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(FORALLPURPOSE)

BY

PREMBABOOKASHYAP

B.E.(CHEMICAL),M.Sc.,M.PHIL.

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CHAPTER1.THESIMPLEPRESENTOFTHEVERBTOBE

1.Grammar

Thegrammarofalanguageisananalysisofthevariousfunctionsperformedbythewordsofthelanguage,astheyareusedbynativespeakersandwriters.Therearemanydifferentways of analyzing a language. In such an analysis, words can be given various names,depending on the function which they perform. For instance, words which perform thefunctionofnamingthingsarecommonlyreferredtoasnouns,andwordswhichperformthe function of expressing states or actions are commonly referred to as verbs.ItshouldbekeptinmindthatmanyEnglishwordscanperformmorethanonefunction.Forinstance,inthefollowingsentences,theunderlinedwordscanbereferredtoasnounsbecausetheyperformthefunctionofnamingthings.e.g.Ihavelostmycomb.Waterisoneofthenecessitiesoflife.However,inthefollowingsentences,thesamewordscanbereferredtoasverbsbecausetheyperformthefunctionofexpressingactions.e.g.Icombmyhaireverymorning.Doyouwateryourplantsonceaweek?Inthisbook,widelyusedtermssuchasnoun,verb,pronounandsoon,willbeusedinordertoexplainthewayinwhichwordsfunctionintheEnglishlanguage.

2.VerbformsEnglish verbs may have different forms, depending on the subject of the verb, anddepending on when the action expressed by the verb takes place. In the followingsentences, the subjects of the verbs indicate who or what is performing the actionsexpressedbytheverbs.Theverbsintheseexamplesareunderlined.e.g.Weliveinthecity.HelivesonQueenStreet.Theseexamplesillustratehowtheformofaverbmayvary,dependingonthesubjectoftheverb.Inthefirstexample,thesubjectiswe,andtheformoftheverbislive.Inthesecondexample,thesubjectishe,andtheformoftheverbislives.Thedifferentverbformswhichindicatewhentheactionexpressedbyaverbtakesplaceareusuallyreferredtoastenses.

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e.g.Wealwayswalktowork.Wewalkedtoworkyesterday.Inthefirstsentence,theverbwalkisintheSimplePresenttense.Inthesecondsentence,the verbwalked is in the Simple Past tense. Present tenses are usually used to expressactions which are taking place in the present; whereas past tenses are usually used toexpress actions which took place in the past.The infinitive form of a verb can be usedwithoutreferencetoanyparticularsubjectoranyparticulartime.InEnglish,theinfinitiveformofaverbbeginswiththewordto.Forinstance,towalk istheinfinitiveoftheverbusedinthetwoprecedingexamples.

3.Usesofthesimplepresenttense

TheSimplePresentisoneoffourpresenttensesinEnglish,andisusedinvariousways.Intheexamplesgivenbelow,theverbsintheSimplePresenttenseareunderlined.Forinstance,theSimplePresentcanbeusedtorefertoactionswhichoccuratregularintervals.e.g.WevisitourfriendseverySunday.Theytakeaholidayonceayear.Geeseflysoutheveryfall.TheSimplePresentisalsousedinstatinggeneraltruths.e.g.Gasexpandswhenheated.ThePacificOceanisthelargestoceanintheworld.CanadaliesnorthoftheUnitedStates.Inaddition,theSimplePresentisusedwhenreferringtoprintedmaterial,andwhendescribingeventsportrayedinabook,film,orotherworkofart.e.g.Thereportpresentstheinformationclearly.Attheendofthefilm,theherofindsthehiddentreasure.Occasionally,theSimplePresentisusedtoexpressactionsoccurringinthefutureorthepast.e.g.Ourplaneleavesateighto'clocktomorrownight.BurglarStealsValuablePaintingsInthefirstexample;theSimplePresentisusedtorefertosomethingwhichwillhappeninthefuture.Inthesecondexample,whichiswritteninthestyleofanewspaperheadline,theSimplePresentisusedtorefertosomethingwhichhappenedinthepast.

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4.ThesimplepresentoftheverbToBeAconjugationofaverbisalistshowingthedifferentformsaverbmaytake.Whenaverbisconjugated,itisusuallyaccompaniedbyallofthepersonalpronounswhichcanactassubjectsofaverb.Thus,aconjugationcanshowthedifferentformsaverbmusttakewhenit is used with different subjects.The English personal pronouns which may be used assubjectsofverbsareasfollows:

Iyouhesheitwethey

ItshouldbenotedthatinmodernEnglish,thesameverbformsareusedwiththesubjectyou, whether you refers to one ormore than one person or thing. In an older form ofEnglish, therewas another personal pronoun, thou,whichwas usedwith different verbforms, and which generally referred to one person or thing.The Simple Present of the verb to be is conjugated as follows. In spoken English,contractionsareoftenused.

Withoutcontractions WithcontractionsIam I'myouare you'reheis he'ssheis she'sitis it'sweare we'retheyare they'reInwrittenEnglish,anapostrophe:'isusedinacontraction,toindicatethatoneormorelettershavebeenomitted.a.AffirmativestatementsAnaffirmativestatementstatesthatsomethingistrue.Inanaffirmativestatement,theverbfollowsthesubject.e.g.Iamawake.Theyareready.Inthefirstexample,theverbamfollowsthesubjectI.Inthesecondexample,theverbarefollowsthesubjectthey.InwrittenEnglish,statementsarealwaysfollowedbyaperiod:

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Statementsandquestionsmustbeginwithacapitalletter.Inordertoreviewtheprecedingpoints,seeExercise1.b.QuestionsfortheSimplePresentoftheverbtobe,questionsareformedbyreversingtheorderofthesubjectandtheverb,sothattheverbprecedesthesubject.e.g.AmIawake?Aretheyready?Inthefirstexample,theverbamprecedesthesubjectI.Inthesecondexample,theverbareprecedesthesubjectthey.InwrittenEnglish,questionsarealwaysfollowedbyaquestionmark:?SeeExercise2.c.NegativestatementsIntheSimplePresentoftheverbtobe,negativestatementsareformedbyaddingthewordnotaftertheverb.e.g.Iamnotawake.Theyarenotready.Inthefirstexample,notfollowstheverbam.Inthesecondexample,notfollowstheverbare.InspokenEnglish,thefollowingcontractionsareoftenused:

Withoutcontractions Withcontractionsisnot isn'tarenot aren'tSeeExercise3.d.NegativequestionsIntheSimplePresentoftheverbtobe,negativequestionsareformedbyreversingtheorderofthesubjectandverb,andaddingnotafterthesubject.e.g.AmInotawake?Aretheynotready?

In spokenEnglish, contractionsareusuallyused innegativequestions. In the contractedformofanegativequestion,thecontractionofnotfollowsimmediatelyaftertheverb.Forexample:

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Withoutcontractions WithcontractionsAreyounotawake? Aren'tyouawake?Ishenotawake? Isn'theawake?Arewenotawake? Aren'tweawake?Aretheynotawake? Aren'ttheyawake?Itshouldbenotedthatthereisnouniversallyacceptedcontractionforamnot.InspokenEnglish,amInot?isoftencontractedtoaren'tI?.However,althoughtheexpressionaren'tI? is considered acceptable in informal English, it is not considered to be grammaticallycorrect in formalEnglish. In formalEnglish,no contraction shouldbeused foram Inot.

SeeExercise4.e.Tagquestions

Atagquestion isaquestionaddedat theendofasentence.A tagquestion followinganaffirmativestatementgenerallyhastheformofanegativequestion,withthemeaning:Isn'tthattrue? Insome languages,suchtagquestionsare invariable.However, inEnglish, tagquestions vary, depending on the verbs and subjects of the preceding statements.Inthefollowingexamples,thetagquestionsareunderlined.Contractionsareusuallyusedinnegativetagquestions.Forexample:

Affirmativestatement AffirmativestatementwithtagquestionAreyounotawake? Aren'tyouawake?Iamawake. Iamawake,amInot?Youareawake. Youareawake,aren'tyou?Sheisawake. Sheisawake,isn'tshe?Weareawake. Weareawake,aren'twe?Theyareawake. Theyareawake,aren'tthey?These examples illustrate how the subjects and verbs of the preceding statements arerepeatedintagquestions.Forinstance,inthefirstexample,thesubjectIandtheverbamarerepeatedinthetagquestion.Inthesecondexample,thesubjectyouandtheverbarearerepeatedinthetagquestion.InspokenEnglish,theexpressionaren'tI?isoftenusedasa tag question. However, this is not considered to be grammatically correct in formal,writtenEnglish.SeeExercises5and6.

EXERCISESforChapter1

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1.Changethefollowingpairsofwordsintosentences,usingthecorrectformsoftheSimplePresentoftheverbtobe.Forexample:I,cautiousIamcautious.they,friendlyTheyarefriendly.1.you,careful2.it,warm3.he,here4.we,bold5.they,careless6.she,clever7.we,ready8.you,reckless9.I,shy10.they,politeAnswers2.ChangetheaffirmativestatementsresultingfromExercise1intoquestions.Forexample:Iamcautious.AmIcautious?Theyarefriendly.Aretheyfriendly?Answers3.ChangetheaffirmativestatementsresultingfromExercise1intonegativestatements.Forexample:Iamcautious.Iamnotcautious.Theyarefriendly.Theyarenotfriendly.Answers4.ChangetheaffirmativestatementsresultingfromExercise1intonegativequestions.ExceptwherethesubjectoftheverbisI,writeboththeformwithoutcontractionsandtheformwithcontractions.Forexample:Iamcautious.AmInotcautious?Theyarefriendly.Aretheynotfriendly?Aren'ttheyfriendly?

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Answers5.AddnegativetagquestionstotheendsoftheaffirmativestatementsresultingfromExercise1.ExceptwherethesubjectoftheverbisI,usecontractionsforthetagquestions.Forexample:Iamcautious.Iamcautious,amInot?Theyarefriendly.Theyarefriendly,aren'tthey?Answers

6. Using the Simple Present of the verb tobe, andmaking sure that the word order iscorrect, form the following groups of words into grammatically correct statements orquestions. If the symbol ? is present, form thewords into a question. If thewordnot ispresent, form the words into a negative statement or negative question. Do not usecontractionsinthisexercise.

Forexample:it,brownItisbrown.you,?,excitedAreyouexcited?I,satisfied,notIamnotsatisfied.not,?,they,readyAretheynotready?1.you,?,hungry2.we,?,not,correct3.he,?,happy4.not,?,it,cold5.she,here6.I,early,?7.they,wrong,not8.you,?,comfortable9.they,?,not,strong10.not,?,I,fortunate11.it,slippery,?12.not,you,late13.it,not,?,important

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14.we,famous15.they,present,?Answers

ANSWERSTOTHEEXERCISESforChapter1

AnswerstoExercise1:1.Youarecareful.2.Itiswarm.3.Heishere.4.Wearebold.5.Theyarecareless.6.Sheisclever.7.Weareready.8.Youarereckless.9.Iamshy.10.Theyarepolite.AnswerstoExercise2:1.Areyoucareful?2.Isitwarm?3.Ishehere?4.Arewebold?5.Aretheycareless?6.Issheclever?7.Areweready?8.Areyoureckless?9.AmIshy?10.Aretheypolite?AnswerstoExercise3:

1.Youarenotcareful.2.Itisnotwarm.3.Heisnothere.4.Wearenotbold.5.Theyarenotcareless.6.Sheisnotclever.7.Wearenotready.8.Youarenotreckless.9.Iamnotshy.10.Theyarenotpolite.

AnswerstoExercise4:

1.Areyounotcareful?Aren'tyoucareful?2.Isitnotwarm?Isn'titwarm?3.Ishenothere?Isn't he here? 4. Arewenot bold?Aren'twe bold? 5. Are they not careless?Aren't theycareless?6.Isshenotclever?Isn'tsheclever?7.Arewenotready?Aren'tweready?8.Areyounotreckless?Aren'tyoureckless?9.AmInotshy?10.Aretheynotpolite?Aren'ttheypolite?

AnswerstoExercise5:

1.Youarecareful,aren'tyou?2.Itiswarm,isn'tit?3.Heishere,isn'the?4.Wearebold,aren'twe? 5. They are careless, aren't they? 6. She is clever, isn't she? 7.We are ready,aren'twe?8.Youarereckless,aren'tyou?9.Iamshy,amInot?10.Theyarepolite,aren'tthey?AnswerstoExercise6:

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1.Areyouhungry?2.Arewenotcorrect?3.Ishehappy?4.Isitnotcold?5.Sheishere.6.AmIearly?7.Theyarenotwrong.8.Areyoucomfortable?9.Aretheynotstrong?10.AmInot fortunate? ii. Is it slippery? 12. You are not late. 13. Is it not important? 14.We arefamous.15.Aretheypresent?

