By: Bella Kviten

Grammer Book

• preterite, – trigger words

– car/gar/zar

– spock verbs

– snake verbs and snakey verbs

– cucaracha irregulars

• imperfect– trigger words

– Irregulars

• preterite vs. imperfect

• ser vs. estar

• verbs like gustar

• comparatives and superlatives

• transition words

• future– irregulars

– trigger words

• por

• para

• conditional + irregulars

• perfect tenses– present

– present perfect irregulars

– past

– subjunctive perfect

• tanto y tan

• impersonal ‘se’

• saber vs. Conocer

• los mandatos– Informal

– Formal

– nosotros command

• subjunctive + irregulars– impersonal expressions

– expressions of emotion

– conjunctions of time

• demonstrative Adjectives + Pronouns

-Specific events-To express events that are viewed by the speaker as complicated-To express the beginning or end of past action-To narrate a series of past actions or events

-aréasteóamosasteisaron

-er/iríisteióimosisteis ieron

PRETERITO

• Words that indicate preterito is being used

Preterito Trigger Words

•anoche•ayer•anteayer•el año pasado•la semana pasada•hace…que…

Car Gar ZarIrregular in the yo form

C ZG

qu cgu

Spock Verbs

hacer

verda

rserir

ir/serfuífuistefuefuemosfuisteísfueron

dar/ver-í-iste-ió-imos-isteís-ieron

hacerhicehicistehizohicimoshicisteíshicieron

Snake Verbs•Snakey VerbsOnly changes in 3rd person

•e>i•Pedir, preferir,

competir, repetir, ser, vir, sentir, venir

•o>u•Dormir, morir

•i>y•oir•e>y• leer, creer

Cucaracha VerbsAndar- anduvEstar- estuvPoder- pudPoner- pusQuerer- quisSaber -supTener- tuvVenir- vinConducir- condujProducir- produjTraducir- tradujDecir- dijTraer- traj

-e-iste-o-imos-isteis-ieron

EL IMPERFECTIVO-Background information (time, weather, location)-To describe an ongoing past action with no references to its beginning or end-To express habitual past actions or events-To describe physical and emotional states or characteristics

-aréasteóamosasteisaron

-er/iríisteióimosisteis ieron

El Imperfecto Trigger Words

•Frecuentamente•Siempre•A veces•De vez en cuando•Mientras

•Muchas veces •Los lunes•Cada dia•Todos los dias

iriba ibamosibas ibaisiba iban

serera éramos

eras eraisera eran

verveía veíamos

veías veíaisveía veían

Imperfecto Irregulares

vs.

Ser vs. EstarSerD-description O-originsC-characteristicsT-timeO-occupationR-relationshipP-possesionE-eventD-date

EstarH-healthE-emotionsL-locationP-present conditonI-N-G-ING-ando, iendo

Verbs like Gustar•use singular form when followed by one or more infinitives•often used in conditional tense to soften a request

Comperlatives Superlatives•comparison of one thing to another (more, less, or as…as).

•indicates that one thing is the –best, worst, most, or least of all.

Bueno > MejorMalo > PeorViejo > MayorJoven > Menor

Mas de…Menos que…Tan…como

Transition Words•a pesar de – in spite of•anunque – even though•mientras – while•pero – but

•por lo tanto – therefore•sin embargo/no obstante – nevertheless•tambien – also

El Futuro•I, you, he, she, they, we you all will•infinitive + ending

•é•ás•á

•emos•éis•an

El Futuro Irregularsdecir → dirhaber → habrhacer → harhay → habrápoder → pondrsaber → sabr

querer → querrsalir → saldrtener → tendrvaler → valdrvenir → vendr

El Futuro Trigger Words

el proximo… (horas…)mañanaen (dos, tres...) (horas…)

Por•general, not specific•location (Portugal)•passing through (portal)•an exchange (import, export)•cause of something (porpuse)•how long something lasts (porever)•means pf transportation (transportation)•doing something instead of someone else (I’m por, pay for me)

Para

•destination (paraguay)•for whom something is done (surprise paraty)•purpose for which something is done (parasites)•to express an opinion (paradon me,)•to express idea of deadline (paramedic)•conpare/contrast (compara)

• Used to express probability, wonder, conjecture, or possibility

• Would, could, should• Infinitive +

• Caber – cabr • Poner – pondr • Decir – dir• Haber – habr• Salir – saldr • Hacer – har• Poder – podr• Tener – tendr• Saber – sabr• Venir – vendr

ía íamosías íaisía ían

Conditional Tense and Irregulars

• A compound tense formed with the verb haber and the past participle (-ar – ado, -er – ido, -ir – ido) of the other verb.

