Spanish 2 Grammar Book

Ana Maria Schieffelbein

Table of Contents

1. Ser2. Estar3. Verbs Like Gustar4. Hacer5. Preterite 6. Trigger Words7. -car, -gar, -zar8. Spock verbs9. Cucaracha verbs10. Snakes 11. Snakeys12. DOP13. Commands

14. Irregulars15. IOP16. Se impersonal17. TV Dishes18. Past Participle as adj19. El futuro & ir + a +

infintitive20. Demonstrative adj21. Demonstrative pn22. Los mandatos formales23. Modal verbs24. Reflexives25. Saber vs. Conocer

Ser

Descriptions

Origin

Characteristics

Time

OccupationRelationships

Possession

Events

Dates

DOCTOR

PED

¿Que es?

¿De dόnde es?

¿Como es?

¿Que hora es?

¿Que hace?¿Quien es?

¿De quien es?

¿Cuando/ Donde es?

¿Que dia es hoy?¿ Cual es la fecha de hoy?

Estar

Estar

I Health

Emotions

Location

PresentCondition

G

N

Ar- andoEr/ir- endo-yendo

¿Que estas haciendo?

¿Como estas?

¿Como estas?

¿Donde estas?

¿Como esta?

Verbs Like Gustar

Me Gusta Gustar Gustan

Te falta faltarfaltan

Nos fascina fascinarfascinan

Les molesta molestarmolestan

All of these words are verbs like gustar, as well as indirect object pronounsMore- doler, encantar, importar, y sidgustar

ExamplesNos molestan la señorita.

ExampleMe gustan los zapatos.

Hacer

• Present tense- since and far• Preterite tense- ago• Hace t time t que t verb

Examples-Hace un aňo que fui a la italina

Hace time que verb A year ago I went to Italy

Hace dos aňos que vivo en la Francia.I have lived in France for two years.

Hacer Expressions

El Pretérito

• Preterite is a definite time in the past with a beginning or ending.

Examples Comer Escribir

Yo Comí Escribí

Tú Comiste Escribiste

Usted Comiό Escribό

Nosotros Comimos Escribimos

Ustedes Comieron Escribieror

Er/ir

¡Esto es el pretérito!Ar Er/ir

É í

aste Iste

ό Iό

amos Imos

aron ieron

Comí pan. I ate bread.Compramos la ropa. We bought the clothes.

Trigger WordsTrigger words give you clues that the sentence is going to be in the

preterite.Trigger words are most commonly relating to time in some way.

Example- Ayer escribí tres cartas. YesterdayElla caminó por el parque ayer por la manana. yesterday morningEllos comieron a las ocho.

at eight o’clock.Vivimos allí en ese momento.

in that moment

-car, -gar, -zaren el pretérito

-Car

-qué -camos

-caste -casteís

-cό -caron -Gar

-gué -gamos

-gaste -gasteis

-gό -garon

-Zar

-cé -zamos

-zaste -zasteís

-zό -zaron

Spock Verbs Ir/serFuiFuisteFueFuimosFueron

Dar Ver Di viDiste visteDio vioDimos vimosDieron vieron

HacerHiceHicisteHizoHicimosHicieron

Hacer

ir

ser

dar v

er

Cucaracha Verbs

Examples Carlos y Dora venieron al

restrante.

El mesero les trajo pan y mantequilla.

• E- yo• Iste- tu• O- usted• Imos- nosotros• Isteis- vosotros• Ieron- ustedes

La Cucaracha Verbs

Andar Anduv-

Estar Estuv-

Poder Pud-

Poner Pus-

Querer Quis-

Saber Sup-

Tener Tuv-

Venen Vin-

Conducir Conduj-

Producir Produj-

Traducir Traduj-

DecirTraer

Dij-Traj-

Snakes

DormirYoDomi

NosotrosDomimos

TuDomiste

VosotrosDormisteis

Usted, ella

dormio

Ustedes

Domieron

PedirYoPedi

NosotrosPedimos

TuPediste

VosotrosPedisteis

Usted, ella

Pidiό

Ustedes

Pidieron

SnakeysLeer

YoLeí

NosotrosLeímos

TuLeíste

VosotrosLeísteis

Usted, ella

LeYό

Ustedes

LeYeron

Stem changing in the preterite leer, creer, and oir Change I to y in the third person