CHAPTER2.THESIMPLEPRESENTOFVERBSOTHERTHANTHEVERBTOBE1.Formationofthesimplepresent

The Simple Present of any verb other than the verb to be is formed from the bareinfinitive of the verb. As shown in the following examples, the bare infinitive of a verbconsists of the infinitive without the word to. The bare infinitive is the form in whichEnglishverbsareusuallylistedindictionaries.Forexample:

Infinitive BareInfinitivetobe betowalk walktowork workIntheSimplePresentofverbsotherthantheverbtobe,theformoftheverbusedwiththesubjectsI ,you,weandthey isthesameasthebareinfinitive.Theformoftheverbusedwith the subjects he, she and it has the ending s added to the bare infinitive.Forexample,theSimplePresentoftheverbtoworkisconjugatedasfollows:

Iworkyouworkheworkssheworksitworksweworktheywork

Theformoftheverbusedwiththesubjectshe,sheanditisgenerallyreferredtoasthethirdpersonsingularSeeExercise1.a.ThesimplepresentoftheverbToHaveTheSimplePresentoftheverbtohaveisslightlyirregular,sincethebareinfinitiveishave,whereastheformoftheverbusedinthethirdpersonsingularishas.TheSimplePresentoftheverbtohaveisconjugatedasfollows:

Ihave

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youhavehehasshehasithaswehavetheyhave

SeeExercise2.

2.SpellingrulesforaddingsinthethirdpersonsingularSomeverbschangetheirspellingwhensisaddedinthethirdpersonsingular.a.VerbsendinginyTheEnglishlettersa,e,i,oanduaregenerallyreferredtoasvowels.TheotherEnglishlettersaregenerallyreferredtoasconsonants.Whenaverbendsinyimmediatelyprecededbyaconsonant,theyischangedtoiebeforetheendingsisadded.Ineachofthefollowingexamples,theconsonantimmediatelyprecedingthefinalyisunderlined.

BareInfinitive ThirdPersonSingularstudy studiesfly fliescarry carriesHowever,whenaverbends iny immediatelyprecededbyavowel, they isnot changedbefore the ending s is added. In each of the following examples, the vowel immediatelyprecedingthefinalyisunderlined.

BareInfinitive ThirdPersonSingularsay saysenjoy enjoysbuy buysSeeExercise3.b.VerbsendinginoWhenaverbendsino,thelettereisaddedbeforethesending.Forexample:

BareInfinitive ThirdPersonSingulardo doesecho echoesgo goes

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c.Verbsendinginch,s,sh,xorzWhenaverbendsinasibilantsoundsuchasch,s,sh,xorz,thelettereisaddedbeforethesending.Forexample:

BareInfinitive ThirdPersonSingularpass passespush pusheswatch watchesfix fixesbuzz buzzesSeeExercise4.

3.PronunciationoftheesendingAsyllableisaunitofpronunciation,usuallyconsistingofavowelsoundwhichmayormaynotbeaccompaniedbyconsonants.Whenaverbendsinasibilantsoundsuchasch,s,sh,xorz, theesendingof the thirdpersonsingular ispronouncedasaseparatesyllable.Thereason for this is that thesesoundsaresosimilar to thesoundof theesending, that theendingmustbepronouncedasaseparatesyllableinordertobeheardclearly.Ineachofthefollowingexamplesthebareinfinitiveconsistsofonesyllable,whereastheformoftheverbusedinthethirdpersonsingularconsistsoftwosyllables.

BareInfinitive ThirdPersonSingularpass passespush pushescatch catchesmix mixesSimilarly, when s is added to verbs ending in ce, ge, se or ze, the final es is usuallypronounced as a separate syllable. In each of the following examples the bare infinitiveconsists of one syllable,whereas the form of the verb used in the third person singularconsistsoftwosyllables.

BareInfinitive ThirdPersonSingularrace racesrage ragespraise praisesdoze dozesHowever,whensisaddedtoaverbendingineprecededbyaletterotherthanc,g,sorz,thefinalesisnotpronouncedasaseparatesyllable.Ineachofthefollowingexamples,boththebareinfinitiveandtheformoftheverbusedinthethirdpersonsingularconsistofonesyllable.

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BareInfinitive ThirdPersonSingularmake makessmile smilesdine dinessave savesSeeExercise5.

4.TheauxiliaryDoWiththeexceptionoftheverbtobe,verbsinmodernEnglishusetheauxiliarydotoformquestionsandnegativestatementsintheSimplePresent.TheSimplePresentoftheverbtodoisconjugatedasfollows:

Idoyoudohedoesshedoesitdoeswedotheydo

Auxiliaries are verbs which are combined with other verbs to form various tenses. Itshouldbenotedthatwhenanauxiliary iscombinedwithanotherverb, it is theauxiliarywhichmustagreewiththesubject,whiletheformoftheotherverbremainsinvariable.

Whentheauxiliarydoiscombinedwithanotherverb,theotherverbalwayshastheformofthebareinfinitive.a.QuestionsInordertoformaquestionintheSimplePresentofanyverbotherthantheverbtobe,theSimplePresentoftheauxiliarydoisaddedbeforethesubject,andthebareinfinitiveoftheverbisplacedafterthesubject.Forexample:

AffirmativeStatement QuestionIwork. DoIwork?Youwork. Doyouwork?Heworks. Doeshework?Sheworks. Doesshework?Itworks. Doesitwork?Wework. Dowework?Theywork. Dotheywork?SeeExercise6.

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b.NegativestatementsInordertoformanegativestatement,theSimplePresentoftheauxiliarydofollowedbythewordnotisplacedbeforethebareinfinitiveoftheverb.Forexample:

AffirmativeStatement NegativeStatementIwork. Idonotwork.Youwork. Youdonotwork.Heworks. Hedoesnotwork.Sheworks. Shedoesnotwork.Itworks. Itdoesnotwork.Wework. Wedonotwork.Theywork. Theydonotwork.SeeExercise7.InspokenEnglish,thefollowingcontractionsareoftenused:

Withoutcontractions Withcontractionsdonot don'tdoesnot doesn'tc.NegativequestionsToformanegativequestion,theSimplePresentoftheauxiliarydoisplacedbeforethesubject,andthewordnotfollowedbythebareinfinitiveisplacedafterthesubject.However,whencontractionsareused,thecontractedformofnotfollowsimmediatelyaftertheSimplePresentoftheauxiliarydo.Forexample:

Withoutcontractions WithcontractionsDoInotwork? Don'tIwork?Doyounotwork? Don'tyouwork?Doeshenotwork? Doesn'thework?Doesshenotwork? Doesn'tshework?Doesitnotwork? Doesn'titwork?Dowenotwork? Don'twework?Dotheynotwork? Don'ttheywork?SeeExercise8.d.TagquestionsTheauxiliarydoordoesisusedforatagquestionwhichfollowsastatementcontainingtheSimplePresentofaverbotherthantheverbtobe.Inthefollowingexamples,thenegativetagquestionsareunderlined.Contractionsareusuallyusedinnegativetagquestions.

AffirmativeStatement AffirmativeStatementwithTagQuestionIwork. Iwork,don'tI?

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Youwork. Youwork,don'tyou?Heworks. Heworks,doesn'the?Sheworks. Sheworks,doesn'tshe?Itworks. Itworks,doesn'tit?Wework. Wework,don'twe?Theywork. Theywork,don'tthey?SeeExercise9.e.TheverbToHaveItshouldbenotedthat,particularlyinBritishEnglish,inthecaseoftheSimplePresentandSimplePastoftheverbtohave,questionsandnegativestatementsaresometimesformedin the same way as for the verb to be, without the use of the auxiliary do.e.g.Hehasasister,hasn'the?

EXERCISESforChapter2

1.UsingtheSimplePresenttense,fillintheblankswiththecorrectformsoftheverbsshowninbrackets.Forexample:I______totheradio.(tolisten)Ilistentotheradio.He_______totheradio.(tolisten)Helistenstotheradio.1.She__________theguitar.(toplay)2.We__________soccer.(toplay)3.They_________totalk.(tolike)4.He__________icecream.(tolike)5.You_________yourfriendsoften.(tocall)6.He_________theofficeeveryday.(tocall)7.She__________regularly.(topractise)8.They__________onceaweek.(topractise)9.We__________here.(toshop)10.It__________delicious.(totaste)Answers2.UsingtheSimplePresenttense,fillintheblankswiththecorrectformsoftheverbtohave.Forexample:I____apen.Ihaveapen.He___twopencils.

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Hehastwopencils.1.I_______manybooks.2.You_______anapartment.3.He_______abicycle.4.We_______fun.5.They_______twosleds.6.She_______milkinhertea.7.I_______awarmsweater.8.We_______breakfastateighto'clock.9.He_______analarmclock.10.They________asenseofhumor.Answers3.Payingattentiontowhichverbschangetheirspellingbeforeaddingsinthethirdpersonsingular,fillintheblankswiththeSimplePresentoftheverbsshowninbrackets.Forexample:Healways_______promptly.(toreply)Healwaysrepliespromptly.She_____little.(tosay)Shesayslittle.They_____bridgeonceaweek.(toplay)Theyplaybridgeonceaweek.1.He__________it.(todeny)2.They__________tobeontime.(totry)3.It_________tobecareful.(topay)4.She__________hard.(tostudy)5.You__________goodmanners.(todisplay)6.Healways__________himself.(toenjoy)7.She__________toIrelandonceayear.(tofly)8.We__________fivepeople.(toemploy)9.He__________hisfriends.(toaccompany)10.She__________chocolatechipcookieseveryweek.(tobuy)Answers4.Payingattentiontowhichverbstakesandwhichtakeesinthethirdpersonsingular,fillintheblankswiththeSimplePresentoftheverbsshowninbrackets.Forexample:He____everywhereonfoot.(togo)Hegoeseverywhereonfoot.It_____surprising.(toseem)Itseemssurprising.

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They_____skiing.(toteach)Theyteachskiing.1.She__________agreatdealofwork.(todo)2.He__________televisioneveryevening.(towatch)3.She__________ahorse.(toown)4.We__________thedisheseverynight.(todo)5.She__________shehadapairofskates.(towish)6.He_________ustocallhim.(towant)7.She__________shemadeamistake.(toconfess)8.Heusually__________thetruth.(totell)9.They__________applestomakecider.(topress)10.It__________outeasily.(towash)Answers5.Foreachofthefollowingverbs,underlinetheletterorlettersrepresentingthesoundprecedingtheesending,andthenindicatethenumberofsyllablesintheverb.Forexample:wishes__wishes2laces__laces2takes__takes11.watches__2.teases__3.likes__4.rushes__5.faces__6.dines__7.misses__8.tames__9.scares__10.passes__11.pinches__12.wades__Answers6.Changethefollowingaffirmativestatementsintoquestions.Forexample:Shewalkstowork.Doesshewalktowork?Theytakethebus.

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Dotheytakethebus?1.Ihurryhome.2.Hedrivesatruck.3.Youfollowthenews.4.Theywantapet.5.Shelikesflowers.6.Weneedtea.7.Sheanswersthequestions.8.Hedrinkscoffee.9.Ilearnquickly.10.Itrainsheavily.Answers7.ChangetheaffirmativestatementsgiveninExercise6intonegativestatements.Forexample:Shewalkstowork.Shedoesnotwalktowork.Theytakethebus.Theydonottakethebus.Answers8.ChangetheaffirmativestatementsgiveninExercise6intonegativequestions.Giveboththeformswithoutcontractions,andtheformswithcontractions.Forexample:Shewalkstowork.Doesshenotwalktowork?Doesn'tshewalktowork?Theytakethebus.Dotheynottakethebus?Don'ttheytakethebus?Answers9.AddnegativetagquestionstotheaffirmativestatementsgiveninExercise6.Usecontractionsforthetagquestions.Forexample:Shewalkstowork.Shewalkstowork,doesn'tshe?Theytakethebus.Theytakethebus,don'tthey?Answers

ANSWERSTOTHEEXERCISESforChapter2

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AnswerstoExercise1:1.plays2.play3.like4.likes5.call6.calls7.practises8.practise9.shop10.tastesAnswerstoExercise2:1.have2.have3.has4.have5.have6.has7.have8.have9.has10.haveAnswerstoExercise3:1.denies2.try3.pays4.studies5.display6.enjoys7.flies8.employ9.accompanies10.buysAnswerstoExercise4:1.does2.watches3.owns4.do5.wishes6.wants7.confesses8.tells9.press10.washesAnswerstoExercise5:1.watches22.teases23.likes14.rushes25.faces26.dines17.misses28.tames19.scares110.passes211.pinches212.wades1AnswerstoExercise6:1.DoIhurryhome?2.Doeshedriveatruck?3.Doyoufollowthenews?4.Dotheywantapet?5.Doesshelikeflowers?6.Doweneedtea?7.Doessheanswerthequestions?8.Doeshedrinkcoffee?9.DoIlearnquickly?10.Doesitrainheavily?AnswerstoExercise7:1.Idonothurryhome.2.Hedoesnotdriveatruck.3.Youdonotfollowthenews.4.Theydonotwantapet.5.Shedoesnotlikeflowers.6.Wedonotneedtea.7.Shedoesnotanswerthequestions.8.Hedoesnotdrinkcoffee.9.Idonotlearnquickly.10.Itdoesnotrainheavily.AnswerstoExercise8:

1.DoInothurryhome?Don'tIhurryhome?2.Doeshenotdriveatruck?Doesn'thedriveatruck?3.Doyounotfollowthenews?Don'tyoufollowsthenews?4.Dotheynotwantapet?Don'ttheywantapet?5.Doesshenotlikeflowers?Doesn'tshelikeflowers?6.Dowenotneedtea?Don'tweneedtea?7.Doesshenotanswerthequestions?Doesn'tsheanswerthe questions? 8. Does he not drink coffee? Doesn't he drink coffee? 9. Do I not learnquickly?Don'tIlearnquickly?10.Doesitnotrainheavily?Doesn'titrainheavily?

