grammar 5 - 6

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DEPARTAMENTO DE LENGUAS

By: Mgt. Alfredo Albn Pgina 1

UNIVERSIDAD DE LAS FUERZAS ARMADAS

ESPEEXTENSIN LATACUNGA

LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT

GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY

MODULE FOR FIFTH AND SIXTH LEVELS

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UNIT 1. YOURSELF AND OTHERS

LESSON 1 A - B. HOW TO TALK ABOUT THE PEOPLE IN YOUR LIFE - HOW TO TALK

ABOUT GREETING CUSTOMS

VOCABULARY: THE PEOPLE IN MY LIFE. Say if they are MALE or FEMALE then, make sentences usingthe words.

Examples: Peter is an acquaintance.Gloria is my aunt.

Acquaintance aunt best friend boss brother in lawColleague cousin boyfriend flat mate neighborNephew niece parents step father uncleWidow widower girlfriend wife husband

GRAMMAR: SUBJECT QUESTIONS and OBJECT QUESTIONS

- Use a SUBJECT QUESTION to ask about the subject, WHO or WHAT does the action

Julie lives in Quito Who lives in Quito? - JulieLuis works with Peter. Who works with Peter? - LuisElena likes to go shopping. Who likes to go shopping? - Elena

- Use an OBJECT QUESTION to ask about the object, WHO or WHAT RECEIVES THE ACTION

My sister called you yesterday. Who did My sister call? - YouHis parents talk to him at home. Who do his parents talk to at home? - HimThe boy gave a present to Alicia. Who did the boy give a present? - to Alicia

HOW and WHQUESTIONS

- Use WhQuestions to ask for different types of information.

Who is your boss? What is his name?Which is his flat? Where does he live?Where is he from? What does he do?Who did he call? Why is he angry?When did he come? Whose car is his?

- Use HOW Questions to ask for the MANNER in which the action takes place, the state of something.

How are you? How do you feel today?How was your meal? How is your family?How do you go to school? How did you get there?How is the weather? How far is Quito from here?How long did you stay in Cuenca? How often do you go to the movies?

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VOCABULARY: Ways of greeting

GREETINGS: Bow hug each other kiss each other on the cheeksKiss each other on the lips put your hand on the other person shoulderShake hands with each other wave to each other

How do you meet and greet? Which greetings do you use?

GRAMMAR: REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

- Use REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS when the subject and the object are the same. Use the preposition BYto mean ALONE.

SUBJECT

PRONOUNS

POSSESSIVE

ADJECTIVES

POSSESSIVE

PRONOUNS

OBJECT

PRONOUNS

RELATIVE

PRONOUNS

I My mine me myself

You Your . yours you yourself

He His his him himself

She Her . hers her herself

It Its . Its it itself

We Our ours us ourselves

You Your yours you yourselves

They Their . theirs them themselves

Examples: I introduce myself to the rest of the group.

He lives by himself.Why dont you get yourself a drink?Elena taught herself to paint.We enjoyed ourselves at the party.Rose and David did everything by themselves.English is powerful by itself.

LESSON 1 C - D. HOW TO EXPLAIN WHO PEOPLE ARE - HOW TO CORRECT AMISUNDERSTANDING

VOCABULARY: Positions

At the back of the room in the middle of at the front of On the left of on the right of in front ofTo the left of to the right of behind

GRAMMAR: PRESENT SIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS

- Use the PRESENT SIMPLE for verbs which describe states, an action which happens often, andpermanent situations or long term facts.

-

STATE VERBS: Believe, know, see, understand, want, mean, etc.

He sometimes visits his friends. You are often late for classes.

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She doesnt live in Ambato. Does your brother like eating chips?How do we get to the museum? He looks very bad today.They seem happy this morning. The girl likes cooking dinner at home.

-

Use the PRESENT CONTINUOUS for actions happening this moment and actions happening thesedays, but perhaps not at this moment. This time is also used for momentaneous situations.

I am working on weekends. You arent using the computer.He is wearing a blue suit. She is dancing rock music.It isnt raining a lot. We are taking a walk around the park.

Are we studying English now? What are they doing right now?

VOCABULARY: COGNATES and FALSE COGNATES (FALSE FRIENDS)

COGNATE: There is a similar word in my language and it has similar meaning.Passport radio car bar club plant

FALSE COGNATE: There is a word in my language which looks similar but has a different meaning.Realize carpet present

LESSON 2 A - B. HOW TO TALK ABOUT YOUR BACKGROUND - HOW TO TALK ABOUT

TOURISM

VOCABULARY: PEOPLE AND PLACES

RELIGIOUS GROUPS REGIONS COUNTRIES

ChristiansMuslimsJewish

Central AmericaThe middle EastThe South PacificEast Africa

GuatemalaTanzania

GRAMMAR: THEBEFORE GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES

- THE is used BEFORE geographical names: Mountain ranges, rivers and seas, Island groups, deserts,some countries, some regions.

We visited the Andes.The Amazon River is the largest in South America.I worked in the Middle East.She lived in the United States.

- THE is not used with these geographical names: Most regions, single mountains, most countries,continents, single islands, cities and lakes.

He studies in theWestern Australia.They climbed theMount Everest.Ecuador is in South America.

GRAMMAR: ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY

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100 % ALWAYSUSUALLYOFTENQUITE OFTENSOMETIMESHARDLY EVERRARELYSELDOM

0 % NEVER

- Use ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY to say how often the action happens- Use DEVERBS OF FREQUENCY before action verbs.

Alice always goes to the church. Mark usually works on Saturdays.The boy doesnt often ride a bike. My sister sometimes plays basketball.I hardly ever get up early. You never arrive late to class.

- Use ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY after the verb TO BE forms.

Jorge is always late for work. Isabel isnt usually happy.The students are often nervous in lessons. They arent sometimes ready.We are never in the house. It is often cloudy in the morning.

