goudar & sangamdrtc08-10-2004 - 1 i.r.n. goudar * and s.l. sangam** *head, icast national...
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Goudar & Sangam DRTC 08-10-2004 - 1
I.R.N. Goudar * and S.L. Sangam**
*Head, ICAST
National Aerospace Laboratories Bangalore – 560 017
**Chairman, Department of L & ISKarnataka University
Dharwad-580003 [email protected]
Pricing Models for E-journals in a Consortia Environment
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Challenges for LICs
Increasing demands of users for information requirements Information explosion and the expansion of electronic resources Proliferation of new and important journals Dwindling budget and decreasing staff Developments in computers and communication networks Commercial publishers controlling journals publishing with lion share Merging/Acquisition of publishers Licensing problems of e-resources Archiving problems of e-resources - Non-availability - Reluctance of publishers to make available back volumes for local archiving - Hardware and software for archiving - Retrieval software, publishers not supplying Lack of IT skills of LIC staff
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Features of an Ideal E-Journal
Full text Back issues- Pre-web + PDF files HTML files Advanced search features References linked to full
text and related articles Additional colour possible
Expanded papers- access to raw data Graphics, video and sound, if required Comprehensive help Alerting Usage statistics for librarians Refereed, but quick
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Expectations of Customers
Readers
Enhanced content critical mass multimedia, more colour, additional data
Enhanced functionality powerful search, alerting
Seamless access ubiquitous access to past and present
Powerful links abstracts to full text
Authors
Quality imprint journal brand improved visibility
Better author service responsiveness faster publication times web-submissions, web peer review No Page charges
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E-Journal Models
E- journal continues to coexist with its print version.
E-journal replaces its print version.
E-journal gets value addition, but continues to coexist
with print.
Print version plus abridged e-version
Born digital and remains digital only.
E-journal with a facility to supply individual articles.
Delayed e-version than its print equivalent. E-version first and then print.
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E-Journals: Major Players
Primary publishers
Aggregators
Subscription agents
Document delivery agencies
E-print systems
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Journals Publishing Costs: Print Version
First copy costs more - Marginal costs for rest
Article processing costs very high
Refereeing costs
High marketing and admin costs
Physical distribution costs
Commission to agents
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Journals Publishing Costs: E-Version
Existing Print Costs + New costs:
Content delivery infrastructure
Software, hardware & ISPCustomer supportAccess control
New human resource: Production, IT Marketing costs New content costs: tables, maths & chemistry symbols Meta-data costs Low distribution costs Service costs
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Some publishers’ systems not ready for e-only Parallel publishing environment Test bed for electronic pricing & consortia policies Protection of current revenue Closer to the market (community feedback) Guarantee of new subscriptions? VAT Consistency with consortia overseas
Experiences/Challenges of Publishers
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Consortia
Consortia have become the latest strategic front in the electronic revolution and are helping libraries to leverage their bargaining power, and publishers are vying for the market potential that networked consortia represent.
So….There is a need for striking the balance between cooperation and competition both among libraries and among publishers. Both publishers and libraries should look for affordable and sustainable economic models based on values.
Consortia is a Strategic Alliance of
Institutions that have Common Interests.
Consortia is a Strategic Alliance of
Institutions that have Common Interests.
This is where Consortia can play a major play.
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…Continued
Consortia Goals …….