AnswerstoExercise9:

1. I hurry home, don't I? 2. He drives a truck, doesn't he?3. You follow the news, don't you? 4. Theywant a pet, don't they? 5. She likes flowers,

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doesn't she? 6.Weneed tea, don'twe? 7. She answers the questions, doesn't she? 8.Hedrinkscoffee,doesn'the?9.Ilearnquickly,don'tI?10.Itrainsheavily,doesn'tit?

CHAPTER3.THEPRESENTCONTINUOUS

1.UsesofthepresentcontinuousIn English, the Present Continuous tense is usually used to express continuing, ongoingactionswhicharetakingplaceatthemomentofspeakingorwriting.Intheexamplesgivenbelow, the verbs in the Present Continuous tense are underlined.e.g. Right now I amcookingsupper.AtthemomenttheplaneisflyingovertheGulfofSt.Lawrence.ThePresentContinuoustenseisoftenusedinconversation.e.g."Whatareyoudoing?""IamworkingonmyEnglishassignment."Occasionally,thePresentContinuoustenseisusedtorefertoafutureevent.e.g.Weareleavingtomorrow.

2.FormationofthepresentcontinuousThePresentContinuoustenseofanyverbisformedfromtheSimplePresentoftheauxiliarytobe,followedbywhatisgenerallyreferredtoasthepresentparticipleoftheverb.Thepresentparticipleofaverbisformedbyaddingingtothebareinfinitive.Forinstance,thepresentparticipleoftheverbtoworkisworking.Thus,thePresentContinuoustenseoftheverbtoworkisconjugatedasfollows:

Iamworkingyouareworkingheisworkingsheisworkingitisworkingweareworking

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theyareworkingSeeExercise1.

3.SpellingrulesfortheformationofthepresentparticipleSomeverbschangetheirspellingwhentheendingingisaddedtoformthepresentparticiple.a.VerbsendinginasilenteWhenaverbendsinasilente,thesilenteisdroppedbeforetheendingingisadded.Forexample:Infinitive PresentParticipletoclose closingtodine diningtoleave leavingtomove movingHowever,whenaverbendsinanewhichisnotsilent,thefinaleisnotdroppedbeforetheendingingisadded.Forexample:

Infinitive PresentParticipletobe beingtosee seeingb.VerbsendinginieWhenaverbendsinie,theieischangedtoybeforetheendingingisadded.Forexample:

Infinitive PresentParticipletodie dyingtolie lyingWhenaverbendsiny,nochangeismadebeforetheendingisadded.Forexample:

Infinitive PresentParticipletofly flyingtoplay playingSeeExercise2.

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c. Onesyllable verbs ending in a single consonant preceded by a single vowelExcept in thecaseof the finalconsonantsw,xandy,whenaonesyllableverbends inasingleconsonantprecededbyasinglevowel, thefinalconsonantmustbedoubledbeforetheendingingisadded.Thereasonforthisistoreflectthefactthatthepronunciationofthe single vowel does not change when the ending ing is added.Englishvowelshaveavarietyofpronunciations.Forinstance,eachEnglishvowelhastwocontrasting pronunciations,which are sometimes referred to as short and long. Vowelswhich are followed by two consonants, and vowels which are followed by a singleconsonantattheendofaword,aregenerallypronouncedshort.Incontrast,vowelswhichare followedbya single consonant followedbyanothervowel aregenerallypronouncedlong.Inthetablebelow,theunderlinedvowels inthe lefthandcolumnarepronouncedshort;whereas the underlined vowels in the righthand column are pronounced long. Forexample:

ShortVowels LongVowelsfat fatetapping tapinglet deletewin winefilling filingnot notehopping hopingflutter fluteThus, in the case ofmost onesyllable verbs ending in a single consonant precededby asinglevowel, thevowel ispronouncedshort. Inordertoreflectthefactthatthevowel isalsopronouncedshort in thecorrespondingpresentparticiple, except in thecaseofw,xand y, the final consonant must be doubled before the ending ing is added.In the following examples, the consonants which have been doubled areunderlined.Forexample:

Infinitive PresentParticipletonod noddingtodig diggingtorun runningtoclap clappingtoset settingWhenaverbendsinw,xoryprecededbyasinglevowel,thefinalconsonantisnotdoubledbeforetheendingisadded.Forexample:

Infinitive PresentParticiple

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todraw drawingtofix fixingtosay sayingIt should also be noted that when a verb ends in a single consonant preceded by twovowels,thefinalconsonantisnotdoubledbeforetheendingisadded.Thereasonforthisisthattwovowelstogetheraregenerallypronouncedlong.Forexample:

Infinitive PresentParticipletorain rainingtoread readingtomeet meetingtosoak soakingSeeExercise3.d.Verbsofmorethanonesyllablewhichendinasingleconsonantprecededbyasinglevowel

When a verb ofmore than one syllable ends in a single consonant other thanw,x oryprecededbyasinglevowel, the finalconsonant isdoubled to formthepresentparticipleonlywhenthelastsyllableoftheverbispronouncedwiththeheavieststress.Forinstance,inthefollowingexamples,thelastsyllablesoftheverbshavetheheavieststress,andthefinal consonants are doubled to form the present participles. In these examples, thesyllablespronouncedwiththeheavieststressareunderlined.Forexample:

Infinitive PresentParticipletoexpel expellingtobegin beginningtooccur occurringtoomit omittingWhenaverbofmorethanonesyllableendsinw,xory,thefinalconsonantisnotdoubledbeforetheendingingisadded.Inthefollowingexamples,thesyllablespronouncedwiththeheavieststressareunderlined.Forexample:

Infinitive PresentParticipletoallow allowingtoaffix affixingtoconvey conveyingWhen the last syllable of a verb is not pronounced with the heaviest stress, the finalconsonant is usually not doubled to form the present participle. For instance, in thefollowingexamples,thelastsyllablesoftheverbsdonothavetheheavieststress,andthefinal consonants are not doubled to form the present participles. In these examples, thesyllablespronouncedwiththeheavieststressareunderlined.Forexample:

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Infinitive PresentParticipletolisten listeningtoorder orderingtofocus focusingtolimit limitingIfnecessary, adictionary canbeconsulted todeterminewhich syllableof averbhas theheaviest stress. Many dictionaries use symbols such as apostrophes to indicate whichsyllables are pronounced with the heaviest stress.SeeExercise4.ItshouldbenotedthatBritishandAmericanspellingrulesdifferforverbswhichendinasingle lprecededbyasinglevowel. InBritishspelling, the l isalwaysdoubledbeforetheendingsingandedareadded.However,inAmericanspelling,verbsendingwithasinglelfollow the same rule as otherverbs; the l is doubledonlywhen the last syllablehas theheaviest stress. In the following examples, the syllables with the heaviest stress areunderlined.Forexample:

Infinitive PresentParticiple AmericanSpelling BritishSpellingtosignal signaling signallingtotravel traveling travelling tocompel compelling compellingtopropel propelling propellingFromtheseexamplesitcanbeseenthattheAmericanandBritishspellingsforverbsendinginasingleldifferonlywhenthelastsyllabledoesnothavetheheavieststress.

4.Questionsandnegativestatementsa.Questions

In the Present Continuous, the verb tobe acts as an auxiliary. As is the casewith otherEnglishtenses,itistheauxiliarywhichisusedtoformquestionsandnegativestatements.To form a question in the Present Continuous tense, the auxiliary is placed before thesubject.Forexample:

AffirmativeStatement QuestionIamworking. AmIworking?Youareworking. Areyouworking?

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Heisworking. Isheworking?Sheisworking. Issheworking?Itisworking. Isitworking?Weareworking. Areweworking?Theyareworking. Aretheyworking?SeeExercise5.b.NegativestatementsToformanegativestatement,thewordnotisaddedaftertheauxiliary.Forexample:

AffirmativeStatement NegativeStatementIamworking. Iamnotworking.Youareworking. Youarenotworking.Heisworking. Heisnotworking.Sheisworking. Sheisnotworking.Itisworking. Itisnotworking.Weareworking. Wearenotworking.Theyareworking. Theyarenotworking.SeeExercise6.c.Negativequestions

Toformanegativequestion,theauxiliaryisplacedbeforethesubject,andthewordnotisplacedafterthesubject.However,whencontractionsareused, thecontractedformofnotfollows immediately after the auxiliary. Although there is no universally acceptedcontraction for am not, the expression aren't I? is often used in spoken English. Forexample:

WithoutContractions WithContractionsAmInotworking? [Aren'tIworking?]usedinspeakingAreyounotworking? Aren'tyouworking?Ishenotworking? Isn'theworking?Isshenotworking? Isn'tsheworking?Isitnotworking? Isn'titworking?Arewenotworking? Aren'tweworking?Aretheynotworking? Aren'ttheyworking?SeeExercise7.d.TagquestionsTagquestionsarealsoformedusingtheauxiliary.Inthefollowingexamples,thetagquestionsareunderlined.InspokenEnglish,aren'tI?isoftenusedasatagquestion.Forexample:

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AffirmativeStatement AffirmativeStatementwithTagQuestionIamworking. Iamworking,amInot?Youareworking. Youareworking,aren'tyou?Heisworking. Heisworking,isn'the?Sheisworking. Sheisworking,isn'tshe?Itisworking. Itisworking,isn'tit?Weareworking. Weareworking,aren'twe?Theyareworking. Theyareworking,aren'tthey?SeeExercise8.

5.ComparisonoftheusesofthesimplepresentandpresentcontinuousAs pointed out in Chapter 1, the Simple Present tense may be used for stating generaltruths, and for referring to actions which occur at regular intervals. In the followingexamples, the verbs in the Simple Present tense are underlined.e.g. Nova Scotia is aCanadianprovince.Geeseflysoutheverywinter.Incontrast,thePresentContinuoustenseisusuallyusedtorefertoongoingactionshappeningatthetimeofspeakingorwriting.Inthe following examples, the verbs in the Present Continuous tense are underlined.e.g.Rightnow,IamvisitingtheprovinceofNovaScotia.Atthemoment,aflockofgeeseisflyingoverhead.SeeExercise9.

EXERCISESforChapter3

1.UsingthePresentContinuoustense,fillintheblankswiththecorrectformsoftheverbsshowninbrackets.Forexample:He_________hard.(towork)Heisworkinghard.We____________anxious.(tofeel)Wearefeelinganxious.1.I_______________thequestions.(toanswer)2.You________________boots.(towear)3.We______________forwork.(tolook)4.She______________herfriend.(tocall)5.He_______________ahouse.(tobuild)6.They_______________supper.(tocook)7.We______________astory.(totell)8.You______________forthebus.(towait)9.I_______________abook.(toread)10.They_______________berries.(topick)

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Answers2.UsingthePresentContinuoustense,fillintheblankswiththecorrectformsoftheverbsshowninbrackets.Forexample:They_____________thelemons.(tosqueeze)Theyaresqueezingthelemons.It________onthesidewalk.(tolie)Itislyingonthesidewalk.I___________thegroceries.(tocarry)Iamcarryingthegroceries.1.She________________aletter.(towrite)2.They_________________aboutit.(toworry)3.He_________________jam.(tomake)4.It_________________.(todie)5.We_______________toschool.(tohurry)6.She_________________ustodoit.(todare)7.You________________ontheblanket.(tolie)8.He_________________theproblem.(tosolve)9.I_________________now.(toleave)10.They_________________tohelpus.(totry)Answers3.UsingthePresentContinuoustense,fillintheblankswiththecorrectformsoftheverbsshowninbrackets.Forexample:We___________tocome.(toplan)Weareplanningtocome.They_________thelawn.(tomow)Theyaremowingthelawn.It__________.(torain)Itisraining.1.I_______________thegrass.(tocut)2.It_______________downstream.(tofloat)3.They_________________thegame.(towin)4.We_________________thepresent.(towrap)5.She_________________lettuce.(togrow)6.He_________________forus.(tolook)7.I_________________asweater.(toknit)8.They_________________wood.(tosaw)9.She_________________thewindows.(toclean)10.We_________________thefloor.(toscrub)

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11.I________________thetoaster.(tofix)12.He_________________hiscoffee.(tosip)13.They__________________thehedge.(totrim)14.You_________________theducks.(tofeed)15.She_________________herhead.(tonod)Answers

4.Eachofthefollowingsentencesisprecededbyabareinfinitive,themostheavilystressedsyllable of which is underlined. Paying attention to whether or not the final consonantshould be doubled before ing is added, fill in the blanks with the present participlescorrespondingtothebareinfinitives.UsetheAmericanspellingforverbsendinginl.For

example:whisper:Theyare__________totheirfriends.Theyarewhisperingtotheirfriends.refer:Iwas_________toyourletter.Iwasreferringtoyourletter.1.open:Iam_____________thedoor.2.display:Sheis______________hertalents.3.submit:Heis_______________hisreporttomorrow.4.limit:Thestoreis_____________thenumberofitemsonsale.5.permit:Wearenot_____________himtogo.6.sharpen:Theyare_______________thepencils.7.confer:Sheis________________withhercolleagues.8.focus:Heis________________thecamera.9.repel:Theyare________________theattack.10.shovel:Iam________________thesteps.11.destroy:Hailis_______________thecrops.12.dispel:Theyare_______________ourdoubts.13.squander:Heis_______________hismoney.14.prefer:Weare_______________ournewschooltotheoldone.15.color:Thechildis______________thepicture.16.unravel:Weare_____________thewool.17.propel:Jetenginesare_______________theplane.18.flower:Thepansiesare_______________19.infer:Theyare______________thatwedonotwanttocome.20.listen:Thechildrenare______________tous.Answers5.Changethefollowingaffirmativestatementsintoquestions.Forexample:Itissnowing.