LESSON 2 C - D. HOW TO DESCRIBE OBJECTS - HOW TO TELL AN ANECDOTE

VOCABULARY: PHRASES FOR DESCRIBING OBJECTS

MADE OF This table is made of wood.USED FOR That glass us used for drinking wine.USED AS This plastic tank could be used as water container.COVERED WITH This ring is covered with metalKIND OF This car is a kind of prototype.LOOK LIKE The top part of the house looks like a dome.

VOCABULARY: TIME EXPRESSIONS

TIME PERIOD RELATING TWO TIMES PUTTING EVENTS IN ORDER

In the eveningDuring the first weekFor a momentFor a while

Before it got coldAfter some practiceA couple of years agoA bit laterWhen I returned

My first timeAt firstThe second weekThenThe next timeIn the endfinally

GRAMMAR: PAST SIMPLE AND PAST CONTINUOUS

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PAST SIMPLEED (DID) REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS

- The PAST TENSE is used for expressing completed shorter actions that are finished in a

definite time.

Affirmative: I went to the United States last year.Negative: You didnt go to Argentina last week.Question: Did he travel to Ibarra yesterday?Short answers: Yes, he did. No, he didnt

NOTE: It is possible to use the Past Simple and the Past Continuous in contrast.

- The Past Simple interrupts an action that was in progress.

The phone rang when she was cooking the meal.The electricity went out when we were watching TV.

He was having dinner when his dad arrived.

PAST CONTINUOUS - (WASWERE) + V-ing

- Use the Past Continuous to talk about longer actions in the past which were in progress at

a particular time.

Affirmative: The boy wasstudyingEnglish this year.

My parents werelivingin Quito.

Negative: The boy wasntstudyingEnglish this year.

My parents werentlivingin Quito.

Questions: Wasthe boy studyingEnglish this year?Weremy parents livingin Quito?

Short Answers: Yes, he was. No, he wasnt

Yes, they were. No, they werent.

LESSON 2 E. WRITING: AN INTERCULTURAL EXPERIENCE

GRAMMAR: TIME EXPRESSIONS

PERIODS OF TIME In, during, for a moment, for awhile

We met in the evening.I lost my watch during the concert.

He was waiting me for a while.

RELATE TWO TIMES Before, after, three days ago, later,when

Put on your coat before you leave.I saw him two days ago.It is going to rain later.

PUT EVENTS IN ORDER First, second, then, next, in theend, finally

She went to Paris for the first time.He got up then he took a shower.He worked until 4 and finally wenthome.

UNIT 2. EDUCATION

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LESSON 3 A - B. HOW TO TALK ABOUT YOUR SCHOOLDAYS - HOW TO TALK ABOUT

YOUR ACHIEVEMENTS

GRAMMAR: USED TO

- Use the expression USED TO to talk about repeated actions or states in the past that bare not truenow or we do not do anymore.

Affirmative: You used to get good grades when you were a child.Negative: He didnt use to play marbles.Question: Did she use to play hide and seek?Short answers: Yes, she was No, she wasnt.

VOCABULARY: ACHIEVEMENT WORDS

DICTIONARY ENTRIES

VERB NOUN ADJECTIVE

AchieveManageSucceed

AchievementManagementSuccess

AchievableManageableSuccessful

TIME EXPRESSIONS

-

Use expressions of finished time with the Past Simple.- Use expressions of unfinished time with Present Perfect.

EXPRESSIONS OF FINISHED TIME EXPRESSIONS OF UNFINISHED TIME

YesterdayLast weekLast yearIn 2002

A few minutes ago

TodayThis weekThis yearIn the last few minutesIn my life

GRAMMAR: PRESENT PERFECT and PAST SIMPLE

- Use the PAST SIMPLE to talk about past actions which happened in a finished time.

- Use the PPRESENT PERFECT to talk about past actions which happened in an unfinished time.

PAST SIMPLE: S + Vp+ C PRESENT PERFECT: S + (HAVEHAS) + Vpp

I took an exam a few days ago.We didnt have a Math test last term.Did you learn any new words last week?What did he do yesterday?

She has taken exams in the last few days.They havent had a Math test this term.Have they learnt any new words this week?What have you done today?

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LESSON 3 C - D. HOW TO OFFER HOSPITALITY - HOW TO TALK ABOUT YOUR

EDUCATION AND CAREER

VOCABULARY: HOSPITALITY PHRASES

Dont worry about Help yourself to some of . I will take your if you likeDo you need anything? Is everything all right? Just leave your on the ..Shall I change the channel? Why dont you .. Would you like .

GRAMMAR: PHRASAL VERBS

- A Phrasal Verb is a verb used with a particle or a preposition. Together, they have a particularmeaning. Ex: make up = invent

- Phrasal Verbs can have more than one meaning.

Ex: Take off your coat. The plane took off on time

- A Phrasal Verb can be separable or non-separable.

- A Phrasal Verb has two parts: A Verb + a particle.

- Intransitive phrasal verbs have an object. The verb and adverb can be separated.

- Transitive phrasal verbs have an object that can be a noun or a pronoun. Sometimes it is possible toput the object between the verb and the adverb.

- If the object of a separable transitive verb is a pronoun (me, you, him, etc.) It must come before theparticle. Nouns can go before or after the particle.

Non-separable phrasal verbs without an object(intransitive)

James, come on.He grew up in Italy.

Non-separable Phrasal Verbs with an object(transitive)

Who is looking after the baby?

Separable Phrasal Verbs with an object (transitive) Turn on the TV. Turn the TV onHe turned the lights on He turned on the lights

VOCABULARY: PUBLIC EDUCATION AND PRIVATE EDUCATION

Primary school or elementary school Secondary schoolUniversity FacultyCareer DepartmentBachelor degree TeacherProfessor MastersDoctorate PhDInstitute AcademyDirector Sub director

Secretary Head master

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LESSON 4 A - B. HOW TO SAY HOW YOU FEEL ABOUT THINGS - HOW TO TALK

ABOUT MUSIC

GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY: -ED andING ADJECTIVES

- UseED adjectives to talk about how people feel

I am bored She is tired He looks excitedThey feel impressed You seem exhausted We are amazed

- UseING adjectives to talk about common nouns (animals and things) or the cause of a feeling.

