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I.R.N. Goudar* Head, ICAST

and Poornima Narayana**

Deputy Head, ICAST

Information Centre for Aerospace Science and Technology

National Aerospace LaboratoriesBangalore – 560 017

E-Mail: *goudar@css.nal.res.in ** poornima@css.nal.res.in

Emerging Pricing Models for E-Journals Consortia and Indian Initiatives

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Features of an Ideal E-Journal

Full text Back issues- Pre-web + PDF files HTML files Advanced search features References linked to full

text and related articles Additional colour possible

Expanded papers-access to raw data

Graphics, video and sound, if required

Comprehensive help Alerting Usage statistics for

librarians Refereed, but quick

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Expectations of Customers

Readers Enhanced content

critical mass multimedia, more colour, additional data

Enhanced functionality powerful search, alerting

Seamless access ubiquitous access to past and present

Powerful links abstracts to full text

Authors Quality imprint

journal brand stamp of authority improved visibility

Better author service responsiveness faster publication times web-submissions, web

peer review

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E-Journals: Major Players

Primary publishers

Aggregators

Vendors

Subscription agents

Document delivery agencies

E-print systems

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E-Journal Models

E- journal continues to coexist with its print version.

E-journal replaces its print version.

E-journal gets value addition, but continues to coexist

with print.

Print version plus abridged e-version

E-journal only.

E-journal with a facility supply individual articles.

Delayed e-version than its print equivalent. E-version first and then print.

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Journals Publishing Costs: Print Version

First copy costs more - Marginal costs for rest

Article processing costs very high

Refereeing costs

High marketing and admin costs

Low physical distribution costs

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Journals Publishing Costs: E-Version

Existing Print Costs + New costs:

Content delivery infrastructure

Software, hardware & ISPCustomer supportAccess control

New human resource: Production, IT Marketing costs New content costs: tables, maths & chemistry symbols Meta-data costs Low distribution costs Service costs

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Some publishers’ systems not ready for e-only Parallel publishing environment Test bed for electronic pricing & consortia policies Protection of current revenue Closer to the market (community feedback) Guarantee of new subscriptions? VAT Consistency with consortia overseas Challenges traditional pricing & ‘selling’ of

information

Experiences of Publishers

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Consortia

So….There is a need for striking the balance between cooperation and competition both among libraries and among publishers. Both publishers and libraries should look for affordable and sustainable economic models based on values.

Consortia is a Strategic Alliance of

Institutions that have Common Interests.

Consortia is a Strategic Alliance of

Institutions that have Common Interests.

This is where Consortia can play a major play.

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Consortia Challenges

Access control and portals New price models Transition to e-only Perpetual access Archiving Tight budgets

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Consortia Goals

Increase the access base

More e-Journals

Rational utilization of funds

A little more pays a lot

Ensure the continuous subscription

Qualitative resource sharing

Effective document delivery service

Avoid price plus models

Pay for up-front products not for R&DContinue…

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…Continued

Consortia Goals

Improved infrastructure Enhanced image of the library

Visibility for smaller libraries Improve existing library services

Boosting professional image Harness developments in IT

Facilitate building digital libraries Cost sharing for technical and training support

Access from desktops of users Increase user base

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Consortia Models  Participants Oriented Models

Geographical location linkedEx: - Bangalore Special Libraries Group

Libraries in the same discipline

Ex: - Aerospace Libraries Group

Libraries belonging to the same parent

organization

Ex: - CSIR LICs Libraries of academic organizations

Ex: - INFLIBNET

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Consortia for accessing electronic journals

Consortia for avoiding duplicate collection

Consortia for training and library workshops

Consortia Models  Purpose Oriented Models

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Consortia Models Client Oriented Models

Clients according to their age

Ex: - Children, Senior Citizen

Clients according to their interest

Ex: - sports, game

Clients according to their educational background

Ex: - Technical, Professional

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Price Influencing Factors Quantum of business Number of consortia members Types of institutions Contract period Number of IP enabled nodes Number of campuses Value added services Rights to archive Perpetual access Training facilities Multi year agreement

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Pricing Models: Some Facts

Varies from publishers to publishers Varies from same publishers to different customers

Ongoing experimentation

Negotiation possible

Charge for content

Delivery format optional

Increasingly will be based on usage

No universally acceptable E-journals

Pricing and Licensing Models

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Pricing Models in Operation

Bundled – Free with printAIP, APS, AMS, Elsevier, Wiley

Print as base + surcharge on electronicPremium payments range from 10-25%ACS, OSA

Electronic only

Small increase - ACS Same price - OSADiscount from print AIP, AMS

Totally unbundled – No discount for both

JBC (P=x, E=y, P+E=x+y) Free e-version only

Charge for print if requiredBritish Medical Journal

Continue…

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…Continued

Pricing Models in Operation

Membership/Community Fee Sponsorship/Advertising/Govt. Funding Authors funded – Page charges Usage based pricing - Concurrent users - Site population, Based on FTE

All titles of publishers with print optional Subject clusters Virtual Journals: Narrow subject from single/multiple collection Pay–per–view: Credit cards, Deposit accounts Free completely – Differently funded Extra fee for software

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Separate Current (1-2 years) + Archive Extra for value added services Consortium discount

Number of sites Consortium surcharge

Access to all consortia titlesAll titles of publisher

 Subscription to core titles – Rest pay-per-view Slice and dice pricing

– Single article sales– Deposit accounts– Article bundles– Current and archive subscriptions

…Continued

Pricing Models in Operation

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A Lot More for a Little Extra

Access to all titles of publishers for little surcharge

Multi year agreements with fixed annual price cap

Users happy – Wider access

Publishers happy – Guaranteed revenue, greater

visibility of titles

But what about non-major publishers?

