Global Positioning System Global Positioning System Receiver and Inter-Receiver and Inter-

Satellite Communications Satellite Communications RF DesignRF Design

Soralis PimentelSoralis Pimentel

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-National Environmental Satellite, Data and (NOAA)-National Environmental Satellite, Data and

Information Service (NESDIS), Office of Systems Information Service (NESDIS), Office of Systems DevelopmentDevelopment

National Aeronautics and Space Administration National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Goddard Space Flight Center-Guidance, (NASA), Goddard Space Flight Center-Guidance,

Navigation and Control Center (GNCC)Navigation and Control Center (GNCC)

ProjectProject

NOAA NOAA NESDISNESDIS

NASANASA

Goddard Goddard Space Flight Space Flight

Center, GNCC Center, GNCC

MagnetospherMagnetospheric Multi Scaleic Multi Scale

(MMS) (MMS)

MissionMission

GOES-RGOES-RSeriesSeries

Inter-satellite Inter-satellite Ranging and Ranging and

Alarm SystemAlarm System(IRAS) (IRAS)

RF up RF up conversion conversion

and and modulation modulation transmittertransmitter

GPS GPS ApplicationApplication

ss

RF downconversion receiver

GPS weak signal

receiver

RF down conversion

receiver

GOES Mission

• This constellation provide information about meteorological events in the Western atmosphere

• GOES-R measurements will result in more accurate weather forecasts, atmosphere, climate, and ocean monitoring.

Global Positioning Global Positioning System (GPS)System (GPS)

Satellite radio navigation system Satellite radio navigation system Passive system that uses trilateration positioning Passive system that uses trilateration positioning

method method Array of satellites to measure position, velocity and timeArray of satellites to measure position, velocity and time Positioned on the middle earth orbit (MEO)Positioned on the middle earth orbit (MEO) Designed to measure on the lower earth orbit (LEO) Designed to measure on the lower earth orbit (LEO)

down to earth’s surfacedown to earth’s surface GOES-R GPS application could be used to validate GOES-R GPS application could be used to validate

measurementsmeasurements

GPS orbits

Main lobe

First side lobe

42.6 degrees (L1)

GEO

LEO (below 3000 km)

HEO spacecraft

-130dBm

-145dB

m

Objectives Objectives

To design, build and test Radio Frequency To design, build and test Radio Frequency (RF) chains(RF) chains– Magnetospheric Multi Scale (MMS) mission, IRAS:Magnetospheric Multi Scale (MMS) mission, IRAS:

Down-conversion frequency receiver and power Down-conversion frequency receiver and power amplification amplification

Up-conversion and phase modulator transmitterUp-conversion and phase modulator transmitter

Global Positioning System:Global Positioning System: Weak signal down-conversion frequency receiver and Weak signal down-conversion frequency receiver and

power amplificationpower amplification

For future GOES-R applications and othersFor future GOES-R applications and others

Design Requirements Design Requirements

GPS receiver:GPS receiver: Input of -111dBm at 1.57542 GHz for an output of Input of -111dBm at 1.57542 GHz for an output of

+4dBm at 35.42MHz+4dBm at 35.42MHz IRAS communications system:IRAS communications system:

– Transmitter: pulse train from a Digital to Analog Converter Transmitter: pulse train from a Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) of 2V peak-to-peak of +10dBm input(DAC) of 2V peak-to-peak of +10dBm input

– Receiver: input of -111dBm at 2.05 GHz for an output of Receiver: input of -111dBm at 2.05 GHz for an output of +4dBm at 35.42MHz+4dBm at 35.42MHz

Power representationPower representation

log(P)10dB

mW

PdBm

1log10

Methodology Methodology

Understanding of Electrical Understanding of Electrical Engineering design skillsEngineering design skills

Study information about RF design Study information about RF design Know the requirements and Know the requirements and

specifications for the design specifications for the design Build and test the systems Build and test the systems Data analyses about overall Data analyses about overall

effectiveness of the chaineffectiveness of the chain

GPS Receiver GPS Receiver LO=1.54GHz-111dBm

@1.57542GHz

+3.3dBm @35.42MHz

+20dBm

+20dBm

-2dBm -2dBm -3dBm

+24.6dBm+24.6dBm +24.6dBmPower Amplifier

+20dBm

-3dBm

+24.6dBm

-2dBm-8.5dBmLoss ?

LNA’s

Loss ?

Attenuator

BPFLPF

BPF

Receiver output Receiver output

IRAS transmitter IRAS transmitter

LO=2.05GHz

+10dBm

@1MHz

-2dBm -2dBm

-2dBm

Cut-off Frequency:

2MHz

-4dBm Loss ?

Center frequency: 2.05GHz

B=10MHz

+1V

-1V

+2.2dBm @2.05GHz

+20dBm

LPF BPF

Low Pass Filter Design Low Pass Filter Design

Cut-off frequency= 2MHz @ -1dB, Pass Band Cut-off frequency= 2MHz @ -1dB, Pass Band Frequency=1.9MHz, Pass Band Ripple= Frequency=1.9MHz, Pass Band Ripple= 0.5dB 0.5dB

IRAS Receiver IRAS Receiver LO=2.01458GHz-111dBm

@2.05GHz

+4dBm @35.42MHz

+21dBm

+21dBm

-3dBm

+24.6dBm+24.6dBm +24.6dBmPower Amplifier

+20dBm

-3dBm

+24.6dBm

-2dBm-8.5dBmLoss ?

LNA’s

Loss ?