The film is boring You have an interesting hobbyThis collection is fascinating To climb a mountain is amazing.

VOCABULARY: MUSIC

Musical instruments musician composer guitaristPianist Violinist artist singerClassical music country jazz operaPop music rap salsa romanticMP3 Player records CDs cassettesConcerts festivals contests orchestra

GRAMMAR: THE COMPARATIVE AND THE SUPERLATIVE

1. The comparative of One syllable adjectives is made addinger + than

Taller than smaller than cheaper thanCleaner than faster than slower than

2. The comparative of Two syllable adjectives ending in Yis made by changing letter Yinto iand addinger+ than.Busy - busierthan lazylazier than crazycrazier thanUglyuglier than happyhappier than prettyprettier than

3. The comparative of Two or more syllables adjectives is made using the expressionMORE THAN.

Expensive beautiful interesting importantIntelligent amazing careful comfortable

4. The comparative of adjectives ending in consonant preceded by a stressed vowel is made by duplicatingthe last consonant and addinger than.

Bigbigger than fatfatter than thinthinner thanHothotter than wetwetter than

5. IRREGULAR COMPARATIVEGood better thanBad worse than

Much more thanFar further thanWell better than

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THE SUPERLATIVE

1. The superlative of One syllable adjectives is made by adding THE -est

Tallthe tallest smallthe smallest cheapthe cheapestCleanthe cleanest fastthe fastest slowthe slowest

2. The superlative of Two syllable adjectives ending inYis made by changing letter Yinto iand adding Theest.Busy -The busiest lazyThe laziest. crazyThe craziestUglyThe ugliest. happyThe happiest. prettyThe prettiest.

3. The superlative of Two or more syllables adjectives is made using the expressionTHE MOST

Expensive beautiful interesting important

Intelligent amazing careful extreme

4. The superlative of adjectives ending in consonant preceded by a stressed vowel is made by duplicating thelast consonant and addingTheest.BigThe biggest. FatThe fattest. ThinThe thinnest.Hotthe hottest wetThe wettest

5. IRREGULAR SUPERLATIVE

Good better than the bestBad worse than the worstMuch more than the mostFar further than the furthestWell better than the best

- We use a simple adjective with only one noun.The English book is cheap

- We use the comparative with two nouns.The French book is cheaper than the English book

- We use the superlative with three or more nouns.

The Italian book is the cheapest.(The English bookthe French bookThe Italian book)

LESSON 4 C - D. HOW TO COMPARE AND DISCUSS PREFERENCES - HOW TO

EXPLAIN WHAT A FILM IS ABOUT

VOCABULARY: EXPRESSING LIKE AND DISLIKES

I like I dislike I love I hateI cant stand I adore I dont mind Im not keen on

GRAMMAR: COMPARING WITHAS .. AS

- Use AS to say that two things are equal or unequal

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AS + ADJECTIVE/ADVERB + AS NOT AS + ADJECTIVE/ADVERB + AS

Latacunga is as cold as RiobambaQuito is as big as CuencaPeter sang as well as MarioEsmeraldas is as hot as Guayaquil

My car is not as fast as yours.Carlos is not as tall as JorgeEcuador is not as big as ColombiaEnglish is not as difficult as Japanese

VOCABULARY: FILMS

TYPES OF FILMS

Drama action movies science fiction thrillers fantasy comedyMusical romance plays horror sex

GRAMMAR: RELATIVE CLAUSES

- A clause is a complex sentence composed by two simple sentences joined by a connector.

WHO

People

THAT

Things

WHICH

WHEN Time

WHERE PlacesWHOSE Owner

DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

- A Defining Relative clause is a sentence which provides accurate information.

a) I saw a woman yesterday.

b) The woman was at the bus station.

I saw a woman WHO was at the bus station.

I saw a woman THAT was at the bus station.

a) He brings a computer every day.

b) The computer is small.

He brings a computer THAT is small.

He brings a computer WHICH is small.

a) Peter lives in New York.

b) Peter studies in New York.

Peter lives in New York WHERE he studies.

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NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

- A Non-defining Relative Clause is a sentence which provides extra or additional

information.

a)

The girl is wearing a beautiful dress.

b) The girl is an excellent secretary.

The girl, WHO is wearing a beautiful dress, is an excellent secretary.

a) Latacunga is located in the central part of the country.

b) Latacunga is the capital of the Cotopaxi province.

Latacunga, WHICH is located in the central part of the country, is the capital of the

Cotopaxi province.

UNIT 3. SOCIAL NETWORKS

LESSON 5 A - B. HOW TO TALK ABOUT COUNTRIES AND GOVERNMENTS - HOW TO

TALK ABOUT RULES AND LAWS

VOCABULARY: POLITICS

Capital conservative democracy electionsHead of state national political presidentRepresent republic socialist United NationsLegislative Executive Judicial government

GRAMMAR. THE or NO ARTICLE in names of institutions

- THE is not used when the noun is mentioned in general form.

Thecoffee is delicious. Coffee is delicious.The food is expensive. Food is expensive.

- THE is used when the noun is mentioned in specific way.

The Ecuadorian coffee is delicious.The American food is expensive.

- THE is not used with names of people

Mary is my sister.I saw Peter yesterday.

- THE is not used with the names of languages.

Spanish is easy to learn.

Chinese is difficult to pronounce.

- THE is not used with the majority of names of countries.

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TheEcuador is a small country.ThePeru is our neighbor country.

-

THE is used with some countries

The United States of America.The Dominican Republic.The Mississippi river.

- THE is used BEFORE geographical names: Mountain ranges, rivers and seas, Island groups, deserts,some countries, some regions.

We visited the Andes.

The Amazon River is the largest in South America.I worked in the Middle East.She lived in the United States.

