Goal 11Part 5

Civil Rights Movement

Challenging Segregation in COURT Thurgood Marshall VERY FIRST African American Supreme Court Justice “Civil Rights Justice” Sweatt V. Painter

- state schools must allow African

American students, EVEN if separate African American schools exist

Brown V. Board of Education

- No more segregation in schools

- overturned Plessy V. Ferguson

- violated Equal Protection Clause of 14th AMENDMENT

Crisis in Little Rock

1948 – Arkansas (1st state to ordered to admit African American students to state universities)

Governor of Arkansas supported segregation (Jim Crow era) and sends in the

National Guard to turn away the “LITTLE ROCK NINE”

9 African American students who volunteered for the NAACP whose mission was to “integrate” Little Rock High School / it worked

Federal government OVER State government Arkansas National Guard under federal control

Little Rock Nine (left behind)

Rosa ParksMontgomery Bus Boycott Rosa Parks

THE ROSA PARKS EVENT STARTS

THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENTBus driver asked them to get up for a white man – Rosa Parks

refused

VERY IMPORTANT

*The Rosa Parks situation starts the Montgomery Bus Boycott *

- African Americans choose to NOT ride busses (hurts economy of busing industry = nonviolent)

Leader of M. B. B. = Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

Founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

SponsoredNONVIOLENCE / “Soul Force”Civil Disobedience (Henry Thoreau)Def: ______________________________________Leads to the formation of theStudent Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

- Student protesters (non violent student activism) - SNCC helped spread the hope and ideas of the civil rights

Movement

Demonstrations / Congress of Racial Equality C.O.R.E – “Congress of Racial Equality”Original purpose: attack urban segregation *WWII

C.O.R.E. = held the very first SIT-IN = African American protesters sat down at segregated lunch tables and refused to leave until they were served!

First Sit-IN = North Carolina A & T students in Greensboro, NC

Response: South – violenceProtesters – NON-violence

“Greensboro 4” (above)

Triumphs of a Crusade

Freedom Riders – African American protesters that would sit in segregated areas on buses (on purpose)

WANTED to provoke a violent reaction (Kennedy admin. could get involved and enforce laws)

Integrating Ole Miss1962 James Meredith – won a “federal court

decision” to be admitted to an all-white university in Mississippi

He had to face Governor Ross Barnett Remember: State v. Fed Result: Federal troop escorts / 15 hour riot /

hatred…etc.

Hatred spreads to Alabama Birmingham (Bombingham)

1957-1963 -18 bombings (all over racial issues) TOTAL segregation in public life Police Commissioner = Eugene “BULL” Conner / “Children’s Crusade” May 2 – 1,000s of African American children led a

march in Birmingham, AlabamaMLK got arrested and was sent to jailLETTER FROM BIRMINGHAM JAIL

Spoke of non-violence / civil disobedience

Birmingham, Alabama

Result of Children’s March

Marching on Washington Dreams of Equality –

250,000 African American

men, women and children

(75,000 white people)

marched in Washington

-“I have a dream”

Speech

Freedom Summer and March on SELMA (1965) Freedom Summer: C.O.R.E and SNCC put

together a committee to “register African Americans” for their right to vote!

March on Selma(VOTING MARCH)

leads to the passing of the

RESULT of Selma March:

Voting Rights Act of 1965 (GREAT SOCIETY / LBJ)

no literacy test

De Facto vs. De Jure (segregation) & Malcolm X De Facto = segregation in your mind, soul and practice

(Ex. White flight) De Jure = segregation by law (Ex. Plessy V. Ferguson)********** DE JURE SEGREGATION “ENDED” DURING

THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT******************************************************NEW LEADER / DIFFERENT BELIEF SYSTEM*****Malcolm X – sponsored VIOLENCE– COMPLETE

OPPOSITE OF MLK (NON)“If you think we are here to tell you we love thewhite man, you have come to the wrong place”

- Malcolm X- Studied the teaching of Elijah Muhammad, the head of the

Nation of Islam (Black Muslims)Result of teachings: African American pride!

BLACK POWER

Stokely Carmichael - coined the phrase “Black Power”

Battle cry of “militant”

Civil Rights Activists

- Develop African Amer.

Pride!!!!!

Black Panthers

Oakland, California Protested police brutality in African American

neighborhoods

Argued: self-sufficiency for African American communities

BLACK

PANTHERS

Civil Rights Gains

Civil Rights Act of 1968 / Fair Housing Act Prohibited discrimination in the sale, rental

or financing of “HOUSING” Film and political gains Political voice

Affirmative Action*(Very important)

Point: to help equalize education and job opportunities - government programs in the 1960s to make “special” or

“conscientious” efforts to hire or enroll cultures that have suffered from discrimination in the past!

MAIN RESULT:REVERSE – DISCRIMINATION / White discrimination - depriving of opportunities of whit peopleRegents of University of California V. Bakke Race and gender can STILL be considered for admissions -

affirmative Action is constitutional…but NOOOOOOOO Quotas!!!!

Reverse Discrimination(Side Effect of Affirmative Action)