Russia 9.9. Ranipet, India Ranipet, India 10.10. Rudnaya Pristan / Dalnegorsk, RussiaRudnaya Pristan / Dalnegorsk, Russia

(Blacksmith Institute, 2007)

1986: Chernobyl (USSR)1986: Chernobyl (USSR)

• Worst nuclear disaster in history (minus WWII)

• Legacy still very much alive

• Birth defects, shorter lives, environmental contamination

• Still radioactive

• Who’s responsible: then…and now?

Average Life ExpectancyAverage Life Expectancy

 75 to 90

 71 to 74

 65 to 70

 54 to 64

 30 to 53

Thoughts on Russia…

• Was Stalinization worth it for the USSR?Was Stalinization worth it for the USSR?• If not, then they would be better off If not, then they would be better off

without industrialization?without industrialization?• If so, why not do it again to provide jobs If so, why not do it again to provide jobs

for everyone since the poverty rates of for everyone since the poverty rates of many former Communist countries are so many former Communist countries are so high?high?

Who is Industrializing in Similar Way, Today?

ChinaChina

The polluters…The polluters…COUNTRYCOUNTRY Global %Global % Ton COTon CO2 pc2 pc Pop %Pop %

1.1.ChinaChina 24.7%24.7% 6.20 6.20 18.6%18.6%

2.2.U.S.U.S. 16.2%16.2% 17.5617.56 4.3% 4.3%

3.3.E.U. E.U. 11.0%11.0% 7.45 7.45 7.0% 7.0%

4.4.IndiaIndia 6.0% 6.0% 1.67 1.67 16.9%16.9%

5.5.RussiaRussia 5.1%5.1% 12.2612.26 1.9% 1.9%

6.6.BrazilBrazil 4.2% 4.2% 2.15 2.15 2.8% 2.8%

7.7.JapanJapan 3.5%3.5% 9.19 9.19 1.7% 1.7%

8.8.South KoreaSouth Korea 1.7% 1.7% 11.4911.49 0.7% 0.7%

9.9.CanadaCanada 1.5%1.5% 14.6814.68 0.5% 0.5%

10.10.Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia 1.4% 1.4% 17.0417.04 0.4% 0.4%

Source: World Bank, 2012

Global CO2 Emissions

Global CO2 Emissionsper capita

Kyoto Protocol• First adopted in 1997

• Goal: A set of global standards to reduce greenhouse gas emissions over time

• Every country supports it…minus 4: Andorra, South Sudan, U.S., Canada

• Ended in 2012

• Doha Amendment: Europe wants to reduce their emissions even further

• Still a work-in-progress

Who Ratified it? And Who Didn’t?

November, 2013:United Nations Climate Change Conference• Held in Warsaw, Poland• Includes both Global North

and South countries– No more than 2°C increase– $ and technology for poor

countries who feel effects of climate change more than Global North

– Walkout of 132 countries of Global South protesting losses and damage caused by Global North

– Global North must reduce emissions by 2015

Will the Core Countries Change?

• Should they change?

• And who would bring about this change?

• What is (y)our role in this situation?

Rank Company

Revenues Industry

1 Wal-Mart Stores $469.2B Mass Merchants

2 Exxon Mobil 420.7 Integrated Oils

3 Chevron 222.6 Integrated Oils

4 Phillips 66 166.1 Oil Refining & Marketing

5Berkshire Hathaway

162.5Property & Casualty Insurance

6 Apple 156.5Communications Equipment

7 General Motors 152.3 Automobile OEM

8 General Electric 144.8Power Generation Equipment

9 Valero Energy 138.3 Oil Refining & Marketing

10 Ford Motor 134.3 Automobile OEM

Top 10 Companies in the United States by Revenue (2012)

http://www.bloomberg.com/visual-data/best-and-worst//top-20-by-revenue-in-u-dot-s-companies