- THE is not used with these geographical names: Most regions, single mountains, most countries,continents, single islands, cities and lakes.

He studies in theWestern Australia.They climbed theMount Everest.Ecuador is in South America.

-

THE is used with names of institutions to show POSITIONS and ORGANIZATIONS.

Rafael Correa is THE president of Ecuador.He interviewed THE managing director.I visited THE World Health Organization.Freddy works at THE Amazon Petroleum Company.

- THE is not used with the names of individual people

TheKing Juan Carlos visited Africa.ThePresident Rafael Correa went to Europe.

VOCABULARY: PERMISSION WORDS

Allow = To give permission for somebody to do somethingPermit = To not allow somethingForbid = To allow somebody to do somethingProhibit = To say that something is not allowed by lawLet = To allow somebody to do something

GRAMMAR: MODALS OF OBLIGATION

-

Use CAN to say what is allowed.You can take pictures in the museum

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He can smoke in that place.

- Use CANT and MUSTNT to say that something is forbidden.

The student cant cheat the exam.Your father mustnt use the cell when driving.

- Use MUST and HAVE to say thats important to do something.

You must have a license to drive a car.He must do his homework.

- Use DONT HAVE TO to say that something is not necessary to do.

You dont have to give a test to drive a bike.She doesnt have to finish the report.

LESSON 5 C - D. HOW TO TALK ABOUT STORIES IN THE NEWS - HOW TO TALKABOUT PAST EVENTS

VOCABULARY: CRIME VERBS AND NOUNS

Attack rob steal murder kill shot kidnapArrest hijack assault

Delinquent robber killer murderer thief vandalism vandal

GRAMMAR: THE PASSIVE VOICE

PS + BE + Vpp + BY + AS + CIRC.

P.S. = Patient SubjectBE =Vpp. = Past participle formBY = Preposition that shows WHO does the action

A.S. = Agent SubjectCIRC = Circumstantial

BE verbal forms for the passive voice

PRESENT am, is, arePAST was, werePRESENT PROGRESSIVE (am, is, are) beingPAST PROGRESSIVE (was, were) beingIMMEDIATE FUTURE (am, is, are) going to beMEDIATE FUTURE will bePRESENT PERFECT (have, has) beenPAST PERFECT had beenPRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE: (have, has) been beingPAST PERFECT PROGRESSSIVE: had been being

D.O.Active voice: The girl does the homework at homeA.S. Tr. V. P.S. Circ.

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Passive Voice:The homework is made by the girl at home.P.S. BE Vpp. Prep A.S. Circ.

Active Voice: He worked a table in the workshop.Passive Voice: A table was worked by him in the workshop.

Active Voice: She is going to study English next year.Passive Voice: English is going to be studied by her next year.

Active Voice: My friend will buy a car next month.Passive Voice: A car will be bought by my friend next month.

NOTE: A verb can be transitive or intransitive.- Transitive verb when there is a DO in the sentence.

Peter writes a letterin the office.

- Intransitive verb when there isnt a DO in the sentence.Peter writes in the office.

CONCLUSSION- An active sentence is possible to change into passive sentence only when the verbis transitive.

VOCABULARY: GLOSSARY

Army = Very large organized group of soldiers

Battle = Fight between two armiesConfess = To declare guiltyDeformed = not the normal shapeEnemy = Opposite of friendEvil = Very badProtect = Keep safeRebel = Fight against the government

GRAMMAR: PAST PERFECT: HAD + Vpp

- Use the Past Perfect when you are talking about the past and want to say that an action happened at

an earlier time in the past.

You had been in Mexico lately.He hadnt been in the Galapagos Islands.Had you gone to the movies?Yes, I had. No, I hadnt.

LINKERS: (THEN, AFTER, WHILE)

- Use THEN, AFTER, WHILE to say when something happen.

-

Use AND THEN to show the sequence that things happen in.He wrote the e-mail and THEN he left the office.

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- Use AFTER to show that one thing was completed before another started.

AFTER I had written the letter, I left the office.I left the office AFTER I had written the letter.

- Use WHILE to say that one thing was happening when another happened.

The phone rang WHILE I was taking a bath.WHILE her mum was cooking, she arrived.

LESSON 6 A - B. HOW TO EXPRESS STRONG FEELINGS - HOW TO TELL AND SHOW

INTEREST IN AN ANECDOTE

VOCABULARY: EXTREME ADJECTIVES

Amazing awful brilliant dreadful exhausted enormousFantastic furious terrible terrified wonderful huge

GRAMMAR: SO and SUCH

- Use SO to make an adjective more extreme

Betty was SO tiredthat she fell asleep at once.She was SO busyto go to the party.

- Use SUCH to make a noun phrase more extreme

Dracula is SUCH a bad film that I dont like it.

Why is he such a stupid boy?

GRAMMAR: INFINITIVES AND GERUNDS

- Full infinitive is used with the preposition TO + V (Decide, expect, forget, hope, phone, want. Refuse,etc.)

We decided TO visit our relatives.He wants TO give the test immediately.

- Gerund infinitive is used with a Verb + -ING ending. (like, enjoy, dislike, love, fancy, finish, mind, hate,

prefer)

They like going to the concert.My friend hates working on Saturdays.

- Use Gerund infinitives after a preposition. (After, before, for, of, etc.)

You went home beforefinishing class.I arrived in Quito aftertravelling two hours.

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LESSON 6 C - D. HOW TO TALK ABOUT PEOPLE IN YOUR NEIGHBOHOOD - HOW TO

REPORT WHAT PEOPLE SAID

VOCABULARY: BEHAVIOUR

A Bully To fight friendly kind naughty noisyNosy polite rough rude To swear well-behaved

GRAMMAR: PRONOUNS IN REPORTED SPEECH

DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH

Wilson: I am very tired He says he is very tired

Ana: I want to go dancing She says she wants to go dancing

The boy: I dont do MY work. He says he doesnt do HIS work.