Improved infrastructure Enhanced image of the library - Visibility for smaller libraries Improve existing library services -Boosting professional image Harness developments in IT - Facilitate building digital libraries Cost sharing for technical and training support - Access from
desktops of users
Increase user base
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……. Consortia Goals
Increase the access base - More e-Journals
Rational utilization of funds - A little more pays a lot
Ensure the continuous subscription
Qualitative resource sharing - Effective DDS
Avoid price + models - Pay for up-front products not for R&D
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Flexibility for cancellations and multi-year deals Quick and Simplified Negotiations Single offers cannot meet all needs Pricing options desirable Extended electronic access desirable Unresolved terms and conditions Publishers are experimenting with pricing Clarity on VAT
Library Consortia: Expectations & Experiences
Continue…
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Regional, State, National consortia can be influential Option for unbundling electronic from print Mixed views for access to all titles of publishers Price alone is not the only factor Standardised licensing Clear archiving policy Price including back files Capped annual inflation
…Continued
Library Consortia: Expectations & Experiences
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Consortia Values Libraries Vs Publishers
Libraries Publishers
Usefulness Members driven Lower price Full text access Expert vs. Student Accessing Internet resources Combined purchasing power Simplify purchase procedure Distribute financial and other
risk
Pricing/Education Usage Reporting, Interface
options Linking/Delivery Indexing/Filtering Gain credibility with libraries Protection of current revenue Single point payment Increased marketing/ Uncertain
new subscriptionContinue…
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Consortia Values …Continued
Libraries Vs Publishers
Libraries Publishers
Increase participation of
members No storage & documentation problem Instant Access Quality of services Free flow of information Sharing – ideas, information Contribution – time, resources
Reduced cost of production Reduced surcharges like
mailing Less extra efforts and
expenditure for new customers Get consortium tool
o Gather library informationo Invoice librarieso Products support
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Consortia Challenges
Access control and portals New price models Transition to e-only Perpetual access Archiving Tight budgets
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Consortia Models Participants Oriented Models
Geographical location linkedEx: - Bangalore Special Libraries Group
Libraries in the same discipline
Ex: - Aerospace Libraries Group
Libraries belonging to the same parent organization
Ex: - CSIR LICs Libraries of academic organizations
Ex: - INFLIBNET
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Consortia Price Influencing Factors Quantum of business
Number of consortia members Types of institutions Contract period Number of IP enabled nodes Number of campuses Value added services Rights to archive Perpetual access Training facilities Multi year agreement
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Charging /Pricing
Users are almost universally divorced from the direct
funders of libraries – universities, local authorities
Discontinuity – between library and publisher. Most
transactions are handled by intermediaries
Generally agents take a commission from the publisher
Discount to libraries comes out of the intermediary’s commission
The price is set by the publisher - unaffected by any discount
“Charge” is defined as the way the consumer is charged
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Charging Model
Familiar charging models in information publishing include one-
off lump sum payments for unlimited access, shorter and longer periodic charges, units of content and units of time.
Elements in Charging Models
- the basic charging models(One-off, time based, client based)
- time of charges
- what is unitized
- rights at end of payment period
- mechanics of payment
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Unit-based Charges
Units can consist of content – e.g. Journal articles
Access
The number of people access
Consumption the information resources
Combination of above
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Business Models
The business model is really the totality of revenue streams for a product or service.
The content owner’s model
annual fee, sales of journals, discounts on bulk purchases
The mobile operator’s model
one-off connection charges, monthly subscriptio
time and volume access charges, advertising revenue
fees for add-on services, subsidies/discounts
Super-distribution services
A user pays for access
Then pass the content on to another user
The new user pays for it
A part of the commission to first user
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Pricing Models: Some Facts
Varies from publishers to publishers Varies from same publishers to different customers
Ongoing experimentation
Negotiation possible
Charge for content
Delivery format optional
Increasingly will be based on usage
No universally acceptable E-journals
Pricing and Licensing Models
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Pricing Models in Operation
Bundled – Free with printAIP, APS, AMS, Elsevier, Wiley
Print as base + surcharge on electronicPremium payments range from 10-25%ACS, OSA
Electronic only
Small increase - ACS Same price - OSADiscount from print AIP, AMS
Totally unbundled – No discount for both
JBC (P=x, E=y, P+E=x+y) Free e-version only
Charge for print if requiredBritish Medical Journal
Continue…
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…Continued
Pricing Models in Operation
Membership/Community Fee Sponsorship/Advertising/Govt. Funding Authors funded – Page charges Usage based pricing - Concurrent users - Site population, Based on FTE
All titles of publishers with print optional Subject clusters Virtual Journals: Narrow subject from single/multiple collection Pay–per–view: Credit cards, Deposit accounts Free completely – Differently funded Extra fee for software
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Separate Current (1-2 years) + Archive Extra for value added services Consortium discount
Number of sites Consortium surcharge
Access to all consortia titlesAll titles of publisher
Subscription to core titles – Rest pay-per-view Slice and dice pricing
– Single article sales– Deposit accounts– Article bundles– Current and archive subscriptions
…Continued
Pricing Models in Operation
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A Lot More for a Little Extra
Access to all titles of publishers for little surcharge
Multi year agreements with fixed annual price cap
Users happy – Wider access
Publishers happy – Guaranteed revenue, greater
visibility of titles
But what about non-major publishers?
