I.R.N. Goudar*

Head, ICAST

Poornima Narayana**

Deputy Head, ICAST

National Aerospace Laboratories

Bangalore – 560 017

E-mail: *goudar@css.nal.res.in

**poornima@css.nal.res.in

E-Journal: Expectations

Full text Back issues- Pre-web + PDF files HTML files Advanced search features References linked to full text

and related articles Additional colour possible

Expanded papers-access to raw data

Graphics, video and sound, if required

Comprehensive help Alerting Usage stats for librarians Refereed, but quick

E-Journals: Major Players

Primary publishers

Aggregators

Vendors

Subscription agents

Document delivery agencies

E-print systems

E-Journal Models

E- journal continues to coexist with its print version.

E-journal replaces its print version.

E-journal gets value addition, but continues to coexist

with print.

Print version plus abridged e-version

E-journal only.

E-journal with a facility supply individual articles.

Delayed e-version than its print equivalent. E-version first and then print.

Journals Publishing Costs: Print Version

First copy costs more - Marginal costs for rest

Article processing costs very high

Refereeing costs

High marketing and admin costs

Low physical distribution costs

Journals Publishing Costs: E-Version

Existing Print Costs + New costs:

Content delivery infrastructure

Software, hardware & ISPCustomer supportAccess control

New human resource: Production, IT Marketing costs New content costs: tables, maths & chemistry symbols Meta-data costs Low distribution costs Service costs

E-Journals Pricing

The e-journal pricing through consortia varies from publishers to publishers and from same publishers to different library groups depending upon number of factors and issues

Price Influencing Factors

Quantum of business Number of consortia members Types of institutions Contract period Number of IP enabled nodes Number of campuses Value added services Rights to archive Perpetual access Training facilities Multi year agreement

Pricing Models

No Universally Acceptable E-journals

Pricing and Licensing Models

Ongoing experimentation

Negotiation possible

Charge for content

Delivery format optional

Increasingly will be based on usage

Pricing Models in Operation

Bundled – Free with printAIP, APS, AMS, Elsevier, Wiley

Print as base + surcharge on electronicPremium payments range from10-25%ACS, OSA

Electronic only

Small increase - ACS Same price - OSADiscount from print AIP, AMS

Totally unbundled – No discount for both

JBC (P=x, E=y, P+E=x+y) Free e-version only

Charge for print if requiredBritish Medical Journal Continue…

…Continued

Pricing Models in Operation

Membership/Community Fee Sponsorship/Advertising/Govt. Funding Authors funded – Page charges Usage based pricing - Concurrent users - Site population - Based on FTE

All titles of publishers with print optional Subject clusters Virtual Journals: Narrow subject from single/multiple collection Pay–per–view: Credit cards, Deposit accounts Free completely – Differently funded Extra fee for software Continue…

Customers Expectations

Readers Enhanced content

critical mass multimedia, more colour,

additional data, ‘live’ math Enhanced functionality

powerful search, alerting Seamless access

ubiquitous access to past and present

Powerful links abstracts to full text

Authors Quality imprint

journal brand stamp of authority improved visibility

Better author service responsiveness faster publication

times web-submissions,

web peer review

Separate Current (1-2 years) + Archive Extra for value added services Consortium discount

Number of sites Consortium surcharge

Access to all consortia titlesAll titles of publisher

 Subscription to core titles – Rest pay-per-view Slice and dice pricing

– Single article sales– Deposit accounts– Article bundles– Current and archive subscriptions

…Continued

Pricing Models in Operation

Flexibility for cancellations and multi-year deals Quick and Simplified Negotiations Single offers cannot meet all needs Pricing options desirable Extended electronic access desirable Unresolved terms and conditions Publishers are experimenting with pricing Clarity on VAT Regional, State, National consortia can be influential Option for Unbundling electronic from print Mixed views for access to all titles of publishers Price alone is not the only factor (licence, archiving)

Libraries: Expectations & Experiences

Some publishers’ systems not ready for e-only Parallel publishing environment Test bed for electronic pricing & consortia policies Protection of current revenue Closer to the market (community feedback) Guarantee of new subscriptions? VAT Consistency with consortia overseas Challenges traditional pricing & ‘selling’ of information

Experiences of Publishers

Consortia

Consortia is a Strategic Alliance of Institutions that have

Common Interests

So……..