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Isitsnowing?Theyarebeingcautious.Aretheybeingcautious?1.IamlearningEnglish.2.Youarecarryingaparcel.3.Itisgrowingcolder.4.WearelivinginHalifax.5.Theyarerunningarace.6.Heisdrinkingcoffee.7.Sheisshoppingforpresents.8.Iamcleaningthewindow.9.Wearebuyingpencils.10.Theyareplayingfootball.Answers6.ChangetheaffirmativestatementsgiveninExercise5intonegativestatements.Forexample:Itissnowing.Itisnotsnowing.Theyarebeingcautious.Theyarenotbeingcautious.Answers7.ChangetheaffirmativestatementsgiveninExercise5intonegativequestions.ExceptwhenthesubjectoftheverbisI,writeboththeformwithoutcontractionsandtheformwithcontractions.Forexample:Itissnowing.Isitnotsnowing?Isn'titsnowing?Theyarebeingcautious.Aretheynotbeingcautious?Aren'ttheybeingcautious?Answers8.AddnegativetagquestionstotheaffirmativestatementsgiveninExercise5.ExceptwhenthesubjectoftheverbisI,usecontractionsforthetagquestions.Forexample:Itissnowing.Itissnowing,isn'tit?Theyarebeingcautious.Theyarebeingcautious,aren'tthey?Answers

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9.Foreachofthefollowingsentences,determinewhethertheSimplePresenttenseorthePresentContinuoustenseismoreappropriate,andfillintheblankwiththecorrectformoftheverbgiveninbrackets.Forexample:Rightnow,he________ridiculous.(tobe)Rightnow,heisbeingridiculous.She______toSydneyeveryweekend.(todrive)ShedrivestoSydneyeveryweekend.1.Atthemoment,I__________________supper.(tocook)2.He________________thepapereveryweekday.(toread)3.We________________rightnow.(tostudy)4.She________________everyday.(tostudy)5.Nowit_______________.(torain)6.They______________toMexicoeveryyear.(totravel)7.Justnowwe________________theshopping.(todo)8.Shealways________________correctly.(toanswer)9.You________________neverlate.(tobe)10.NowI________________totheradio.(tolisten)11.EachSunday,we________________thefleamarket.(tovisit)12.Atpresent,I________________forwork.(tolook)Answers

ANSWERSTOTHEEXERCISESforChapter3

AnswerstoExercise1:1.amanswering2.arewearing3.arelooking4.iscalling5.isbuilding6.arecooking7.aretelling8.arewaiting9.amreading10.arepickingAnswerstoExercise2:

1.iswriting2.areworrying3.ismaking4.isdying5.arehurrying6.isdaring7.arelying8.issolving9.amleaving10.aretryingAnswerstoExercise3:

1.amcutting2.isfloating3.arewinning4.arewrapping5.isgrowing6.islooking7.amknitting8.aresawing9.iscleaning10.arescrubbing11.amfixing12.issipping13.aretrimming14.arefeeding15.isnodding

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AnswerstoExercise4:1.opening2.displaying3.submitting4.limiting5.permitting6.sharpening7.conferring8.focusing9.repelling10.shoveling11.destroying12.dispelling13.squandering14.preferring15.coloring16.unraveling17.propelling18.flowering19.inferring20.listeningAnswerstoExercise5:1.AmIlearningEnglish?2.Areyoucarryingaparcel?3.Isitgrowingcolder?4.ArewelivinginHalifax?5.Aretheyrunningarace?6.Ishedrinkingcoffee?7.Issheshoppingforpresents?8.AmIcleaningthewindow?9.Arewebuyingpencils?10.Aretheyplayingfootball?AnswerstoExercise6:1.IamnotlearningEnglish.2.Youarenotcarryingaparcel.3.Itisnotgrowingcolder.4.WearenotlivinginHalifax.5.Theyarenotrunningarace.6.Heisnotdrinkingcoffee.7.Sheisnotshoppingforpresents.8.Iamnotcleaningthewindow.9.Wearenotbuyingpencils.10.Theyarenotplayingfootball.AnswerstoExercise7:

1.AmInotlearningEnglish?2.Areyounotcarryingaparcel?Aren'tyoucarryingaparcel?3.Isitnotgrowingcolder?Isn'titgrowingcolder?4.ArewenotlivinginHalifax?Aren'tweliving inHalifax?5.Are theynotrunningarace?Aren't they runningarace?6. Ishenotdrinking coffee? Isn't he drinking coffee? 7. Is she not shopping for presents? Isn't sheshopping for presents? 8. Am I not cleaning thewindow? 9. Are we not buying pencils?Aren'twebuyingpencils?10.Aretheynotplayingfootball?Aren'ttheyplayingfootball?

AnswerstoExercise8:1.IamlearningEnglish,amInot?2.Youarecarryingaparcel,aren'tyou?3.Itisgrowingcolder,isn'tit?4.WearelivinginHalifax,aren'twe?5.Theyarerunningarace,aren'tthey?6.Heisdrinkingcoffee,isn'the?7.Sheisshoppingforpresents,isn'tshe?8.Iamcleaningthewindow,amInot?9.Wearebuyingpencils,aren'twe?10.Theyareplayingfootball,aren'tthey?AnswerstoExercise9:1.amcooking2.reads3.arestudying4.studies5.israining6.travel7.aredoing8.answers9.are10.amlistening11.visit12.amlooking

CHAPTER4.THEPRESENTPERFECTANDTHEPRESENTPERFECTCONTINUOUS

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1.UseofthepresentperfectTheEnglishPresentPerfecttenseisusedtoexpressactionswhichhavealreadybeencompleted,orperfected,atthetimeofspeakingorwriting.Intheexamplesgivenbelow,theverbsinthePresentPerfecttenseareunderlined.e.g.Ihavedonethework.Shehasansweredhalfthequestions.In the first example, theuseof thePresentPerfect tenseemphasizes the fact that, at thetimeofspeakingorwriting,theworkhasalreadybeencompleted.Inthesecondexample,the use of the Present Perfect indicates that, at the time of speaking orwriting, half thequestionshavebeenanswered.

2.Formationofthepresentperfect:RegularverbsThe Present Perfect tense of any English verb is formed from the Simple Present of theauxiliarytohave, followedbywhat isgenerallyreferredtoas thepastparticipleof theverb.MostEnglish verbs form thepast participle in a regular, predictablemanner.Theseverbsarecommonlyreferredtoasregularverbs.ThepastparticipleofaregularEnglishverbisformedbyaddingtheendingedtothebareinfinitiveoftheverb.Forinstance,thepast participle of the verb to work is worked.Thus,thePresentPerfecttenseoftheverbtoworkisconjugatedasfollows:

Ihaveworkedyouhaveworkedhehasworkedshehasworkedithasworkedwehaveworkedtheyhaveworked

SeeExercise1.ThefollowingcontractionsareoftenusedinspokenEnglish:WithoutContractions WithContractionsIhave I'veyouhave you'vehehas he's

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shehas she'sithas it'swehave we'vetheyhave they'veItshouldbenotedthatthecontractionsforhehas,shehasandithasarethesameasthecontractionsforheis,sheisanditis.SeeExercise2.

3.SpellingrulesforaddingedtoformthepastparticipleSomeregularverbschangetheirspellingwhentheendingedisaddedtoformthepastparticiple.a.VerbsendinginasilenteWhenaregularverbendsinasilente,onlytheletterdmustbeaddedinordertoformthepastparticiple.Forexample:

Infinitive PastParticipletoclose closedtomove movedtoplease pleasedtoreceive receivedb.VerbsendinginyWhenaregularverbendsinyimmediatelyprecededbyaconsonant,theyischangedtoibeforetheendingedisadded.Forexample:

Infinitive PastParticipletostudy studiedtorely reliedtocarry carriedHowever,whenaregularverbendsinyimmediatelyprecededbyavowel,theyisnotchangedbeforetheendingedisadded.Forexample:

Infinitive PastParticipletoplay playedtoconvey conveyedtoenjoy enjoyedSeeExercise3.

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c.Verbsendinginasingleconsonantprecededbyasinglevowel

Therulesconcerningthedoublingoffinalconsonantswhichapplywhenaddingtheendinging toformthepresentparticiplealsoapplywhenaddingtheendinged toformthepastparticiple.Thus,whenaonesyllableverbends inasingleconsonantotherthanw,xoryimmediatelyprecededbyasinglevowel, the finalconsonantmustbedoubledbefore theendinged isaddedtoformthepastparticiple. Inthefollowingexamples, theconsonantswhichhavebeendoubledareunderlined.Forexample:

Infinitive PastParticipletorub rubbedtotrim trimmedtoplan plannedtostop stoppedWhen a verb ofmore than one syllable ends in a single consonant other thanw,x oryimmediatelyprecededbyasinglevowel,thefinalconsonantisdoubledbeforetheendinged onlywhen the last syllableof theverb ispronouncedwith theheaviest stress. In thefollowingexamples,thesyllablespronouncedwiththeheaviest stressareunderlined.Forexample:

Infinitive PastParticipletocontrol controlledtoinfer inferredtooccur occurredtopermit permitted tofasten fastenedtoorder orderedtofocus focusedtolimit limitedInthefirstfourexamples,thelastsyllableoftheverbispronouncedwiththeheavieststress,andthefinalconsonantisdoubledbeforeedisadded.Inthelastfourexamples,thefirstsyllableoftheverbispronouncedwiththeheavieststress,andthefinalconsonantisnotdoubledbeforeedisadded.Thefinalconsonantsw,xandyareneverdoubledwhentheendingedisadded.Forexample:

Infinitive PastParticipletofollow followedtobox boxedtoportray portrayed

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Itshouldalsobenotedthatfinalconsonantsimmediatelyprecededbytwovowelsarenotdoubledwhentheendingedisadded.Forexample:Infinitive PastParticipletogreet greetedtorain rainedtosoak soakedtotreat treatedSeeExercise4.

4.PronunciationoftheedendingTheendingedisusuallynotpronouncedasaseparatesyllable.Forinstance,ineachofthefollowingexamples,boththebareinfinitiveandthepastparticipleconsistofonesyllable.Forexample:

BareInfinitive PastParticiplepuff puffedwork workedmiss missedwatch watchedHowever,whentheendingedisaddedtoverbswhichendindort,theedendingofthepastparticipleispronouncedasaseparatesyllable.Thereasonforthisisthatthesoundsofdandtaresosimilartothesoundoftheedending,thattheendingmustbepronouncedasaseparatesyllableinordertobeheardclearly.Ineachofthefollowingexamples,thebareinfinitiveconsistsofonesyllable;whereasthepastparticipleconsistsoftwosyllables.Forexample:

BareInfinitive PastParticipleadd addedland landedhunt huntedwait waitedSimilarly,whendisaddedtoverbsendinginasilenteprecededbydort,thefinaledofthepastparticipleispronouncedasaseparatesyllable.Ineachofthefollowingexamples,thebareinfinitiveconsistsofonesyllable;whereasthepastparticipleconsistsoftwosyllables.Forexample:

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BareInfinitive PastParticiplefade fadedglide glidedcite citednote notedSeeExercise5.

5.Formationofthepresentperfect:IrregularverbsInadditiontoregularEnglishverbs,therearemanyirregularEnglishverbs,whichdonotformthepastparticiplewiththeendinged.TheEnglishirregularverbsarerelatedtothestrongverbsoftheGermanlanguage.ThefollowingareexamplesofirregularEnglishverbs.Forexample:

BareInfinitive PastParticiplebegin begunfind foundgo gonelet lettake takenThepastparticiplesofirregularEnglishverbsareformedinanunpredictablemanner,andmustbememorized.AtableofcommonEnglishirregularverbsisprovided.Exceptfortheirregularityofthepastparticiple,theformationofthePresentPerfecttenseisthesameforanirregularverbasforaregularverb.Inbothcases,theSimplePresentoftheauxiliarytohaveisfollowedbythepastparticipleoftheverb.Forinstance,theirregularverbtotakehasthepastparticipletaken.Thus,thePresentPerfectoftheirregularverbtotakeisconjugatedasfollows:

Ihavetakenyouhavetakenhehastakenshehastakenithastakenwehavetakentheyhavetaken

SeeExercise6.