Discount on multiple print copies

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Flexibility for cancellations and multi-year deals Quick and Simplified Negotiations Single offers cannot meet all needs Pricing options desirable Extended electronic access desirable Unresolved terms and conditions Publishers are experimenting with pricing Clarity on VAT

Library Consortia: Expectations & Experiences

Continue…

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Regional, State, National consortia can be influential Option for unbundling electronic from print Mixed views for access to all titles of publishers Price alone is not the only factor Standardised licensing Clear archiving policy Price including back files Capped annual inflation

…Continued

Library Consortia: Expectations & Experiences

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Consortia Values Libraries Vs Publishers

Libraries Publishers

Usefulness Members driven Lower price Full text access Expert vs. Student Accessing Internet resources Combined purchasing power Simplify purchase procedure Distribute financial and other

risk

Pricing/Education Usage Reporting, Interface

options Linking/Delivery Indexing/Filtering Gain credibility with libraries Protection of current revenue Single point payment Increased marketing/ Uncertain

new subscriptionContinue…

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Consortia Values …Continued

Libraries Vs Publishers

Libraries Publishers

Increase participation of

members No storage & documentation problem Instant Access Quality of services Free flow of information Sharing – ideas, information Contribution – time, resources

Reduced cost of production Reduced surcharges like

mailing Less extra efforts and

expenditure for new customers Get consortium tool

o Gather library informationo Invoice librarieso Products support

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Innovative Initiatives Academic self publishing

Journal of High Energy Physics - SISSA e-prints (see arXiv.org)Open Archives Initiative (OAI)

Library initiativesHighWire Press - U Stanford Library

‘Digital’ Press Ingenta, HighWire

Government-funded initiativesPubMedCentral (NIH), SPARC (ARL)

Archival approachesJSTOR

Creating online communities, portalsChemWeb, optics.org, NanoTechWeb

Journal deconstruction ‘Virtual’ Journals

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E-prints Archives

Initially started as Physics E-Print Archive (www.arxiv.org)

- hosted by Los Alamos National Lab and recently

moved to Cornell University - supported by academic, government funding Free at point of use, very popular

>265,000 submissions since launch in August 1991

>3500 monthly submissions Usage: 1 to 1.5 connections daily Subject Covered: Physics, Mathematics, Non-linear Science,

Computer Science and Quantitative Biology.

Continue…

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…

Continued E-prints Archives

CERN Document Server (http://cdsweb.cern.ch/) Over 650,000 bibliographic records, including 320,000 full text

documents Particle physics and related areas Preprints, articles, books, journals, photographs

Mathematical Physics Preprint Archive   mp_arc (http://www.ma.utexas.edu/mp_arc/mp_arc-home.html)

mp_arc is an electronic archive from 1991-present Mathematical Physics and related areas.

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Pricing Models: Issues

Underlying Prices should be publishers’ responsibility. Pricing should be market- based not formulaic. Senior scientists/ librarians may resistant to the transition from print to electronic. Small publishers like professional societies not enthusiastic about consortia pricing. Publisher – Customer disconnect Subscription/site vs. transactional choices Perception: Electronic Costs less than Print Reality: Electronic + Print costs more than Print

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Trends in Pricing Models

Increasing in numbers offer electronic-only journals Virtual Journals Continued experimentation of models More publishers to offer consortia pricing More subject specific packages Price decreasing More will offer pay-per-view/transactional

allowance Print as ‘add on’: Optional at discounted price Choice of format and added functionality Pricing based on size (FTEs, research activity) Ongoing access to core and occasional to

peripheral material The increasing archive will have a price on it

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Strong Links make Strong Consortia

Tactical

Consortia Issues

Strategic

Practical

Mission

FundingGeographical

Coverage

Library Types

Programs

Service

Technology Governance

Staffing

Payment

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Indian Consortia Initiatives

INDEST (IISc, IITs, IIMs, …..)…MHRD Consortia of IIMs CSIR Consortia RGUHS: HELINET FORSA (Forum for Resource Sharing in Astronomy and Astrophysics) ICICI- Knowledge Park ISRO Initiative INFLIBNET Initiative

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Lack of awareness about consortia benefits

Slow acceptance of e-information by the users.

Difficulties in changing the mind setup of librarians

Maintenance and balancing both physical and DL

Inadequate funds

Single point payment

Rigid administrative, financial and auditing rules

Problems of defining asset against payment

Consortia Constraints Specific to Indian Libraries

Continue…

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Pay-Per-View not yet acceptable Uncertainty about the persistence of digital resources. Lack of infrastructure for accessing electronic sources Unreliable telecom links and insufficient bandwidth

( But lot of developments in pipeline) Lack of appropriate bibliographic tools Lack of trained personnel for new technologies Absence of strong professional association Big brother attitude

…

Continued Consortia Constraints Specific to Indian Libraries

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We need to develop:

More workable models Models that can be understood Models affordable by libraries Models sustainable by publishers and Identify pricing incentives

To Conclude…..

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