• For something that was true in the past and is still true in the present.

• For an action completed recently.

• To tell what you have or have not done.

he hemoshas habeísha han

Conjugation of Haber

Present Perfect

• Abrir – abierto • Cubrir – cubierto• Decir – dicho• Escribir – escrito• Hacer – hecho• Morir – murto

• Poner – puesto• Resolver – resuelto • Resolver – resuelto• Ver – visto• Volver – vuelto • Ir – ido

Present Perfect Irregulars

• Used when you have or had done something in the past

• Drop -er or -ir and add -ido• Drop -ar and add -ado

había habíamoshabías habíaishabía habían

PAST PERFECT

+ verb

• Used in same type of clauses as present subjunctive• Normally used to indicate action as completed with

verbs in present or future tense• Use present subjunctive conjugation of verb habe and

the past participle

+ participlehaya hayamoshayas hayaíshaya hayan

Subjunctive Participle

Tan• Tan…como• As…as• Used with adjectives

and adverbs• Rita es tan alta como

María

Tanto• Tanto…como• As much/as many…

as• Used with nouns and

verbs• Tengo tanto dinero

como Juan.

Tan y Tanto

• Use ‘se’ to avoid specifying a person• Verb always in third person• Can be used in every tense• Se hable Espanol.• Se come pizza y fruita.

IMPERSONAL ‘SE’

Saber

• Used when stating factual information

• Él no sabe nadar. • Yo no sé.

Conocer

• Used for knowledge of people, places or literature.

• Conozco a Marley. • Conozco Atlanta.

Saber vs Conocer

How to form• Conjugate to usted form• Drop ending• Add opposite ending

and ‘s’• Add DOP/IOP to end of

verb• If negative, add before

verb, after no

Irregulars

• Di• Has• Ve• Pon• Sal• Se

• Ten• Ven

Informal Commands

How to form• Conjugate to yo form• Add opposite ending• Add ‘n’ is plural• Add DOP/IOP to end

if affirmitive• If negative, add

before verb, after no

Irregulars

• Dar (dé, den)• Estar (esté, estén)• Ir (vaya, vayan)• Ser (sea, sean)• Saber( sepa,

sepan)

Formal Commands

How to form• Conjugate to

nosotros form• Add opposite ending• Can add se or nos to

the verb

Mono Verbs

• When making reflexive for nos, drop the ‘s’

• Not hablemosnos• But hablemonos

Nosotros Commands

Change to the yo form

Drop the ‘O’

Add opposite enging

SUBJUNCTIVE

Express attitudes, uncertantity, doubt

Irregulares: TVDISHES

es bueno que…It’s good that…

Es malo que…It’s bad that…

es importante que…It’s important that…

es necessario que…It’s necessary that…

es urgente que…It’s urgent that…

IMPERSONAL EXPRESSIONS

Expressions of emotion• Alegrarse (de) – to be happy• Esperar – to hope, to wish• Sentir (e:ie)- to be sorry, to regret• Soprender – surprise• Temer- to be afraid ; to fear• Es triste – it’s sad• Ojalá (que) I hope (that), I wish (that)• Main clause ( hope fear joy pity surprise) • Siento que tu no puedas venir manana. • No change in subject – infinitive• Change in subject – subjunctive

Conjunctions of time• Use the subjunctive after the subordinate

clause to show habits or something in the past• Asi que• Despues de que• En cuanto• Hasta que• Luego que• Tan pronto como

Demonstrati ve Adjecti ves

– este (this) – ese (that) – aquel (that)– estos (these) – esos (those) – aquellos (those)– esta (these) – esa (that) – aquella (that)– estas (those) – esas (that) – aquellas (those)

• adjectives whose function is to point at something

• three sets of demonstrative adjectives

• vary by number and gender, 12 in all

• When used as a pronoun, just add an accent