GMO’s• What do you know about GMO’s?

– What it stands for ? – How are they made?– What are they used for?– Examples of GMO’s– Companies that use GMO’s– Do you think we should use GMO’s? Why?

• Write your answers/comments in the first block of your Yellow Thinking Map.

Articles• Read your assigned article:

– “Taco Bell Will Replace Taco Shells from Restaurants” ABC News

– “Is Genetically Modified Salmon Safe?” Science Daily

• Highlight your article with information that will help answer the question:

Are genetically modified organisms safe?

• Discuss the article within your group. Get one highlighted piece of information from the other article. Record two things you learned in the second chart on your yellow thinking map.

DNA Technology/3.0

Biotechnology

Test with DNA and Protein Synthesis

Reminders about DNA:

•All cells have DNA.

•DNA looks the same in all organisms but codes for different things.

•The DNA is just ATCG’s. It cannot do anything outside of a cell. It needs enzymes and ribosomes to make protein.

• One cell could use another cell’s DNA if it was inserted into the organism.

• Recombinant DNA– Genes from different sources are combined.

• Ex. Frost resistance gene from potatoes put into strawberry DNA.

Terms to know:

• Vector– The vector carries target DNA into a living cell.– Example: Plasmid-Circular piece of bacterial DNA

• Donor Gene– The target gene that scientists want to use from an

organism.

• Restriction Enzyme: Enzyme that can cut the strong bonds of DNA.

How do scientists recombine the DNA?1. Identify and isolate the target gene from the donor

organism using restriction enzymes.

2. Cut the vector DNA open using the same restriction enzyme.

3. Then you put the target gene inside the vector (plasmid). They stick together like tape.

**Must be returned to a living cells**

When an organism receives this new recombined DNA it is called TRANSGENIC.

Restriction enzymes cut the DNA in a specific spot.Sticky ends are open pieces of DNA that attach and seal to

the new gene with ligase.Sticky Ends Plasmid

Transgenic Organisms• Living things that contain recombined DNA

(DNA from another organism).• After the gene has been put into the new DNA

it must be placed in a living cell.• These organisms can be used in:

– Pharmaceuticals– Medical– Agriculture– Environmental Solutions

Got Silk? Video

• Watch the video. Write down two interesting pieces of information in your notes.

Creating Human Insulin• http://www.abpischools.org.uk/page/modules/

diabetes/diabetes6.cfm?coSiteNavigation_allTopic=1

Transgenic bacteria producing HUMAN insulin.

Pope Francis gave his personal blessing to Golden Rice (GR). Why is this significant? Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is responsible for 500,000 cases of irreversible blindness and up to 2 million deaths each year. Particularly susceptible are pregnant women and children. Across the globe, an estimated 19 million pregnant women and 190 million children suffer from the condition. The good news, however, is that dietary supplementation of vitamin A can eliminate VAD. One way that holds particular promise is the administration via Golden Rice, which had been engineered to produce large amounts of vitamin A.

DNA Fingerprinting

• RFLP-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism– Everyone has these sections of DNA but the

restriction enzymes cut them into different sized pieces.

– The way your DNA cuts is specific to you.

• How do we see the pieces? – Gel Electrophoresis

Gel Electrophoresis• Separates DNA according to the size of the

pieces (fragments)

• DNA is put into a gelatin like substance and an electric charge is applied.

• Since DNA is negatively charged which direction will it move?

• Large pieces get “stuck” in the gel and smaller pieces can move further.

Uses for Gel Electrophoresis

• DNA fingerprints for:– Forensics – Paternity testing

• Sequencing DNA

practice

Cloning• Read the cloning article and answer the following

questions in a blank space on your notes:– How many “mothers” did Dolly the cloned

sheep have?

– Use pictures to explain the process used to create Dolly.

– What are some uses of cloned organisms?

(15 minutes)

Cloning Organisms• Myths: 1. The cloned organism will be identical in

every way to the original. 2. Clones cannot reproduce. 3. Clones look the same but some genes are different.

• Truth: Cloning creates a new organism that has genes that are identical to the original organism.

• Steps– Take a full set of DNA from one cell of an organism.– Put the DNA into a stem cell– Insert cell into an adult organism (if an animal) and allow

the cell to develop into a full organism.

Why Cloning?

• If it ain’t broke don’t fix it.

• Make many copies of cells/ organs in the lab for use in medicine.

•Plant Cloningvery simple and has been done for centuries

Human Genome Project

• Project to identify all genes in human genome, determine the sequence of base pairs that make up human DNA

• Completed in 2003

• Accomplished using gene sequencing by gel electrophoresis(determining the exact order of bases in DNA)

HGP continued

• Eventually HGP info can help us with Gene Therapy– Correcting defective genes responsible for

disease development through replacement with other genes

– Not yet widespread and successful with humans.

U4HW3Technology How does it work?/What is

it?How is it useful to humans? Examples.

Recombinant DNA

Enzymes that cut DNA Gel Electrophoresis and recombinant DNA

Separates DNA fragments based on size.

Cloning Exact copies of cells or organisms.

Human Genome Project Gene Therapy

Why is this important?Biotechnology-use of living organisms to benefit

society.

Genetic Engineering-manipulating genes of organisms to benefit society.

Applications? Forensics, Agriculture, Medicine, Pharmaceuticals, Others?….