There is a need for striking the balance between cooperation

and competition both among libraries and among publishers.

Both publishers and libraries should look for sustainable

economic models based on values.

This is where Consortia can play a major play.

Consortia Challenges

Access control and portals New price models Transition to e-only Perpetual access Archiving Tight budgets

Consortia Goals

Increase the access base

More e-Journals

Rational utilization of funds

A little more pays a lot

Ensure the continuous subscription

Qualitative resource sharing

Effective document delivery service

Avoid price plus models

Pay for up-front products not for R&D

…Continued

Consortia Goals

Improved infrastructure Enhanced image of the library

Visibility for smaller libraries Improve existing library services

Boosting professional image Harness developments in IT

Facilitate building digital libraries Cost sharing for technical and training support

Access from desktops of users Increase user base

Consortia Services

Union catalogues

Books, Journals, Technical Reports and Conference Proceedings

Shared library systems

Hardware, Software and other infrastructure

Shared professional expertise

Develop and realize consortia goals

Human resource development

Training staff and users

Electronic contents licensing for providing access to

Bibliographic databases, e-Journals, Full test reports, Conference Proceedings etc.

Inter Library Lending and Document Delivery ….contd.

…ContinuedConsortia Services

Electronic content loading Contents generated by members and acquired on common server

Physical storage for archiving Old back volumes and less used documents Seminar/training programmes Professional development to serve user community Development of enabling technologies IR systems, Portals and other web interfaces

Evolve standards for techniques, hardware, software and services

Consortia Models  Participants Oriented Models

Geographical location linkedEx: - Bangalore Special Libraries Group

Libraries in the same discipline

Ex: - Aerospace Libraries Group

Libraries belonging to the same parent organization

Ex: - CSIR LICs Libraries of academic organizations

Ex: - INFLIBNET

Consortia for accessing electronic journals

Consortia for avoiding duplicate collection

Consortia for training and library workshops

Consortia Models  Purpose Oriented Models

Consortia Models Client Oriented Models

Clients according to their age

Ex: - Children, Senior Citizen

Clients according to their interest

Ex: - sports, game

Clients according to their educational background

Ex: - Technical, Professional

Consortia Negotiation Objectives

Discounts for electronic journals Ideally, choice of electronic-only Added value Standardised licensing Single year agreements Extended electronic access Capped annual inflation Price including Back files Maintain existing spend level Limit on cancellations Print optional at deep discount

Consortia Values Libraries Vs Publishers

Libraries Publishers Usefulness Members driven Lower price Full text access Expert vs. Student Accessing Internet resources Combined purchasing power Simplify purchase procedure Distribute financial and other risk Increase participation of members No storage & documentation problem Instant Access Quality of services Free flow of information Sharing – ideas, information Contribution – time, resources

Pricing/Education Usage Reporting Linking/Delivery Interface options Indexing/Filtering Gain credibility with libraries Increased marketing Reduced cost of production Reduced surcharges like mailing Less extra efforts and expenditure for new customers Get consortium tool

o Gather library informationo Invoice librarieso Products support

Pricing Models

Influencing Factors Publishers Issues Quantum of business Number of consortia members Types of institutions Contract period Number of IP enabled nodes Number of campuses Value added services Rights to archive Perpetual access Training facilities Multi year agreement

Free titles on Internet Free access against print subscription All titles of a publisher for fixed fee Surcharge on print subscription Discounts for electronic journals Capped annual inflation Discounts on non-subscribed titles Access to subject clusters Protection of current revenue Uncertainty of new subscription Single point payment E-Only not all publishers ready

