GRAMMAR BOOKGRAMMAR BOOK

Walberto Haynes Walberto Haynes

Spanish 3Spanish 3

Period 1Period 1

Table of Contents

1. Present tense (ar, er, ir)

2. Stem changers

3. Irregulars

4. Saber vs. conocer

5. Reflexives

6. “Se” impersonal

7. Verbs like gustar

8. Cer/cir, guir/uir, ger/gir

9. Hacer expressions

10. Imperfect: 1) irregulars 2) trigger words

11. Preterite: 1) irregulars- car, gar, zar, spock, cucaracha, snake, snakey

12. Comparatives/ superlatives

13. Future: 1) irregulars 2) trigger words

AR, ER, IRAR, ER, IR

Stem ChangersStem Changers

Some spanish verbs are called Some spanish verbs are called stem-changersstem-changers because because when they are conjugated, the stem changes in a when they are conjugated, the stem changes in a predictable way.predictable way.

IrregularsIrregulars

Saber vs. ConocerSaber vs. Conocer In Spanish, there are two verbs that express the idea "to know." In Spanish, there are two verbs that express the idea "to know."

These two verbs are "saber" and "conocer." The verb you choose These two verbs are "saber" and "conocer." The verb you choose depends upon the context in which it is used. These verbs are depends upon the context in which it is used. These verbs are notnot interchangeable.interchangeable.

ReflexivesReflexives Reflexive nouns:Reflexive nouns:

meme (myself) (myself)tete (yourself) (yourself)sese (himself, herself, yourself) (himself, herself, yourself)nosnos (ourselves) (ourselves)osos (yourselves) (yourselves)sese (themselves, yourselves) (themselves, yourselves)

““Se” ImpersonalSe” Impersonal In English, you'll hear statements like: "You shouldn't smoke in a hospital,” In English, you'll hear statements like: "You shouldn't smoke in a hospital,”

"They say she is very pretty,” and "One never knows when he will turn up.""They say she is very pretty,” and "One never knows when he will turn up." These are "impersonal expressions". In other words, we don't really have These are "impersonal expressions". In other words, we don't really have

anyone specific in mind when we say "They say..." or "One" or " You". We anyone specific in mind when we say "They say..." or "One" or " You". We mean people in general. This is what we mean by "impersonal".mean people in general. This is what we mean by "impersonal".

Verbs like gustarVerbs like gustar Gustar becomes either gusta or gustan, depending upon whether Gustar becomes either gusta or gustan, depending upon whether

the subject of the sentence is singular or plural. It has nothing to do the subject of the sentence is singular or plural. It has nothing to do with which IO pronoun is used.with which IO pronoun is used.

Uir/ Guir, Cer/ Cir, Ger/ GirUir/ Guir, Cer/ Cir, Ger/ Gir

Guir: in yo form, the gu gGuir: in yo form, the gu gUir: add a y before the letters a, e, and oUir: add a y before the letters a, e, and oCer/Cir: in yo form c azCer/Cir: in yo form c azGer/Gir: chang g ajGer/Gir: chang g aj

Hacer expressionsHacer expressions The verb "hacer" can be used in a number of ways to indicate the length of The verb "hacer" can be used in a number of ways to indicate the length of

time an action has been taking place. Here is a formula:time an action has been taking place. Here is a formula:

ImperfectImperfect

The imperfect tense is used to refer to actions in the past The imperfect tense is used to refer to actions in the past that occurred repeatedly.that occurred repeatedly.

The imperfect tense is also used to refer to actions in the The imperfect tense is also used to refer to actions in the past that occurred over an extended period of time.past that occurred over an extended period of time.

Irregular ImperfectIrregular Imperfect

ser ir ver

era iba veía

eras ibas veías

era iba veía

éramos íbamos veíamos

erais ibais veíais

eran iban veían

Imperfect Trigger WordsImperfect Trigger Words

Examples:Examples: ayerayer (yesterday), (yesterday), anteayeranteayer (the day before yesterday), (the day before yesterday), anocheanoche (last night), (last night), desde desde

el primer momentoel primer momento (from the first moment), (from the first moment), durante dos siglosdurante dos siglos (for two (for two centuries), centuries), el otro díael otro día (the other day), (the other day), en ese momentoen ese momento (at that moment), (at that moment), entoncesentonces (then), (then), esta mañanaesta mañana (this morning), (this morning), esta tardeesta tarde (this afternoon), (this afternoon), la la semana pasadasemana pasada (last week), (last week), el mes pasadoel mes pasado (last month), (last month), el año pasadoel año pasado (last (last year), year), hace dos días, añoshace dos días, años (two days, years ago), (two days, years ago), ayer por la mañanaayer por la mañana (yesterday (yesterday morning), morning), ayer por la tardeayer por la tarde (yesterday afternoon). (yesterday afternoon).

PreteritePreterite

The preterite is used for actions that were repeated a The preterite is used for actions that were repeated a specific number of times, or occurred during a specific specific number of times, or occurred during a specific period of time.period of time.

The preterite is used for actions that were part of a chain The preterite is used for actions that were part of a chain of events.of events.

Irregular Preterite Irregular Preterite

CAR, GAR, ZAR

Car Qué

Gar Gué

Zar Cé

1st person only

Hacer Dar y Ver Ir y Ser

Hice D/V i Fui

Hiciste D/V iste Fuiste

Hizo D/V io Fue

Hicimos D/V imos Fuimos

Hicieron D/V ieron Fueron

CUCARACHA é andar anduv_ iste estar estuv_ o poder pud_ imos poner pus_ ieron querer quis_

saber sup_tener tuv_venir vin_

Irregular Preterite Irregular Preterite ContinuedContinued

Snake:•Change the root of the verb in the preterit only in the usted and ustedes forms

Snakey•Only change in usted and ustedes•Add “y” to beginning of suffix

Comparatives/ SuperlativesComparatives/ Superlatives

Comparisons are expressed as follows:màs...que : more... thanmenos...que : less... thantan...como : as... astanto(a, os, as)...como : as much/many... as

FutureFuture

The future tense is used to tell what "will" The future tense is used to tell what "will" happen, or what "shall" happen.happen, or what "shall" happen.

Regular verbs in the future tense are conjugated by adding the following endings to the infinitive form of the verb: -é, -ás, -á, -emos, -éis, -án.

hablaréhablaráshablaráhablaremoshablaréishablarán

Irregular FutureIrregular Future

Irregular –ER verbs Irregular –IR verbs

SABERto know

PONERto put

VENIRto come

SALIRto leave, go

out

yo sabré pondré vendré saldré

tú sabrás pondrás vendrás saldrás

Ud., él, ella,

sabrá pondrá vendrá saldrá

nosotros/as

sabremos pondremos vendremos saldremos

vosotros/as

sabréis pondréis vendréis saldréis

Uds., ellos, ellas

sabrán pondrán vendrán saldrán

•You will notice that the irregular –er verbs drop the –e from the infinitive ending, while the irregular –ir verbs replace the –i with an –r.