Discount on multiple print copies
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Academic/Open Access Initiatives and Pricing Academic self publishing
Journal of High Energy Physics - SISSA e-prints (see arXiv.org)Open Archives Initiative (OAI)
Library initiativesHighWire Press - U Stanford Library
‘Digital’ Press Ingenta, HighWire
Government-funded initiativesPubMedCentral (NIH), SPARC (ARL)
Archival approachesJSTOR
Creating online communities, portalsChemWeb, optics.org, NanoTechWeb
Journal deconstruction ‘Virtual’ Journals
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E-prints Archives
Initially started as Physics E-Print Archive (www.arxiv.org) - hosted by Los Alamos National Lab and recently moved to Cornell University - supported by academic, government funding Free at point of use, very popular >265,000 submissions since launch in August 1991 >3500 monthly submissions Usage: 1 to 1.5 connections daily Subjects Covered: Physics, Mathematics, Non-linear Science, Computer Science and Quantitative Biology.
Continue…
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…
Continued E-prints Archives
CERN Document Server (http://cdsweb.cern.ch/) Over 650,000 bibliographic records, including 320,000 full text
documents Particle physics and related areas Preprints, articles, books, journals, photographs
Mathematical Physics Preprint Archive mp_arc (http://www.ma.utexas.edu/mp_arc/mp_arc-home.html)
mp_arc is an electronic archive from 1991-present Mathematical Physics and related areas.
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Pricing Models: Issues
Underlying Prices should be publishers’ responsibility. Pricing should be market-based not formulaic. Senior scientists/ librarians may resist to the transition from print to electronic. Small publishers like professional societies not enthusiastic about consortia pricing. Publisher – Customer disconnect Subscription/site vs. transactional choices Perception: Electronic Costs less than Print Reality: Electronic + Print costs more than Print
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Trends in Pricing Models
National licenses for major resources Increasing in numbers offer electronic-only journals Virtual Journals Continued experimentation of models More publishers to offer consortia pricing More subject specific packages Price decreasing More will offer pay-per-view/transactional allowance Print as ‘add on’: Optional at discounted price Choice of format and added functionality Pricing based on size (FTEs, research activity) Ongoing access to core and occasional to peripheral material The increasing archive will have a price on it
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Strong Links make Strong Consortia
Tactical
Consortia Issues
Strategic
Practical
Mission
FundingGeographical
Coverage
Library Types
Programs
Service
Technology Governance
Staffing
Payment
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Entering consortia requires initial investments in licenses and
information and communication technology
Work procedures are still centered around the physical document
Inadequate funds
Single point payment
Rigid administrative, financial and auditing rules
Problems of defining asset against payment
Pay-Per-View not yet acceptable
Big brother attitude
Pricing Constraints Specific to Indian Libraries
Continue…
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We need to develop:
More workable pricing models Models that can be understood Models affordable by libraries Models sustainable by publishers Identify pricing incentives
To Conclude…..