Celia: I call my son right now She says she calls HER son right now.Parents: We visit our family They say they visit THEIR family.

NOTES: Pronouns sometimes change in reported speech, depending on the situation.

It is not necessary to change the tenses of the reported speech, when it is in the present.

VOCABULARY: SAY and TELL

- SAY is used to express something literally.Ex: He says: Good morning everybody!

- TELL is used to narrate something to somebodyEx: He told me about the horror movie.

GRAMMAR: TENSES IN REPORTED SPEECH

DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH

Present Simple Past SimplePast Simple Past Perfect

Present Continuous Past Continuous

Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous

Present Perfect Past Perfect

Can Could

Will Would

Direct Speech Reported Speech

I play the violin He said (that) he played the violin

I dont like music She said (that) she doesnt like music.

We played tennis They said (that) they had played tennis.

I am watching TV He said (that) he was watching TV.

I was going home She said (that) she had been going home.We have eaten lunch They said (that) they had eaten lunch.

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I can leave early He said (that) he could leave early.

I will go to Europe She said (that) she would go to Europe.

LESSON 6 E. WRITING: EXCHANGING NEWS IN A PERSONAL LETTER.

VOCABULARY: RESPONDING TO NEWS

My birthday is the same day as yours - Wow, what a coincidenceMy aunt has died - Oh no, I am sorryI cant go on holiday, Ive broken my arm - How terrible, poor you.I have been chosen for the national team - Thats wonderful news. I am so pleased.I have resigned from my job - what a surprise!We are going to have a baby - Thats wonderful news. I am so pleased for you.

GRAMMAR: CONNECTORS (However, although, anyway, by the way)

- A connector is a word or expression used to join ideas.

- Use ALTHOUGH and HOWEVER as the same meaning as BUT

We havent finished painting the house. However, we have done most of the rooms.

He likes his job, althoughhe has to travel a lot.

- Use ANYWAY as the same meaning of ALSO or AND

I dont want to go out. ANYWAY, I have much homework to do.I have much homework to do, AND I dont want to go out.

- Use BY THE WAY to introduce an unconnected topic.

Everybody knows the exams start on Tuesday. BY THE WAY, are you preparing your speech?

NOTE: Use a comma after: BY THE WAY, HOWEVER and ANYWAY.

LESSON 7A - B. HOW TO SAY HOW PEOPLE LOOK - HOW TO TALK ABOUT FASHION

VOCABULARY: LOOKS AND CHARACTER; LOOK and LOOK LIKE

CHARACTER LOOKS AGE

ActiveAggressiveAmbitiousArtisticConfidentGenerous

ImaginativeKindLively

Bushy eyebrowsMoustacheFringeClean-shavenRound-faceHigh-forehead

Curly hairGinger hairStraight hair

In her late teensIn his early twentiesIn his mid-thirties

Around fiftyIn his seventies

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NervousImaginativeSeriousShyUnfriendly

Wavy hairShoulder-length hair

VOCABULARY: COMPOUND ADJECTIVES

Clean-shaven fashion-conscious good looking loose-fittingOld fashioned well-dressed well-known well-manneredWell-off self-educated self-controlled

GRAMMAR: WH- CLAUSES (RELATIVE CLAUSES)

- Use WH- CLAUSES as nouns to refer to: people, things, places, times, reasons, methods, conditions,and quantities.

Things She cant decide WHICH dress fits better.They dont know WHAT they want.

People Do you know WHO wrote this poem?

Places This is the shop WHERE we bought the shirt.

Times She cant remember WHEN she brought her tablet.

Reasons He doesnt understand WHY his wife is upset.

Methods Does he know HOW make food?

Conditions I know HOW you feel with your problem.

Quantities She doesnt mind HOW MUCH tospend.

LESSON 7 C - D. HOW TO TALK ABOUT PLANS AND INTENTIONS - HOW TO EXPRESS

GUESSESVOCABULARY: BODY AND EXERCISE

PARTS OF THE BODY EXERCISE ACTIVITIES BODY CARE

ElbowKneeLimb

ThumbToeFingerLegArmHeadFace

GymJoggingSteam bath

WalkingYogaAerobicsMake upsCyclingLift weightsClimbing

HaircutMassageShave

Sauna

GRAMMAR: FUTURE INTENTIONS

- Use the Present Continuous to talk about arrangements and appointments.

He is having a party on Saturday.She isnt doing anything on weekend.

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Are you meeting the teacher now?What are you having for dinner?

- Use GOING TO to talk about plans you have had for a while.

He is going to give a lecture tonight.I am not going to take a vacation this year.

Are you going to study for the test?Where are you going to stay?

- Use WILL to talk about plans you have decided already.

We will have a celebration after the exams.He wont go out tonight.Will you give me a ride to the airport?What will he do on Sunday?

GRAMMAR: MODALS OF DEDUCTION (MUST, MIGHT, CANT)

- Use MUST to say what you are sure is true.

He must be very rich if he has got a Roll Royce car.She must have a house because she didnt go to a hotel.

- Use MIGHT to say what you think is possible true.

The shutters are closed. She might be asleep.It might rain this afternoon. It is getting cloudy.

-

Use CANT to say what you are sure is not true.

They cant be poor if they live in that mansion. He cant speak Spanish well. He is from England.

UNIT 4. FASHION

LESSON 8 A - B. HOW TO TALK ON THE PHONE - HOW TO TALK ABOUT ABILITY

VOCABULARY: PHRASAL VERBS

PHRASAL VERBS MEANINGSBreak downCall fromCall byCut somebody offGet away (from)Get throughHand somebody over to somebodyHang onPut somebody throughRing somebody back

(Used about a vehicle or machine) to stop workingPhone since a placeTo make a short visit to a place or person as you passTo stop or interrupt somebodys telephone conversationTo succeed in leaving or escaping from somebody or a placeTo succeed in speaking to somebody on the telephone(Used at a meeting or on the phone) to let Sb speak or listenTo wait for a short timeTo make a telephone connection that allows Sb to speak to SbTo telephone Sb again

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GRAMMAR: PHRASAL VERBS (2)

- A PHRASAL VERB is a verb composed by the verb and a particle or a preposition.