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6.QuestionsandnegativestatementsAsisthecasewithotherEnglishtenses,questionsandnegativestatementsinthePresentPerfectareformedusingtheauxiliary.InthecaseofthePresentPerfect,theauxiliaryishaveorhas.a.QuestionsInordertoformaquestion,theauxiliaryisplacedbeforethesubjectoftheverb.Forexample:AffirmativeStatement QuestionIhaveworked. HaveIworked?Youhaveworked. Haveyouworked?Hehasworked. Hasheworked?Shehasworked. Hassheworked?Ithasworked. Hasitworked?Wehaveworked. Haveweworked?Theyhaveworked. Havetheyworked?b.NegativestatementsInordertoformanegativestatement,thewordnotisplacedaftertheauxiliary.Forexample:

AffirmativeStatement NegativeStatementIhaveworked. Ihavenotworked.Youhaveworked. Youhavenotworked.Hehasworked. Hehasnotworked.Shehasworked. Shehasnotworked.Ithasworked. Ithasnotworked.Wehaveworked. Wehavenotworked.Theyhaveworked. Theyhavenotworked.ThefollowingcontractionsareoftenusedinspokenEnglish:

WithoutContractions WithContractionshavenot haven'thasnot hasn'tc.NegativequestionsInordertoformanegativequestion,theauxiliaryisplacedbeforethesubject,andthewordnotisplacedafterthesubject.However,whencontractionsareused,thecontractedformofnotfollowsimmediatelyaftertheauxiliary.Forexample:

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WithoutContractions WithContractionsHaveInotworked? Haven'tIworked?Haveyounotworked? Haven'tyouworked?Hashenotworked? Hasn'theworked?Hasshenotworked? Hasn'tsheworked?Hasitnotworked? Hasn'titworked?Havewenotworked? Haven'tweworked?Havetheynotworked? Haven'ttheyworked?d.TagquestionsTagquestionsarealsoformedusingtheauxiliary.Inthefollowingexamples,thenegativetagquestionsareunderlined.AffirmativeStatement AffirmativeStatementwithTagQuestionIhaveworked. Ihaveworked,haven'tI?Youhaveworked. Youhaveworked,haven'tyou?Hehasworked. Hehasworked,hasn'the?Shehasworked. Shehasworked,hasn'tshe?Ithasworked. Ithasworked,hasn'tit?Wehaveworked. Wehaveworked,haven'twe?Theyhaveworked. Theyhaveworked,haven'tthey?SeeExercise7.

7.Thepresentperfectcontinuousa.Use

ThePresentPerfectContinuoustenseisusedtoexpresscontinuous,ongoingactionswhichhavealreadybeencompletedatthetimeofspeakingorwriting.Inthefollowingexample,the verb in the Present Perfect Continuous tense is underlined.e.g. The bus has beenwaiting for one hour. The use of the Present Perfect Continuous tense in this exampleindicates that, at the time of speaking or writing, the bus has completed one hour ofcontinuous.waiting.

b.FormationThePresentPerfectContinuoustenseofanyEnglishverbisformedfromthePresentPerfectoftobe,followedbythepresentparticipleoftheverb.Forinstance,thePresentPerfectContinuoustenseoftheverbtoworkisconjugatedasfollows:

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Ihavebeenworkingyouhavebeenworkinghehasbeenworkingshehasbeenworkingithasbeenworkingwehavebeenworkingtheyhavebeenworking

Thus,itcanbeseenthatthePresentPerfectContinuoustensehastwoauxiliaries.Thefirstauxiliaryishaveorhas,andthesecondauxiliaryisbeen.SeeExercise8.c.QuestionsandnegativestatementsWhenaverbhasmorethanoneauxiliary,itisthefirstauxiliarywhichmustchangeitsformtoagreewiththesubjectoftheverb.Itisalsothefirstauxiliarywhichisusedtoformquestionsandnegativestatements.Questionsareformedbyplacingthefirstauxiliarybeforethesubjectoftheverb.Forexample:

AffirmativeStatement QuestionIhavebeenworking. HaveIbeenworking?Youhavebeenworking. Haveyoubeenworking?Hehasbeenworking. Hashebeenworking?Shehasbeenworking. Hasshebeenworking?Ithasbeenworking. Hasitbeenworking?Wehavebeenworking. Havewebeenworking?Theyhavebeenworking. Havetheybeenworking?Negativestatementsareformedbyplacingthewordnotafterthefirstauxiliary.Forexample:

AffirmativeStatement NegativeStatementIhavebeenworking. Ihavenotbeenworking.Youhavebeenworking. Youhavenotbeenworking.Hehasbeenworking. Hehasnotbeenworking.Shehasbeenworking. Shehasnotbeenworking.Ithasbeenworking. Ithasnotbeenworking.Wehavebeenworking. Wehavenotbeenworking.Theyhavebeenworking. Theyhavenotbeenworking.Negativequestionsareformedbyplacingthefirstauxiliarybeforethesubject,andthe

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wordnotafterthesubject.However,whencontractionsareused,thecontractedformofnotfollowsimmediatelyafterthefirstauxiliary.Forexample:

WithoutContractions WithContractionsHaveInotbeenworking? Haven'tIbeenworking?Haveyounotbeenworking? Haven'tyoubeenworking?Hashenotbeenworking? Hasn'thebeenworking?Hasshenotbeenworking? Hasn'tshebeenworking?Hasitnotbeenworking? Hasn'titbeenworking?Havewenotbeenworking? Haven'twebeenworking?Havetheynotbeenworking? Haven'ttheybeenworking?Tagquestionsareformedusingthefirstauxiliary.Inthefollowingexamples,thenegativetagquestionsareunderlined.Forexample:

AffirmativeStatement AffirmativeStatementwithTagQuestionIhavebeenworking. Ihavebeenworking,haven'tI?Youhavebeenworking. Youhavebeenworking,haven'tyou?Hehasbeenworking. Hehasbeenworking,hasn'the?Shehasbeenworking. Shehasbeenworking,hasn'tshe?Ithasbeenworking. Ithasbeenworking,hasn'tit?Wehavebeenworking. Wehavebeenworking,haven'twe?Theyhavebeenworking. Theyhavebeenworking,haven'tthey?SeeExercise9.

EXERCISESforChapter4

1.UsingthePresentPerfecttense,fillintheblankswiththecorrectformsoftheverbsshowninbrackets.Forexample:We____________thecontest.(toenter)Wehaveenteredthecontest.He____________thework.(tofinish)Hehasfinishedthework.1.They_______________apizza.(toorder)2.It_______________torain.(tostart)3.You_______________thequestion.(toanswer)4.I_______________theeggs.(tocook)5.We_______________thesauce.(toheat)6.He_______________theroom.(toclean)7.She_______________thecar.(tostart)8.They_______________onthedoor.(toknock)9.You_______________onthelights.(toturn)10.She_______________themtocome.(toask)

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Answers2.Rewritethefollowingsentences,usingthecontractedformoftheauxiliarytohave.Forexample:Ithasstarted.It'sstarted.Wehavetelephoned.We'vetelephoned.1.Ihaveagreed.2.Youhavemoved.3.Hehaslooked.4.Wehaveargued.5.Theyhaveexplained.6.Youhavewaited.7.Shehasanswered.8.Wehavefinished.9.Ithascooled.10.Ihaveordered.Answers3.Payingattentiontothespellingofthepastparticiples,fillintheblanksusingthePresentPerfecttenseoftheregularverbsshowninbrackets.Forexample:She_________hard.(totry)Shehastriedhard.He___________hisfriend.(toannoy)Hehasannoyedhisfriend.1.We_______________them.(toenvy)2.She________________theclarinetforfiveyears.(toplay)3.You_________________forthejob.(toapply)4.We_______________theeggs.(tofry)5.They_________________sixpeople.(toemploy)6.He________________thewallwithpaint.(tospray)7.I________________home.(tohurry)8.They_________________unusualintelligence.(todisplay)9.It_________________ourchances.(todestroy)10.You________________onyourbicycle.(torely)Answers4.Payingattentiontothespellingofthepastparticiples,fillintheblanksusingthePresentPerfecttenseoftheregularverbsshowninbrackets.Forexample:He__________thechild.(toscare)Hehasscaredthechild.

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They____________thehillside.(toscar)Theyhavescarredthehillside.1.She__________________.(toapologize)2.I________________thesoup.(tostir)3.It_________________.(tostop)4.We_________________whathappened.(toexplain)5.They__________________aconcert.(toplan)6.You________________thetable.(towipe)7.We_________________ourhopesonyou.(topin)8.She_________________thechoir.(tojoin)9.They________________aneagle.(tospot)10.It___________everyday.(torain)11.You_______________thecream.(towhip)12.She_______________everything.(toarrange)Answers5.Keepinginmindthattheendingedformsaseparatesyllableonlywhenitfollowstheletterdort,indicatethenumberofsyllablesineachofthefollowingpastparticiples.Readeachofthethepastparticiplesaloud.Forexample:__pained1pained__painted2painted1.___waited2.___wailed3.___pinned4.___printed5.___acted6.___added7.___wanted8.___warned9.___raced10.___rated11.___joined12.___jumped13.___folded14.___frowned15.___passed16.___patted17.___raided18.___rained19.___stared

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20.___startedAnswers6.Referringtothetableofirregularverbsifnecessary,fillintheblankswiththePresentPerfecttenseoftheirregularverbsshowninbrackets.Forexample:They_________tall.(togrow)Theyhavegrowntall.He__________it.(tochoose)Hehaschosenit.1.We_____________lunch.(toeat)2.I______________thefloor.(tosweep)3.She______________inachoir.(tosing)4.They______________towork.(togo)5.You______________yourway.(tolose)6.He_____________earlierthanusual.(torise)7.We______________toeveryone.(tospeak)8.I______________thekingfisher.(tosee)9.They_________eachotheralongtime.(toknow)10.She_______________herefromFrance.(tofly)11.He______________veryhelpful.(tobe)12.I_______________thebluecloth.(tocut)13.We______________twoletters.(towrite)14.They_______________thecompetition.(towin)15.She________________noone.(totell)16.It_______________alongtime.(totake)17.You________________todoit.(toforget)18.I________________it.(tohear)19.They_______________town.(toleave)20.He________________theproblem.(tounderstand)Answers7.Followingthemodeloftheexamples,rewritethefollowingaffirmativestatementsasquestions,negativestatements,negativequestionswithoutcontractions,negativequestionswithcontractions,andaffirmativestatementsfollowedbynegativetagquestions.Forexample:Ihavereadthisbook.HaveIreadthisbook?Ihavenotreadthisbook.HaveInotreadthisbook?Haven'tIreadthisbook?Ihavereadthisbook,haven'tI?Hehasfoundtheanswer.Hashefoundtheanswer?

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Hehasnotfoundtheanswer.Hashenotfoundtheanswer?Hasn'thefoundtheanswer?Hehasfoundtheanswer,hasn'the?1.Theyhaveeatenthecookies.2.Shehastoldthetruth.3.Hehasrunfast.4.Wehavewateredtheplants.5.Youhavehurried.Answers8.Payingattentiontothespellingofthepresentparticiples,fillintheblanksusingthecorrectformsoftheverbsshowninbrackets.Forexample:I________________allnight.(towork)Ihavebeenworkingallnight.She___________________thetrumpet.(topractise)Shehasbeenpractisingthetrumpet.1.We______________________foryou.(towait)2.They__________________________arace.(torun)3.He___________________________abook.(toread)4.You___________________________aletter.(towrite)5.I__________________________thetable.(toset)6.It__________________________forhours.(torain)7.We__________________________hereforthreeyears.(tolive)8.She____________________________tous.(tospeak)9.You___________________________presents.(tobuy)10.They___________________________atrip.(toplan)Answers9.Followingthemodeloftheexample,rewritethefollowingtwoaffirmativestatementsasquestions,negativestatements,negativequestionswithoutcontractions,negativequestionswithcontractions,andaffirmativestatementsfollowedbynegativetagquestions.Forexample:Theyhavebeenenjoyingthemselves.Havetheybeenenjoyingthemselves?Theyhavenotbeenenjoyingthemselves.Havetheynotbeenenjoyingthemselves?Haven'ttheybeenenjoyingthemselves?Theyhavebeenenjoyingthemselves,haven'tthey?1.Ithasbeensnowing.2.Youhavebeenvisitingyourfriends.