Attenuator

BPFCenter

frequency=2.05GHz

LPF

BPFCenter

frequency=35.42MHz

Acquired Knowledge

• Hands-on Engineering design

• System requirements and specifications

• RF principles and applications

• Filter design and implementation

• Overall system effectiveness analyses

References References

Mistra, Pratap; Enge, Per. Mistra, Pratap; Enge, Per. Global Positioning System, Global Positioning System, Signal, Measurements, and PerformanceSignal, Measurements, and Performance Ganga- Ganga-Jamuna Press, Massachusetts, 2004Jamuna Press, Massachusetts, 2004

McClaning, Kevin; Vito, Tom. McClaning, Kevin; Vito, Tom. Radio Receiver Design. Radio Receiver Design. Noble Publishing Corporation, Atlanta, GA, 2000 Noble Publishing Corporation, Atlanta, GA, 2000

www.minicuircits.comwww.minicuircits.com Jeyasunder, David. Jeyasunder, David. Magnetospheric Multi-Scale Mission Magnetospheric Multi-Scale Mission

Observatory/Spacecraft Requirements Document. Observatory/Spacecraft Requirements Document. Code 461 Code 461 Goddard Space Flight Center, 2005Goddard Space Flight Center, 2005

Bowick, Chris. Bowick, Chris. RF Circuit Design. RF Circuit Design. Newnes Indianapolis, Newnes Indianapolis, 19821982

Filter Free design software Filter Free design software NESDIS Office of Systems Development, NESDIS Office of Systems Development, GOES-R. GOES-R.

http://www.osd.noaa.gov/goes_R/http://www.osd.noaa.gov/goes_R/

Acknowledgments Acknowledgments

NOAA-EPP program, for the opportunity NOAA-EPP program, for the opportunity of this internship and the Kennedy Space of this internship and the Kennedy Space Center tripCenter trip

ORISEORISE Edward Miller, NESDIS-Office of System Edward Miller, NESDIS-Office of System

Development, for mentoringDevelopment, for mentoring Greg Boegner, Miriam Wennersten, Greg Boegner, Miriam Wennersten,

NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center, GNCC for the opportunity of interrelating GNCC for the opportunity of interrelating a project between NOAA and NASA a project between NOAA and NASA

NWS Aviation Services BranchNWS Aviation Services Branch

Plans for next summerPlans for next summer

Find a project that includes both Find a project that includes both Engineering and Atmospheric Engineering and Atmospheric Science in order to integrate an Science in order to integrate an interdisciplinary background for interdisciplinary background for Graduate studies consideration. Graduate studies consideration.

Questions?

Backup SlidesBackup Slides

SpacecraftSpacecraft

Electrical Electrical Power Power

SubsystemSubsystem (PSE)(PSE)

Control and Control and Data Handling Data Handling

Guidance and Guidance and Navigation Navigation

CenterCenter

InstrumentsInstruments

Spacecraft Spacecraft computercomputer

TelemetryTelemetry

MemoryMemory

InterfaceInterface

Solar ArraySolar Array

BatteriesBatteries

Power Power Distribution Distribution

PositionPosition

TimeTime

PlasmaPlasmainstrumentsinstruments

Energetic Energetic particle particle

detectorsdetectors

RangeRange Electric field Electric field instrumentsinstruments

MagnetometeMagnetometersrs

VelocityVelocity

Inter Satellite Ranging Inter Satellite Ranging and Alarm System and Alarm System (IRAS)(IRAS) IRAS is part of MMSIRAS is part of MMS Ranging: Ranging:

– It is used to measure the relative distances among It is used to measure the relative distances among four satellites forming a tetrahedron four satellites forming a tetrahedron

Alarm:Alarm:– Passing packets of orbit dataPassing packets of orbit data– Pass alarm messages between the observatoriesPass alarm messages between the observatories

Electrical Engineering Electrical Engineering Facts Facts

Transmitter: Transmitter: – Source of data informationSource of data information and process the signal and process the signal

for transmission to another medium for transmission to another medium Receiver:Receiver:

– Receives a signal from an external source to Receives a signal from an external source to

process the informationprocess the information Amplifier:Amplifier:

– Integrated circuit that increases the power, voltage Integrated circuit that increases the power, voltage or current of a signal or current of a signal

Mixer: Mixer: – Mixes the RF signal with the local oscillator signal Mixes the RF signal with the local oscillator signal

to obtain the IF output.to obtain the IF output.

Electrical Engineering Electrical Engineering FactsFacts

Filter: sort out unwanted frequency ranges Filter: sort out unwanted frequency ranges – Low Pass (LPF), High Pass (HPF), Band Pass (BPF), Low Pass (LPF), High Pass (HPF), Band Pass (BPF),

Band Reject (BRF)Band Reject (BRF) Modulation: alter a signal inserting a carrier Modulation: alter a signal inserting a carrier

– Phase Modulation (PM)Phase Modulation (PM) Encoding of information into a carrier wave by Encoding of information into a carrier wave by

variation of its phase in accordance with an variation of its phase in accordance with an input signalinput signal

Power representation in decibels, dB or dBmPower representation in decibels, dB or dBm

log(P)10dB

mW

PdBm

1log10

Materials Materials

AmplifiersAmplifiers Band Pass filters, Low Pass filtersBand Pass filters, Low Pass filters MixerMixer Power amplifiersPower amplifiers AttenuatorsAttenuators Coaxial cablesCoaxial cables Spectrum analyzer Spectrum analyzer Power supply and signal generatorPower supply and signal generator