-

A PHRASAL VERB can be separable or non-separable.

The car broke downWecalled by the garage on the way home.

- A PHRASAL VERB can be separable.

You can pick up your car later.

You can pickyour car uplater

- If the object of a separable verb is a pronoun (me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them) it must come before

the particle.

My brother pickedme upto the airport.The tour guide takesus overthe island.

- Nouns can go before or after the particle.

He picked up the message from the box.He pickedthe message upfrom the box.

- It is not correct to use the object (me, you, him, her, it, etc.) at the end.

I will callhim up. Correct.I will call up him. Incorrect.

GRAMMAR: ABILITY CAN, COULD, BE ABLE TO, MANAGE TO.

- General ability in the present

I can speak three languages.His dog is able to swim.

- General ability in the past.

She could play tennis when she was 10He had a car so he was able to travel a lot.

- General ability in one occasion in the past.

They were able to book the flights on the internet.You managed to pass the level.

- Other tenses or Modals.

We have been able to save money for a trip.

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LESSON 8 C - D. HOW TO REPORT AN INTERVIEW - HOW TO REPORT A

CONVERSATION

GRAMMAR: REPORTED QUESTIONS

- Use ASK when you want to report a question and be careful about the sequence of times.

OPEN QUESTIONS

DIRECT QUESTION REPORTED QUESTION

Where is he from?Where does he work?

They asked him where he was from.She asked him where he worked.

How was your interview?When did your course begin?

She asked me how my interview had been.He asked us when our course had begun.

Where will you be?

What will you do?

She asked me where I would be.

We asked him what he would do.CLOSED QUESTIONS

Do you go to Spain? We asked him IF he went to Spain.

Can you speak French? They asked her IF she could speak French.

Did you do your work? He asked her IF she had done her work.

Will you come tomorrow? She asked me IF I would come tomorrow.

VOCABULARY: REPORTING VERBS

REPORTING VERBS MEANINGS

Agree (not) toAdvice Sb (not) toInvite Sb toOffer toRefuse toPromise (not) toWarn Sb (not) to

To say yes to somebodyTo tell somebody what you think they should doTo ask somebody to come to a place to do somethingTo ask if somebody would like somethingTo say or show that you dont want to do or acceptTo say definitely that you will do or not doTo tell somebody about something unpleasant or dangerous

GRAMMAR: REPORTED IMPERATIVES AND REQUESTS

- Use TOLD + person + full infinitive to report imperatives.

-

Use ASKED + person + full infinitive to report requests.DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH

IMPERATIVES

Be careful!Dont move!

She told the children to be careful.I told him not to move.

REQUESTS

Can you tell me the time?Do you know where the bank is?

She asked me to tell her the time.They asked me where the bank was.

UNIT 5. FESTIVALS, CELEBRITIES

LESSON 9 A - B. HOW TO MAKE SMALL TALK - HOW TO TALK ABOUT FUTURE

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VOCABULARY: WEATHER

NOUNS VERBS ADJECTIVES

Heat wave

ShowersCloudGalesFloodsLightning

Shining

SnowingPouringblowing

Mild

StormyWindyBoilingSoakingFreezing

GRAMMAR: TAG QUESTIONS

- A TAG QUESTION is a small expression that is added at the end of a sentence.

-

Use The TAG QUESTION to check something that you think is true.

- When the sentence is affirmative, the tag question is negative.

It is cold, isnt it? You are a student, arent you?They live in Loja, dont they? He can play soccer, cant he?

- When the sentence is negative, the tag question is affirmative.

It isnt sunny today, is it? They arent doctors, are they?She doesnt have a car, does she? He cant swim, canthe?

VOCABULARY: ATTITUDE ADVERBS

Probably unfortunately hopefully definitelyImprobably Fortunately unhopefully indefinitely

GRAMMAR: FUTURE PERFECT (WILL + HAVE + Vpp)

- Use the FUTURE PERFECT to talk about something that will be finished by a certain time in thefuture.

Affirmative: I will have finished the report after an hour.

Negative: They will not (wont) have finished work by tomorrow.

Question: Will you have finish listening activity by 9 oclock?

Short Answers: Yes, I will. No, I wont.

LESSON 9 C - D. HOW TO GIVE ADVICE - HOW TO TALK ABOUT HYPOTHETICAL OR

UNREAL SITUATIONS

VOCABULARY: DIRECTION OF MOVEMENT

Along backwards downhill downwards forwardsInside outside towards you uphill upwards

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GRAMMAR: FIRST CONDITIONAL (IF CLAUSES)

IF CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE

IF + Present Simple Mediate future

a) If you study hard, you will approve the level.b) You will approve the level IF you study hard.

- Use the FIRST CONDITIONAL to talk about possible future actions and predict their result. (To giveadvice or warn about danger)

OTHER IF CLAUSES

- Use an IF CLAUSE followed by a main clause with an Imperative or SHOULD to give advice.

IMPERATIVE: IF there is an accident, call the policeCall the police IF there is an accident.

IF the road is flooded, dont try to drive.Dont try to drive IF the road is flooded.

GIVING ADVICE: IF there is a fire, you should take precautions.You should take precautions IF there is a fire.

IF you see a bear, you shouldnt run.You shouldnt run IF you see a bear.

VOCABULARY: COMPOUNDNOUNS

Computer technologyComputer programmerComputer keyboardComputer graphics

Laptop computerDesktop computerPersonal computer

Alarm clockAlarm bell

Fire alarmAlarm burglarSmoke alarm

Science fictionScience teacher

Science faculty

Computer scienceMedical science

Service chargeService station

Room serviceHealth service

Book shopBook fairBook club

Address bookExercise bookText bookPhrase book

Phone boxPhone callPhone cardPhone number

Car phoneCell phoneMobile phonePublic phone

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GRAMMAR: SECOND CONDITIONAL.