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Answers

ANSWERSTOTHEEXERCISESforChapter4

AnswerstoExercise1:1.haveordered2.hasstarted3.haveanswered4.havecooked5.haveheated6.hascleaned7.hasstarted8.haveknocked9.haveturned10.hasaskedAnswerstoExercise2:1.I'veagreed.2.You'vemoved.3.He'slooked.4.We'veargued.5.They'veexplained.6.You'vewaited.7.She'sanswered.8.We'vefinished.9.It'scooled.10.I'veordered.AnswerstoExercise3:1.haveenvied2.hasplayed3.haveapplied4.havefried5.haveemployed6.hassprayed7.havehurried8.havedisplayed9.hasdestroyed10.havereliedAnswerstoExercise4:1.hasapologized2.havestirred3.hasstopped4.haveexplained5.haveplanned6.havewiped7.havepinned8.hasjoined9.havespotted10.hasrained11.havewhipped12.hasarrangedAnswerstoExercise5:1.22.13.14.25.26.27.28.19.110.211.112.113.214.115.116.217.218.119.120.2AnswerstoExercise6:1.haveeaten2.haveswept3.hassung4.havegone5.havelost6.hasrisen7.havespoken8.haveseen9.haveknown10.hasflown11.hasbeen12.havecut13.havewritten14.havewon15.hastold16.hastaken17.haveforgotten18.haveheard19.haveleft20.hasunderstoodAnswerstoExercise7:1.Havetheyeatenthecookies?Theyhavenoteatenthecookies.Havetheynoteatenthecookies?Haven'ttheyeatenthecookies?Theyhaveeatenthecookies,haven'tthey?2.Hasshetoldthetruth?Shehasnottoldthetruth.Hasshenottoldthetruth?Hasn'tshetoldthetruth?Shehastoldthetruth,hasn'tshe?3.Hasherunfast?Hehasnotrunfast.Hashenotrunfast?Hasn'therunfast?Hehasrunfast,hasn'the?4.Havewewateredtheplants?Wehavenotwateredtheplants.Havewenotwateredtheplants?Haven'twewateredtheplants?Wehavewateredtheplants,haven'twe?5.Haveyouhurried?Youhavenothurried.Haveyounothurried?Haven'tyouhurried?Youhavehurried,haven'tyou?AnswerstoExercise8:

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1.havebeenwaiting2.havebeenrunning3.hasbeenreading4.havebeenwriting5.havebeensetting6.hasbeenraining7.havebeenliving8.hasbeenspeaking9.havebeenbuying10.havebeenplanningAnswerstoExercise9:1.Hasitbeensnowing?Ithasnotbeensnowing.Hasitnotbeensnowing?Hasn'titbeensnowing?Ithasbeensnowing,hasn'tit?2.Haveyoubeenvisitingyourfriends?Youhavenotbeenvisitingyourfriends.Haveyounotbeenvisitingyourfriends?Haven'tyoubeenvisitingyourfriends?Youhavebeenvisitingyourfriends,haven'tyou?

CHAPTER5.THESIMPLEPAST

1.UsesofthesimplepastTheusesoftheSimplePastaresomewhatsimilartotheusesoftheSimplePresent,exceptthatpaststatesoractionsareexpressed.Intheexamplesgivenbelow,theverbsintheSimplePastareunderlined.Forinstance,theSimplePastcanbeusedtoexpressactionswhichoccurredatregularintervalsinthepast.e.g.LastyearIdrovetoYarmouthonceaweek.Inaddition,theSimplePastisusedtodescribesituationswhichexistedforaperiodoftimeinthepast.e.g.Millionsofyearsago,dinosaursinhabitedtheearth.GeorgeWashingtonwasthefirstpresidentoftheUnitedStates.TheSimplePastisalsousedtoexpressnoncontinuousactionswhichoccurredatadefinitetimeinthepast.e.g.ColumbusreachedAmericain1492.Igraduatedfromschoollastyear.

2.Formationofthesimplepasta.TheverbToBeTheSimplePastoftheverbtobeisconjugatedasfollows:

Iwas

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youwerehewasshewasitwasweweretheywere

SeeExercise1.i.QuestionsandnegativestatementsTheSimplePresentandSimplePastoftheverbtobedonotuseauxiliariestoformquestionsandnegativestatements.Instead,theverbitselfisused.TheverbtobeformsquestionsandnegativestatementsinthesamewayintheSimplePastasintheSimplePresent.Inordertoformaquestion,theverbisplacedbeforethesubject.Forexample:

AffirmativeStatement QuestionIwasawake. WasIawake?Theywereready. Weretheyready?Inordertoformanegativestatement,thewordnotisplacedaftertheverb.Forexample:

AffirmativeStatement NegativeStatementIwasawake. Iwasnotawake.Theywereready. Theywerenotready.InspokenEnglish,thefollowingcontractionsareoftenused:

WithoutContractions WithContractionswasnot wasn'twerenot weren'tInordertoformanegativequestion,theverbisplacedbeforethesubject,andthewordnotisplacedafterthesubject.However,whencontractionsareused,thecontractedformofnotimmediatelyfollowstheverb.Forexample:

WithoutContractions WithContractionsWasInotawake? Wasn'tIawake?Weretheynotready? Weren'ttheyready?Inordertoformtagquestions,theverbitselfisused.Inthefollowingexamples,thenegativetagquestionsareunderlined.Contractionsareusuallyusedinnegativetagquestions.

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AffirmativeStatement AffirmativeStatementwithTagQuestion Iwasawake. Iwasawake,wasn'tI?Theywereready. Theywereready,weren'tthey?SeeExercise2.b.OtherverbsEnglishverbsotherthantheverbtobehavethesameformintheSimplePast,regardlessofthesubject.InthecaseofregularEnglishverbs,theSimplePasthasthesameformasthepastparticiple.Forexample,theSimplePastoftheregularverbtoworkisconjugatedasfollows:

Iworkedyouworkedheworkedsheworkeditworkedweworkedtheyworked

SeeExercise3.InthecaseofirregularEnglishverbs,theformoftheSimplePastmustbememorized.Asillustratedbytheexamplesbelow,forsomeirregularverbs,theSimplePastisthesameasthepastparticiple;whereasforothers,theSimplePastdiffersfromthepastparticiple.Atableof140commonEnglishirregularverbsisprovided.Forexample:

BareInfinitive SimplePast PastParticiplebegin began begunfind found foundgo went gonelet let lettake took takenLiketheregularverbs,irregularverbsotherthantheverbtobedonotmodifyintheSimplePast,buthavethesameform,regardlessofthesubject.Forexample,theSimplePastoftheirregularverbtotakeisconjugatedasfollows:

Itookyoutookhetook

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shetookittookwetooktheytook

SeeExercise4.i.QuestionsandnegativestatementsInboththeSimplePresentandtheSimplePastofverbsotherthantheverbtobe,questionsandnegativestatementsareformedusingtheauxiliarytodoandthebareinfinitive.ForquestionsandnegativestatementsintheSimplePast,theSimplePastoftheauxiliarytodoisused.TheSimplePastoftodoisconjugatedasfollows:

Ididyoudidhedidshediditdidwedidtheydid

Inordertochangeanaffirmativestatementintoaquestion,didisplacedbeforethesubject,andtheformoftheverbischangedfromtheSimplePasttothebareinfinitive.Inthefollowingexample,theregularverbtoworkisused.TheverbtoworkhastheSimplePastworked,andthebareinfinitivework.AffirmativeStatement QuestionIworked. DidIwork?Youworked. Didyouwork?Heworked. Didhework?Sheworked. Didshework?Itworked. Diditwork?Weworked. Didwework?Theyworked. Didtheywork?SeeExercise5.Inordertochangeanaffirmativestatementintoanegativestatement,didnotisplacedafterthesubject,andtheformoftheverbischangedtothebareinfinitive.Inthefollowing

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example,theirregularverbtospeakisused.TheverbtospeakhasthebareinfinitivespeakandtheSimplePastspoke.

AffirmativeStatement NegativeStatementIspoke. Ididnotspeak.Youspoke. Youdidnotspeak.Hespoke. Hedidnotspeak.Shespoke. Shedidnotspeak.Itspoke. Itdidnotspeak.Wespoke. Wedidnotspeak.Theyspoke. Theydidnotspeak.SeeExercise6.InspokenEnglish,thefollowingcontractionisoftenused:

WithoutContraction WithContractiondidnot didn'tInordertochangeanaffirmativestatementintoanegativeQuestion,didisplacedbeforethesubject,notisplacedafterthesubject,andtheformoftheverbischangedtothebareinfinitive.However,whencontractionsareused,thecontractedformofnotfollowsimmediatelyaftertheauxiliarydid.Forexample:

WithoutContractions WithContractionsDidInotwork? Didn'tIwork?Didyounotwork? Didn'tyouwork?Didhenotwork? Didn'thework?Didshenotwork? Didn'tshework?Diditnotwork? Didn'titwork?Didwenotwork? Didn'twework?Didtheynotwork? Didn'ttheywork?Tagquestionsareformedusingtheauxiliarydid.Inthefollowingexamples,thenegativetagquestionsareunderlined.Contractionsareusuallyusedinnegativetagquestions.

AffirmativeStatement AffirmativeStatementwithTagQuestionIworked. Iworked,didn'tI?Youworked. Youworked,didn'tyou?Heworked. Heworked,didn'the?Sheworked. Sheworked,didn'tshe?Itworked. Itworked,didn'tit?Weworked. Weworked,didn'twe?Theyworked. Theyworked,didn'tthey?SeeExercise7.

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3.ThesimplepastofToUsefollowedbyaninfinitiveTheSimplePastoftheverbtouse,followedbyaninfinitive,generallyreferstosomethingwhichtookplacerepeatedlyorcontinuouslyinthepast,butwhichnolongertakesplace.Inthefollowingexamples,theSimplePastoftouseisprintedinboldtype,andtheinfinitiveswhichfollowitareunderlined.TheSimplePastoftouseisused.e.g.Theferryusedtooperateeveryday.WeusedtoliveonDukeStreet.Inthefirstexample,theuseofusedfollowedbytheinfinitiveindicatesthatinthepasttheferryoperatedeveryday,butnowitdoesnotoperateeveryday.Inthesecondexample,theuseofusedfollowedbytheinfinitiveindicatesthatinthepastwelivedonDukeStreet,butnowwedonotliveonDukeStreet.SeeExercise8.

EXERCISESforChapter5

1.UsingtheSimplePasttense,fillintheblankswiththecorrectformsoftheverbtobe.Forexample:I___calm.Iwascalm.You____right.Youwereright.1.He________happy.2.We_________students.3.They________ambitious.4.You_________clever.5.It_________hot.6.I_________busy.7.We_________patient.8.She_________elevenyearsold.9.They________intelligent.10.He_________inahurry.Answers2.Rewritethefollowingaffirmativestatementsasquestions,negativestatements,negativequestionswithoutcontractions,negativequestionswithcontractions,andaffirmativestatementsfollowedbynegativetagquestions.Forexample:Youwereontime.Wereyouontime?

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Youwerenotontime.Wereyounotontime?Weren'tyouontime?Youwereontime,weren'tyou?Itwaswarmenough.Wasitwarmenough?Itwasnotwarmenough.Wasitnotwarmenough?Wasn'titwarmenough?Itwaswarmenough,wasn'tit?1.Iwaslate.2.Theywereinahurry.3.Hewasanartist.4.Wewereright.5.Shewasthere.Answers3.Payingattentiontothecorrectspelling,fillintheblankswiththeSimplePastoftheregularverbsshowninbrackets.Forexample:It_______raining.(tostop)Itstoppedraining.I_________myself.(todisguise)Idisguisedmyself.1.She_____________throughthebook.(toflip)2.We_____________thetraffic.(towatch)3.You_____________theflowerscarefully.(toarrange)4.He_____________abouthissuccess.(tobrag)5.They_____________sightseeing.(toenjoy)6.He_____________uswithpencils.(tosupply)7.I_____________thechild.(toreassure)8.We_____________forthem.(towait)9.They_____________thebooksoverseas.(toship)10.She____________toomuch.(toworry)Answers4.ReferringtothetableofEnglishirregularverbsifnecessary,fillintheblankswiththeSimplePasttenseoftheirregularverbsshowninbrackets.Forexample:They_____asong.(towrite)Theywroteasong.We_____thefloor.(tosweep)Wesweptthefloor.

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1.She____________thedishes.(todo)2.They___________forawalk.(togo)3.He__________histime.(totake)4.I___________thebeds.(tomake)5.They___________tocatchthebus.(torun)6.She___________upquickly.(toget)7.You___________thecoffee.(todrink)8.We___________soundly.(tosleep)9.He___________hisbooks.(toforget)10.I___________thehouse.(toleave)Answers5.Payingattentiontothecorrectformsofthebareinfinitives,changethefollowingaffirmativestatementsintoquestions.Forexample:Heliftedthesuitcase.Didheliftthesuitcase?Ipaidtherent.DidIpaytherent?1.Shehurriedtoschool.2.Theycarriedtheparcels.3.Youclosedthedoor.4.Ipluggedinthelamp.5.Theyplannedtheparty.6.Wetaughttheclass.7.Shetoldastory.8.Theystruckabargain.9.Hemethisfriends.10.Ishookhands.Answers6.Payingattentiontothecorrectformsofthebareinfinitives,changethefollowingaffirmativestatementsintonegativestatements.Forexample:Iscannedthenewspaper.Ididnotscanthenewspaper.TheyflewtoToronto.TheydidnotflytoToronto.1.Weenjoyedourselves.2.Shepinnedonthebrooch.3.Ifannedmyself.4.Theyemptiedtheirpockets.5.Yourepliedatonce.