“No universally acceptable pricing models, but ongoing experimentation with lot of scope for negotiation”

Innovative Initiatives

Academic self publishingJournal of High Energy Physics - SISSA e-prints (see arXiv.org)Open Archives Initiative (OAI)

Library initiativesHighWire Press - U Stanford Library

‘Digital’ Press Ingenta, HighWire

Government-funded initiativesPubMedCentral (NIH), SPARC (ARL)

Archival approachesJSTOR

Creating online communities, portalsChemWeb, optics.org, NanoTechWeb

Journal deconstruction ‘Virtual’ Journals

E-prints Archives

Physics E-Print Archive (www.arxiv.org)

- started by Paul Ginsparg (high energy physicist) in 1991

- hosted by Los Alamos National Lab and recently moved to Cornell U - supported by academic, government funding Free at point of use, very popular

>167,000 submissions since launch in August 1991 Subject based

A Lot More for a Little Extra

Access to all titles of publishers for little surcharge

Multi year agreements with fixed annual price cap

Users happy – Wider access

Publishers happy – Guaranteed revenue, greater visibility of titles

But what about non-major publishers?

Discount on multiple print copies

Pricing Models: Issues

Underlying Prices should be publishers’ responsibility.

Pricing should be market- based not formulaic.

Senior scientists/ librarians may resistant to the transition from print to electronic.

Small publishers like professional societies not enthusiastic about consortia pricing.

Publisher – Customer disconnect

Perception: Electronic Costs less than Print

Reality: Electronic + Print costs more than Print

Trends in Pricing Models

Increasing numbers offer electronic-only version Virtual Journals Continued experimentation of models More publishers to offer consortia pricing More subject specific packages Price decreasing More will offer pay-per-view/transactional allowance Print as ‘add on’: Optional at discounted price Choice of format and added functionality Pricing based on size (FTEs, research activity) Ongoing access to core and occasional to peripheral

material The increasing archive will have a price on it

Strong Links make Strong Consortia

Tactical

Consortia Issues

Strategic

Practical

Mission

FundingGeographical

Coverage

Library Types

Programs

Service

Technology Governance

Staffing

Payment

Indian Consortia Initiatives

INDEST (IISc, IITs, IIMs, …..)…MHRD Consortia of IIMs CSIR Consortia RGUHS: HELINET FORSA (Forum for Resource Sharing in Astronomy and Astrophysics) ICICI- Knowledge Park ISRO Initiative INFLIBNET Initiative

Lack of awareness about consortia benefits

Slow acceptance of e-information by the users.

Difficulties in changing the mind setup of librarians

Maintenance and balancing both physical and DL

Inadequate funds

Single point payment

Rigid administrative, financial and auditing rules

Problems of defining asset against payment

Consortia Constraints Specific to Indian Libraries

Pay-Per-View not yet acceptable

Uncertainty about the persistence of digital resources.

Lack of infrastructure for accessing electronic sources

Unreliable telecom links and insufficient bandwidth

( But lot of developments in pipeline)

Lack of appropriate bibliographic tools

Lack of trained personnel for handling new technologies

Absence of strong professional association Big brother attitude

Consortia Constraints Specific to Indian Libraries

Pricing

develop more, workable models develop models that can be understood identify pricing incentives subscription/site vs. transactional choices Prices commensurate with value being added? shouldn’t the electronic environment be more affordable than print?

Difficult Issues

Perpetual Access and Archiving What does customer get at end of contract? is there a residual product? Is it a useful residual? Is there any ownership of a physical artifact (cd, tape, etc.)? Is backup allowed? Who does all this and at what cost? What do we all really want/need here?

Strong Links Make for Strong Chains

Mission&

Vision Sponsor

Funding

Governance

Programs

Geography

Services

Technology

Staffing

Payment

Type ofLibrary

Consortium