IF CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE

IF + Simple Past WOULD + V

IF I won the lottery, I would travel around the world.

IF you were the president, you would be powerful.

IF he didnt have a car, he would walk to work.

- Use the SECOND CONDITIONAL to talk about situations which are not true now and probably wont

be true in the future.

LESSON 10 A - B. HOW TO EXCHANGE OPINIONS - HOW TO TALK ABOUT YOUR

SHOPPING HABITS

VOCABULARY: SHOPS

OBJECT + SHOP JOB + S OTHERS

Shoe shopClothes shopBread shopNews stand

Book shopShopping mallDepartment store

ButchersGrocersChemistsOpticians

NewsagentsBakersGreengrocers

SupermarketBankLibrary

GRAMMAR: ARTICLES THE, A, AN

- Use AAN with singular countable nouns

Example: A shop A mall An engineer An employ

- Use THE with singular or plural nouns.

Example: The shop The shops The boy The boys

A - AN The first time you mention a noun There is a taxi outside my house.

To mention a profession He is an engineer

To mention something It is a new shopping mall

THE When the noun is mentioned again I saw him in the street

When it is clear the thing we talk about Mr. Jones is talking to the doctor

With places in a town Have you been to the bank?

VOCABULARY: PACKAGING

Bag bottle box can carton jar

Lid packet pot tin tube

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A jar of coffee, jam, mayonnaiseA packet of biscuits, nuts, cigarettesA box of eggs, cereal, soap powderA carton of milk, fruit juice, tomato juiceA pot of yogurt, cottage cheeseA tin of tomatoes, beans, fruitA bottle of ketchup, water, beerA bag of potatoes, apples, crispsA tube of toothpaste, tomato pureeA tub of margarine, cream, ice cream

GRAMMAR: QUANTIFIERS (EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY)

- Use QUANTIFIERS to say and ask about how much or how many of something there is or there are

EXPRESSIONS COUNTABLE NONCOUNTABLE

+ - ?

SOME SI SI SI NO SI

ANY SI SI NO SI SI

MUCH NO SI SI SI SI

MANY SI NO SI SI SI

A LOT OF SI SI SI SI SI

LOTS OF SI NO SI NO SI

A LITTLE NO SI SI NO SI

SEVERAL SI NO SI SI SI

NONE SI SI SI SI SI

There is some coffee on the tableThere isnt any sugar in the bagThere is much water in the poolThere are many cars on the streetThere is a lot of oil in the tankThere are lots of apples on the treeThere is a little salt in the kitchenThere are several students in class

LESSON 10 C - D. HOW TO TALK ABOUT RECENT ACTIVITIES - HOW TO ASK ABOUT

PRODUCTS IN A SHOP

VOCABULARY: APPROXIMATE TIMES AND AMOUNTS

A LITTLE LESS THAN IN RECENT TIMES APPROXIMATELY

NearlyAlmost

LatelyRecently

AboutMore or lessOr so

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GRAMMAR: PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS (HAVEHAS) + BEEN + Ving

- Use the PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS to talk about an activity which started in the past andhas continued until now.

Affirmative: They have been learning English for a long time.Negative: They havent been learning English for a long time.Questions: Have they been learning English for a long time?Short Answers: Yes, they have. No, they havent.

- Dont use the PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS with State Verbs (be, believe, etc.).

VOCABULARY: WORDS CONNECTED WITH BUYING AND SELLING

SALE An occasion when a shop sells products to lower pricesAVAILABLE Something you can get, buy or findUPGRADE To get a better version of something you have already gotVOUCHER A printed piece of paper which you can use like moneyBARGAIN A thing bought for less than the usual priceDELIVER To take goods. Letters to someones homeREPLACE To change something which is damaged or not right for a new one.

GRAMMAR: TIME AND CONDITIONAL CLAUSES

(IFAS LONG ASUNLESSWHENAS SOON ASUNTIL)

Ill buy the camera IF it is cheap. IF it is cheap, Ill buy the camera.Ill buy the camera as long as it is cheap. As long as it is cheap, Ill buy the camera.

I wont buy the camera UNLESS it is cheap. UNLESS it is cheap, Ill buy the camera.

Well buy a car WHEN we have saved enough money.When we have saved enough money, well buy the car.

Well buy a car AS SOON AS we have saved enough moneyAS SOON AS we have saved enough money, well buy a car.

We wont buy a car UNTIL we have saved enough money. UNTIL we have saved enough money, we wont buy a car.

UNIT 6: CULTURE-INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION

LESSON 11 A - B. HOW TO GIVE AND ASK ABOUT DIRECTIONS - HOW TO TALK

ABOUT HOLIDAY ACCOMMODATION

VOCABULARY: THE STREET

An alley a bridge a canal a car park a crossroad a path

A roundabout a taxi rank a T - junction a dead-end street a pedestrian streetTurn right turn left go straight on your left on your right keep leftKeep right

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GRAMMAR: INDIRECT QUESTIONS

- Use INDIRECT QUESTIONS (Requests) when you want to be more polite.

(DO YOU KNOW - CAN YOU TELL ME - COULD YOU TELL ME )

- Open Requests are those ones in which we can answer with information about something.

- Closed Requests are those ones in which we can answer with YES or NO

DIRECT QUESTIONS INDIRECT QUESTIONS

Closed Questions with BE Is there a bank near here? Can you tell me if there is a bank near here?Could you tell me if there is a bank near here?

Closed Questions withACTION VERBS

Does he study English at ESPE? Do you know if he studies English at ESPE?Can you tell me if he studies at ESPE?

Open Questions with BE Where is the museum? Can you tell me where the museum is?Do you know where the museum is?

Open Questions withACTIONS VERBS

When does the shop open?

Where did she go?

Could you tell me when the shop opens?Do you know when the shop opens?

Can you tell me where she went?Do you know where she went?