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6.Hewenttowork.7.Weswamacrosstheriver.8.Theytookthebus.9.Ishutthewindows.10.Youranfast.Answers7.Payingattentiontothecorrectformsofthebareinfinitives,changethefollowingaffirmativestatementsintonegativequestions.Giveboththeformswithoutcontractionsandtheformswithcontractions.Forexample:Youwalkedquickly.Didyounotwalkquickly?Didn'tyouwalkquickly?Hebursttheballoon.Didhenotbursttheballoon?Didn'thebursttheballoon?1.Youwatchedthegame.2.Iclimbedtheladder.3.Wepleasedthevisitors.4.Theycannedthepeaches.5.Hereceivedtheletter.6.Yousawthefireworks.7.Itcostfivedollars.8.Shehittheball.9.Hedidhishomework.10.Theycuttheribbon.Answers8.Rewritethefollowingsentences,changingtheunderlinedverbsfromtheSimplePasttotheformwithusedfollowedbytheinfinitive.Forexample:Theytookthebus.Theyusedtotakethebus.Shetraveledeveryyear.Sheusedtotraveleveryyear.1.Itsnowedheavily.2.Icameoften.3.Wewereneighbors.4.Hewrotemanyletters.5.Theywalkedtowork.6.Heteasedus.7.Shetoldusstories.8.Yourodeabicycle.

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Answers

ANSWERSTOTHEEXERCISESforChapter5

AnswerstoExercise1:1.was2.were3.were4.were5.was6.was7.were8.was9.were10.wasAnswerstoExercise2:1.WasIlate?Iwasnotlate.WasInotlate?Wasn'tIlate?Iwaslate,wasn'tI?2.Weretheyinahurry?Theywerenotinahurry.Weretheynotinahurry?Weren'ttheyInahurry?Theywereinahurry,weren'tthey?3.Washeanartist?Hewasnotanartist.Washenotanartist?Wasn'theanartist?Hewasanartist,wasn'the?4.Wereweright?Wewerenotright.Werewenotright?Weren'tweright?Wewereright,weren'twe?5.Wasshethere?Shewasnotthere.Wasshenotthere?Wasn'tshethere?Shewasthere,wasn'tshe?AnswerstoExercise3:1.flipped2.watched3.arranged4.bragged5.enjoyed6.supplied7.reassured8.waited9.shipped10.worriedAnswerstoExercise4:1.did2.went3.took4.made5.ran6.got7.drank8.slept9.forgot10.leftAnswerstoExercise5:1.Didshehurrytoschool?2.Didtheycarrytheparcels?3.Didyouclosethedoor?4.DidIpluginthelamp?5.Didtheyplantheparty?6.Didweteachtheclass?7.Didshetellastory?8.Didtheystrikeabargain?9.Didhemeethisfriends?10.DidIshakehands?AnswerstoExercise6:1.Wedidnotenjoyourselves.2.Shedidnotpinonthebrooch.3.Ididnotfanmyself.4.Theydidnotemptytheirpockets.5.Youdidnotreplyatonce.6.Hedidnotgotowork.7.Wedidnotswimacrosstheriver.8.Theydidnottakethebus.9.Ididnotshutthewindows.10.Youdidnotrunfast.AnswerstoExercise7:1.Didyounotwatchthegame?Didn'tyouwatchthegame?2.DidInotclimbtheladder?Didn'tIclimbtheladder?3.Didwenotpleasethevisitors?Didn'twepleasethevisitors?4.Didtheynotcanthepeaches?Didn'ttheycanthepeaches?5.Didhenotreceivetheletter?Didn'thereceivetheletter?6.Didyounotseethefireworks?Didn'tyouseethefireworks?7.Diditnotcostfivedollars?Didn'titcostfivedollars?

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8.Didshenothittheball?Didn'tshehittheball?9.Didhenotdohishomework?Didn'thedohishomework?10.Didtheynotcuttheribbon?Didn'ttheycuttheribbon?AnswerstoExercise8:1.Itusedtosnowheavily.2.Iusedtocomeoften.3.Weusedtobeneighbors.4.Heusedtowritemanyletters.5.Theyusedtowalktowork.6.Heusedtoteaseus.7.Sheusedtotellusstories.8.Youusedtorideabicycle.

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CHAPTER6.THEPASTCONTINUOUS,THEPASTPERFECTANDTHEPASTPERFECTCONTINUOUS

1.SummaryoftheusesoftheEnglishtensesTherearefourtypesofverbtenseinEnglish:theSimple,theContinuous,thePerfect,andthePerfectContinuous.EachtypeoftensehasaPresent,aPast,andaFutureform,aswellasothermodalforms.Thus,justastherearefourpresenttensesinEnglish,therearealsofourpasttenses:theSimplePast,thePastContinuous,thePastPerfect,andthePastPerfectContinuous.Aswillbeshownbelow,thethreeformsofeachtypeoftensearecloselyrelatedintermsoftheiruseandformation.Forinstance,thePresentContinuous,PastContinuous,andFutureContinuoustensesareallusedtoexpresscontinuous,ongoingactions;andareallformedfromtheverbtobefollowedbythepresentparticiple.ThedifferencesarethatthePresentContinuousisformedwiththeSimplePresentoftheverbtobe,andisusedmainlytoexpresspresentactions;thePastContinuousisformedwiththeSimplePastoftheverbtobe,andisusedtoexpresspastactions;andtheFutureContinuousisformedwiththeSimpleFutureoftheverbtobe,andisusedtoexpressfutureactions.TheusesoftheSimple,Continuous,Perfect,andPerfectContinuoustensesaresummarizedinthefollowingtable.

TheUsesoftheEnglishTensesTypeofTense TypeofActionExpressedSimple actionsoccurringatregularintervals generaltruths,orsituationsexistingforaperiodoftime noncontinuousactions

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Continuous continuous,ongoingactions Perfect noncontinuousactionscompletedbeforeacertaintime PerfectContinuous continuous,ongoingactionscompletedbeforeacertaintime

2.Thepastcontinuousa.UseThePastContinuoustenseisusedtoexpresscontinuous,ongoingactionswhichtookplaceinthepast.Inthefollowingexamples,theverbsinthePastContinuoustenseareunderlined.e.g.HewastravelinginEuropelastsummer.Theywereplayingtennisyesterdayafternoon.ThePastContinuoustenseisfrequentlyusedtorefertoanongoingactionwhichwastakingplacewhensomethingelseoccurredinthepast.e.g.Iwaswashingthedisheswhenthetelephonerang.Wewereentertainingfriendswhentheparcelarrived.Inthefirstexample,theuseofthePastContinuoustenseindicatesthattheactionofwashingthedisheswastakingplaceatthetimewhenthetelephonerang.Inthesecondexample,theuseofthePastContinuoustenseindicatesthattheactionofentertainingfriendswastakingplaceatthetimewhentheparcelarrived.b.FormationThePastContinuoustenseisformedfromtheSimplePastoftheauxiliarytobe,followedbythepresentparticipleoftheverb.Forexample,thePastContinuousoftheverbtoworkisconjugatedasfollows:

Iwasworkingyouwereworkinghewasworkingshewasworkingitwasworkingwewereworkingtheywereworking

SeeExercise1.c.QuestionsandnegativestatementsAsisthecasewithotherEnglishtenses,questionsandnegativestatementsinthePast

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Continuousareformedusingtheauxiliary.Questionsareformedbyplacingtheauxiliarybeforethesubject.Forexample:

AffirmativeStatement QuestionIwasworking. WasIworking?Theywereworking. Weretheyworking?Negativestatementsareformedbyplacingthewordnotaftertheauxiliary.Forexample:

AffirmativeStatement NegativeStatementIwasworking. Iwasnotworking.Theywereworking. Theywerenotworking.InspokenEnglish,thecontractionswasn'tandweren'tareoftenused.Negativequestionsareformedbyplacingtheauxiliarybeforethesubject,andthewordnotafterthesubject.However,whencontractionsareused,thecontractedformofnotimmediatelyfollowstheauxiliary.Thefollowingareexamplesofnegativequestionswithandwithoutcontractions:WithoutContractions WithContractionsWasInotworking? Wasn'tIworking?Weretheynotworking? Weren'ttheyworking?Tagquestionsareformedusingtheauxiliary.Inthefollowingexamples,thenegativetagquestionsareunderlined.Contractionsareusuallyusedinnegativetagquestions.Forexample:

AffirmativeStatement AffirmativeStatementwithTagQuestionIwasworking. Iwasworking,wasn'tI?Theywereworking. Theywereworking,weren'tthey?SeeExercises2and3.

3.Thepastperfecta.UseThePastPerfecttenseisusedtorefertoanoncontinuousactioninthepast,whichwasalreadycompletedbythetimeanotheractioninthepasttookplace.Inthefollowingexamples,theverbsinthePastPerfecttenseareunderlined.e.g.ShehadheardthenewsbeforeIsawher.

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Ihadfinishedmyworkbythetimetheclockstrucktwelve.Intheprecedingexamples,theverbshadheardandhadfinishedareinthePastPerfecttense,andtheverbssawandstruckareintheSimplePast.TheuseofthePastPerfecttenseindicatesthattheactionsofhearingthenewsandfinishingtheworkwerealreadycompletedbythetimetheactionsexpressedbytheverbsintheSimplePasttookplace.b.FormationThePastPerfecttenseisformedfromtheSimplePastoftheauxiliarytohave,followedbythepastparticipleoftheverb.TheSimplePastoftohaveishad.InspokenEnglish,theauxiliaryhadisoftencontractedto'd.Forexample,thePastPerfectoftheverbtoworkisconjugatedasfollows:

WithoutContractions WithContractions Ihadworked I'dworkedyouhadworked you'dworkedhehadworked he'dworkedshehadworked she'dworkedithadworked it'dworkedwehadworked we'dworkedtheyhadworked they'dworkedThecontractionit'dislessfrequentlyusedthantheothercontractions,sinceitismoredifficulttopronounce.SeeExercise4.c.QuestionsandnegativestatementsAsisthecasewithotherEnglishtenses,questionsandnegativestatementsinthePastPerfecttenseareformedusingtheauxiliary.Questionsareformedbyplacingtheauxiliarybeforethesubject.Forexample:

AffirmativeStatement QuestionIhadworked. HadIworked?Theyhadworked. Hadtheyworked?Negativestatementsareformedbyplacingthewordnotaftertheauxiliary.Forexample:

AffirmativeStatement NegativeStatementIhadworked. Ihadnotworked.Theyhadworked. Theyhadnotworked.InspokenEnglish,thefollowingcontractionisoftenused:

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WithoutContraction WithContractionhadnot hadn'tNegativequestionsareformedbyplacingtheauxiliarybeforethesubject,andthewordnotafterthesubject.However,whencontractionsareused,thecontractedformofnotfollowsimmediatelyaftertheauxiliary.Forexample:

WithoutContraction WithContractionHadInotworked? Hadn'tIworked?Hadtheynotworked? Hadn'ttheyworked?Tagquestionsareformedusingtheauxiliary.Inthefollowingexamples,thenegativetagquestionsareunderlined.Contractionsareusuallyusedinnegativetagquestions.

AffirmativeStatement AffirmativeStatementwithTagQuestionIhadworked. Ihadworked,hadn'tI?Theyhadworked. Theyhadworked,hadn'tthey?SeeExercises5and6.

4.Thepastperfectcontinuousa.UseThePastPerfectContinuoustenseisusedtorefertoacontinuous,ongoingactioninthepastwhichwasalreadycompletedbythetimeanotheractioninthepasttookplace.Inthefollowingexamples,theverbsinthePastPerfectContinuoustenseareunderlined.e.g.IhadbeenwaitingfortwomonthsbythetimeIreceivedthereply.Hehadbeenthinkingabouthisfriendsshortlybeforetheycalled.Intheprecedingexamples,theverbshadbeenwaitingandhadbeenthinkingareinthePastPerfectContinuoustense,andtheverbsreceivedandcalledareintheSimplePast.TheuseofthePastPerfectContinuoustenseindicatesthattheactionsofwaitingandthinkingwerecontinuous,andwerecompletedbythetimetheactionsexpressedbytheverbsintheSimplePasttookplace.b.FormationThePastPerfectContinuoustenseisformedfromthePastPerfectoftheauxiliarytobe,followedbythepresentparticipleoftheverb.Forexample,thePastPerfectContinuoustenseoftheverbtoworkisconjugatedasfollows:

Ihadbeenworkingyouhadbeenworking

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hehadbeenworkingshehadbeenworkingithadbeenworkingwehadbeenworkingtheyhadbeenworking

Theauxiliaryhadisoftencontractedto'dinspokenEnglish.SeeExercise7.c.QuestionsandnegativestatementsAsisthecasewithotherEnglishtenses,questionsandnegativestatementsinthePastPerfectContinuoustenseareformedusingthefirstauxiliary.Questionsareformedbyplacingthefirstauxiliarybeforethesubject.Forexample:

AffirmativeStatement QuestionIhadbeenworking. HadIbeenworking?Theyhadbeenworking. Hadtheybeenworking?Negativestatementsareformedbyplacingthewordnotafterthefirstauxiliary.Forexample:

AffirmativeStatement NegativeStatementIhadbeenworking. Ihadnotbeenworking.Theyhadbeenworking. Theyhadnotbeenworking.Negativequestionsareformedbyplacingthefirstauxiliarybeforethesubject,andthewordnotafterthesubject.However,whencontractionsareused,thecontractedformofnotfollowsimmediatelyafterthefirstauxiliary.Forexample:

WithoutContractions WithContractionsHadInotbeenworking? Hadn'tIbeenworking?Hadtheynotbeenworking? Hadn'ttheybeenworking?Tagquestionsareformedusingthefirstauxiliary.Inthefollowingexamples,thenegativetagquestionsareunderlined.Contractionsareusuallyusedinnegativetagquestions.

AffirmativeStatement AffirmativeStatementwithTagQuestionIhadbeenworking. Ihadbeenworking,hadn'tI?Theyhadbeenworking. Theyhadbeenworking,hadn'tthey?SeeExercises8and9.

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5.SummaryoftheformationoftheEnglishpresentandpasttensesThefollowingtablesummarizestheformationoftheEnglishpresentandpasttenses.

Tense Auxiliary VerbFormSimplePresent do/does* bareinfinitive**PresentContinuous am/is/are presentparticiplePresentPerfect have/has pastparticiplePresentPerfectContinuous have/hasbeen presentparticiple SimplePast did* bareinfinitive***PastContinuous was/were presentparticiplePastPerfect had pastparticiplePastPerfectContinuous hadbeen presentparticiple*IntheSimplePresentandSimplePasttenses,theauxiliariesareusedonlyforemphasis,andfortheformationofquestionsandnegativestatements.AuxiliariesareneverusedwiththeSimplePresentorSimplePastoftheverbtobe.**Whenusedwithouttheauxiliary,thethirdpersonsingularoftheSimplePresenthastheendings.***Whentheverbisusedwithouttheauxiliary,theSimplePastformoftheverbisused.Forregularverbs,andformanyirregularverbs,theSimplePasthasthesameformasthepastparticiple.SeeExercise10.

6.EmphaticstatementsInspokenEnglish,wordscanbeemphasizedbybeingpronouncedwithaheavierstressthanusual.ThistypeofemphasisisusuallyindicatedinwrittenEnglishbymeansofitalicsorunderlining.Inthefollowingexamples,emphasizedwordsareindicatedbymeansofunderlining.Emphaticstatementsareoftenusedinconversation;forinstance,whenonespeakeriscontradictinganother.e.g."Idon'tbelieveheworksveryhard.""Yes,hedoesworkhard."Whenitisdesiredtoemphasizeaverb,itisgenerallythefirstauxiliarywhichisstressed.Forinstance,inthesentenceIamworkinghard,theverbcanbeemphasizedbystressingtheauxiliaryam.

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e.g.Iamworkinghard.Usually,noauxiliaryisrequiredforaffirmativestatementsintheSimplePresentandSimplePast.However,inordertomakesuchstatementsemphatic,forverbsotherthantheverbtobe,theauxiliarytodoisused,followedbythebareinfinitive.Forexample,intheSimplePresent,theemphaticformoftheverbtoworkisformedwiththeSimplePresentoftheauxiliarytodo,asshownbelow:

AffirmativeStatement EmphaticAffirmativeStatementIwork. Idowork.Youwork. Youdowork.Heworks. Hedoeswork.Sheworks. Shedoeswork.Itworks. Itdoeswork.Wework. Wedowork.Theywork. Theydowork.IntheSimplePast,theemphaticformoftheverbtoworkisformedwiththeSimplePastoftheauxiliarytodo,asshownbelow:

AffirmativeStatement EmphaticAffirmativeStatementIworked. Ididwork.Youworked. Youdidwork.Heworked. Hedidwork.Sheworked. Shedidwork.Itworked. Itdidwork.Weworked. Wedidwork.Theyworked. Theydidwork.FortheemphaticformoftheSimplePresentoftheverbtobe,noauxiliaryisused.Instead,theverbitselfisstressed.Forexample:

AffirmativeStatement EmphaticAffirmativeStatementIamready. Iamready.Itisready. Itisready.Theyareready. Theyareready.Similarly,fortheemphaticformoftheSimplePastoftheverbtobe,noauxiliaryisused.Instead,theverbitselfisstressed.Forexample:

AffirmativeStatement EmphaticAffirmativeStatementIwasready. Iwasready.Itwasready. Itwasready.Theywereready. Theywereready.

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Examplesofemphaticstatementsinallofthepresentandpasttensesaregiveninthefollowingtable:

Tense AffirmativeStatement EmphaticStatementSimplePresent Iwork. Idowork.PresentContinuous Iamworking. Iamworking.PresentPerfect Ihaveworked. Ihaveworked.PresentPerfectContinuous Ihavebeenworking. Ihavebeenworking. SimplePast Iworked. Ididwork.PastContinuous Iwasworking. Iwasworking.PastPerfect Ihadworked. Ihadworked.PastPerfectContinuous Ihadbeenworking. Ihadbeenworking. SimplePresentoftobe Iamready. Iamready.SimplePastoftobe Iwasready. Iwasready.Itshouldbenotedthatquestionsmaybeemphasizedinthesamewayasstatements.e.g.Diditwork?Aretheyready?Sometimesitisdesiredtoemphasizeanegativestatementcontainingthewordnot.InspokenEnglish,oftenboththeauxiliaryandthewordnotarestressed,butinwrittenEnglish,usuallyonlythewordnotisunderlinedorwritteninitalics.Forexample:

NegativeStatement EmphaticNegativeStatementHedoesnotknowtheanswer. Hedoesnotknowtheanswer.Whenacontractedformofthewordnotisused,itisgenerallytheauxiliarywhichisstressedinanemphaticstatement.Forexample:

NegativeStatement EmphaticNegativeStatementHedoesn'tknowtheanswer. Hedoesn'tknowtheanswer.SeeExercise11.

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EXERCISESforChapter6

1.UsingthePastContinuoustense,fillintheblankswiththecorrectformsoftheverbsshowninbrackets.Forexample:I__________asalad.(tomake)Iwasmakingasalad.

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They___________tofindsomeboots.(totry)Theyweretryingtofindsomeboots.1.He_______________abook.(toread)2.We_________________money.(tosave)3.She_______________school.(toattend)4.It________________.(tothunder)5.They________________fortheexam.(tostudy)6.We________________ourselves.(tosun)7.They________________theyway.(tolead)8.You_______________bybus.(toleave)9.We________________throughthesnow.(toplod)10.You_______________yourgoals.(toattain)Answers2.Rewritethefollowingaffirmativestatementsasquestions,negativestatements,negativequestionswithoutcontractions,negativequestionswithcontractions,andaffirmativestatementsfollowedbynegativetagquestions.Forexample:YouwerelearningFrench.WereyoulearningFrench?YouwerenotlearningFrench.WereyounotlearningFrench?Weren'tyoulearningFrench?YouwerelearningFrench,weren'tyou?1.Wewerestartingabusiness.2.Shewaswaitingoutside.3.Hewassinging.Answers3.UsingthePastContinuoustense,fillintheblankswiththecorrectformsoftheverbsshowninbrackets.Forexample:____you_______lastnight?(towork)Wereyouworkinglastnight?It___not_______.(torain)Itwasnotraining.They_____________home.(tohurry)Theywerehurryinghome.1.We_________________forthetest.(toprepare)2.______she___________notes?(totake)3.I______not___________long.(towait)4.They__________________atWoolco.(toshop)5.______itnot____________outside?(tofreeze)

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6.She_________________onAlmondStreetlastyear.(tolive)7.______you____________supperwhenthephonerang?(toeat)8.He________________asleepbythetimethelessonended.(tofall)9.______wenot_____________thenextchapter?(todiscuss)10.They___________theirbooksaway,whentheirfriendsarrived.(toput)11.You______not_____________thenews.(tofollow)12.______I____________toomuchnoise?(tomake)Answers4.UsingthePastPerfecttense,fillintheblankswiththecorrectformsoftheverbsshowninbrackets.Forexample:I_________theparcel.(toopen)Ihadopenedtheparcel.They________totheopera.(tobe)Theyhadbeentotheopera.1.She________________asweater.(tobuy)2.He_______________towork.(tostart)3.You_________________themessage.(tounderstand)4.We________________theappointment.(toforget)5.They________________us.(toconvince)6.She________________thebook.(tofind)7.He________________theenvelope.(totear)8.You________________yourbreakfast.(tofinish)9.We______________toschool.(togo)10.They________________thebeds.(tomake)Answers5.Rewritethefollowingaffirmativestatementsasquestions,negativestatements,negativequestionswithoutcontractions,negativequestionswithcontractions,andaffirmativestatementsfollowedbynegativetagquestions.Forexample:Hehadattendedtheconcert.Hadheattendedtheconcert?Hehadnotattendedtheconcert.Hadhenotattendedtheconcert?Hadn'theattendedtheconcert?Hehadattendedtheconcert,hadn'the?1.Youhadenteredthecontest.2.Ihadwantedtocome.3.Wehadarrivedontime.Answers6.UsingthePastPerfecttense,fillintheblankswiththecorrectformsoftheverbsshowninbrackets.Forexample:

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He_____________hard.(topractise)Hehadpractisedhard.___they____agoodjob?(todo)Hadtheydoneagoodjob?I___not_____thenews.(tohear)Ihadnotheardthenews.1.You________________itcarefully.(toconsider)2.She__________________herwayinthewoods.(tolose)3._____henot_____________hishands?(towash)4._____they____________theletter?(toread)5.I_____not_____________thewords.(toforget)6.We____________tocomeevenbeforewereceivedtheletter.(todecide)7._____henot_____________everythingwell?(toorganize)8.They_____not__________aholidayinalongtime.(tohave)9.She__________________totalktous.(tostop)10.He_____notyet____________.(toarrive)11._____you___________tomeethim?(toplan)12.I_____not____________herforalongtime.(tosee)Answers7.UsingthePastPerfectContinuoustense,fillintheblankswiththecorrectformsoftheverbsshowninbrackets.Forexample:We__________________foranapartment.(tosearch)Wehadbeensearchingforanapartment.She_______________extracourses.(totake)Shehadbeentakingextracourses.1.We____________________thegrass.(tocut)2.You______________________atthephotographs.(tolook)3.They_____________________youtheletters.(togive)4.He_____________________forus.(towait)5.She_____________________abusiness.(torun)6.It______________________allnight.(torain)7.We______________________them.(toencourage)8.You___________________onthebeach.(tolie)9.They______________________thesauce.(totaste)10.He____________________behind.(tolag)Answers8.Rewritethefollowingaffirmativestatementsasquestions,negativestatements,negativequestionswithoutcontractions,negativequestionswithcontractions,andaffirmativestatementsfollowedbynegativetagquestions.Forexample:

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Shehadbeenkeepingadiary.Hadshebeenkeepingadiary?Shehadnotbeenkeepingadiary.Hadshenotbeenkeepingadiary?Hadn'tshebeenkeepingadiary?Shehadbeenkeepingadiary,hadn'tshe?1.Wehadbeenrakingtheleaves.2.Youhadbeenvisitingyourcousins.3.Theyhadbeenswimminginthelake.Answers9.UsingthePastPerfectContinuoustense,fillintheblankswiththecorrectformsoftheverbsshowninbrackets.Forexample:We_______________.(toargue)Wehadbeenarguing.___he___________well?(tofeel)Hadhebeenfeelingwell?I___not__________muchwalking.(todo)Ihadnotbeendoingmuchwalking.1.You_______________________thestove.(toclean)2.She_____not___________________regularly.(tocome)3._____theynot___________________onyou?(tocount)4.We________________________forshoes.(tolook)5._____itnot________________thatday?(tosnow)6.I________________________forgroceries.(toshop)7._____henot___________________tothenews?(tolisten)8.They_____not___________________todrivefar.(tointend)9._____we___________________ontime?(toleave)10._____you____________________that?(toexpect)11.They________________________television.(towatch)12.He_____not_________________longwhenthebusarrived.(towait)Answers10.Foreachofthefollowingsentences,payingattentiontowhethertheunderlinedauxiliaryisaformoftobe,todoortohave,fillintheblankwiththebareinfinitive,presentparticiple,orpastparticipleoftheverbgiveninbrackets,asappropriate.ReferifnecessarytothetablesummarizingtheformationoftheEnglishpresentandpasttenses.Forexample:Hewas________medicine.(tostudy)Hewasstudyingmedicine.Youhave_______th