VOCABULARY: DESCRIBING HOLIDAY ACCOMMODATION (ADJECTIVES)

Comfortable - Good, physical feeling (chair, bathroom, sofa)Delicious - Great test or smell (food, coffee, cake)Delightful - A feeling of happiness or enjoyment (food, people, room)Efficient - Quickly, organized (service, staff, employee)Elegant - Attractive appearance (furniture, room, restaurant)Friendly - Polite, kind (guests, staff)Magnificent - Beautiful, to be admired (garden, hotel, building)Secluded - Quiet, away from people or noise (hotel, building, neighborhood)

GRAMMAR: TO HAVE (GET) SOMETHING DONE S + (HAVE GET) + OBJECT + Vpp.

- Use the CAUSATIVE CAUSE for expressing that something is done for us. Use the Verbs HAVE GET.

I have my food prepared every day.My parents have their house painted.He has his car repaired.She has her nails cut.We get our letters printed.They get their shirts washed and ironed.

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LESSON 11 C - D. HOW TO GIVE HEALTH ADVICE - HOW TO GIVE EXTRA INFORMATION

VOCABULARY: HEALTH AND TRAVEL

Injections Certificates pills medical insurance tap waterVaccination local food first aid kit mosquito net sun blockInsect repellent emergency medicine vitamins

GRAMMAR: HAVE TO, NEED TO, SHOULD, OUGHT TO

- Use HAVE TO, NEED TO to say that it is necessary to do something

- Use DONT HAVE TO, NEEDNT to say that something is not necessary to do.

- OUGHT TO, SHOULDNT + VERB to give advice.

You have to take the pills three times a day.You need to show your passport at the hotel.You should make a reservation in advance.You ought to keep a first aid kit in your car.You shouldnt take any medicine when driving.

VOCABULARY: TRAVEL PROBLEMS

Run out of (gas, petrol, money)Miss (the bus, the train, the plane, your turn)Lose (Your wallet, your way, and your ticket)

Get lost (your orientation)Get stuck (be trapped in the traffic)Get stopped for speeding (by the police)Have (a flat tire, a break down, an accident)

GRAMMAR: NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

- A Defining Relative clause is a sentence which provides accurate information.

c) I saw a woman yesterday.

d) The woman was at the bus station.

I saw a woman WHO was at the bus station.

I saw a woman THAT was at the bus station.

c) He brings a computer every day.

d) The computer is small.

He brings a computer THAT is small.

He brings a computer WHICH is small.

c) Peter lives in New York.

d)

Peter studies in New York.

Peter lives in New York WHERE he studies.

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NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

- A Non-defining Relative Clause is a sentence which provides extra or additional

information.c) The girl is wearing a beautiful dress.

d) The girl is an excellent secretary.

The girl, WHO is wearing a beautiful dress, is an excellent secretary.

c) Latacunga is located in the central part of the country.

d) Latacunga is the capital of the Cotopaxi province.

Latacunga, WHICH is located in the central part of the country, is the capital of theCotopaxi province.

NOTES: A non-defining relative clause is the extra information that is added between commas.

If the non-defining relative clause is omitted, it becomes a Defining Relative Clause.

LESSON 12 A - B. HOW TO EXPLAIN YOUR POINT OF VIEW - HOW TO TALK ABOUT

HOPES AND WISHES

GRAMMAR: SO, BECAUSE, IN ORDER TO

-

Use SOto talk about the result of a situation.- Use BECAUSEto talk about the cause of a situation

- Use IN ORDER TO to talk about a purpose

Examples: I got up late so I missed the bus.I missed the bus because I got up late.I got up early in order to catch the bus.

I spent a year in the United States in order to improve my English.My boss was angry because I crashed his car.We bought a guide book so we could plan our trip.

VOCABULARY:

WISH - To desire something I wish I had a million dollars.

HOPE - To expect something I hope to go to France someday.

BE GLAD - To be happy I am glad I have got a good car.

GRAMMAR: WISH

- Use WISH to talk about unreal situations in the present.

-

Use HOPE to talk about things that we want to happen in the future.- Use BE GLAD to say that you are happy about a situation.

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NOTE: Change the tense in sentences with WISH to show that the situation is unreal.

REAL SITUATION WISH - HOPE - BE GLAD TO

My father smokes too much I wish my father smoked less.

Today is Monday. I wish it were Friday.I am a student Ill hope to be a professional soon.

I havent got any problems I am glad I havent got any problems.

NOTE: WERE is more formal than WAS

LESSON 12 C - D. HOW TO DESCRIBE THE PLOT OF A STORY - HOW TO TALK ABOUT

IMPORTANT DECISIONS

GRAMMAR: -ING andED CLAUSES

-

UseING andED CLAUSES to add extra information about the subject of a sentence.

- FormED CLAUSES with any Past Participle, including regular and irregular verbs.

a) The story is about a man. b) The man was working in LondonThe story is about a man working in London.

a) That girl is a teacher. b) That girl wears a black jacket.That girl wearing a black jacket is a teacher.

a) The pilot of the car was a man. b) His name was Emerson FittipaldiThe pilot of the car was called Emerson Fittipaldi

a)

It is an adventure film. b) Steven Spielberg wrote the film.It is an adventure film written by Steven Spielberg.

GRAMMAR: THIRD CONDITIONAL

- Use the THIRD CONDITIONAL to talk about an imagined situation in the past (something that didnthappen) and its imagined result.

IF CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

HAD + Vpp WOULD + HAVE + Vpp

a)

I had studied engineering. I would have been a good professional.

IF I had studied engineering, I would have been a good professional.I would have been a good professional IF I had studied engineering.

b) I had gone to the United States. I would have learned to speak English.

IF I had gone to the United States, I would have learned to speak English.I would have learned to speak English IF I had gone to the United States.

c) You had won the lottery. You would have travelled around the world.

IF you had won the lottery, you would have travelled around the world.You would have travelled around the world IF you had won the lottery.

grammar 5 - 6

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