DOP

The DOP answers the question of what is received The direct action of the verbLoLaLosLasReflexive Pronouns attach to a command in three instances:1. Infinitive

1. Attach to the end of the infinitive 2. In front of the conjugated verb

2. Positive command1. Put it on the end of the command and put an accent over the first vowel

3. Gerund (-ing)1. Put it at the end of the verb and put an accent on the 3rd to last syllable vowel

All other times the DOP goes before the verb

Commands

AfirmativeTu- drop the ‘s’

Ud./Uds.- put it in ‘yo’ change to opposite vowel

DOP and IOP can attach to affirmative command

NegativeTu- put in ‘yo’ form Change to opposite vowelAdd an ‘s’

Ud./Uds.- put in ‘yo’ formChange to opposite vowel

DOP and IOP must go before the negative command

IrregularsDar

Doy Damos

Das Dais

Da Dan

Ir

Voy Vamos

Vas Vais

Va Van

Ser

Soy Somos

Eres Sois

Es Son

Verbos en el presente

Forms of irregular mandatos verbs (usted command)Ser- seaEstar- estéDar- déIr- vaVer- veSaber- sabe

IOP

IOPs answer the question of to whom or for whom the action is done.

MeTeLeNosOsLes

Can change to se because you cannot have double “L”s

Example: I gave it to herDar Di Se lo di. The sentence cannot be le lo di because of the double “L”s

Se Impersonal

Use se to avoid specifying a person who is doing the action of the verb.

When you use se it is always in third person

It can be used in all tenses!Se hizo muchoSe hará muchoSe había hechoMore…Se vende fruta en la frutería

TV Dishes

Irregular Commands

TV

D

IS

H

E

S

Tener- Tenga

Venir-venga

Dar- dé

Ir- vaya

Ser- sea

Hacer- haga

Estar-esté

Saber- seba

Past Participle as Adj.

To form the past participle, drop the ending (-ar, -er, -ir) and add -ado (for -ar verbs) and -ido (for -er, -ir verbs). They can be used as adjectives!

hablar - ar + ado = habladocomer - er + ido = comido

Examples- La puerta está cerrada.The door is closed

El restaurante está abiertoThe restaurant is open

El FuturoIr + a + infinitive- going to be

doing something in the near future

*don’t forget how to conjugate the verb ir!

Examples- Voy a llevar….Va a leer….

é ás

á

éis emos

án El Futuro

Voy Vamos

Vas Vais

Va Van

Los Adjetivos Demonstrativos

Describes a nounDemonstrative adjectives have four forms: masculine

singular, masculine plural, feminine singular, feminine plural

Este libro (this book)

Estos libros (these books)

Esta pluma (this pen)

Estas plumas (these pens)

Ese libro (that book)

Esos libros (those books)

Esa pluma (that pen)

Esas plumas (those pens)

aquel libro (that book over there)

aquellos libros (those books over there)

aquella pluma (that pen over there)

aquellas plumas (those pens over there)

Demonstrative PNs

Takes place of a nounThese pronouns do not change in number or genderUsed to refer to an abstract object or a thought

Este (this one - masculine)

estos (these ones -masculine)

esta (this one - feminine)

estas (these ones - feminine)

ese (that one - masculine)

esos (those ones - masculine)

esa (that one - feminine)

esas (those ones – feminine)

Aquel (that one over there - masc.)

aquellos (those ones over there - masc.)

Aquella (that one over there - fem.)

aquellas (those ones over there - fem.)

Los Mandatos Informales- Tu commands

Affirmitive commands-Put in tu form Drop the “s”Come el taco.Habla con abuela.

With an DO PN, put the pn at the end of the commandHazla- do it!Lávetelas- wash them!

Negative commands-Put in tu formChange the vowelAdd the s *the DO PN always goes before

the verb!

No lo hagas- don’t do it!No te vayas- don’t go!

Modal Verbs

Modal VerbsUsed to help verbs to change their meaning

Modal + infinitive

Poder puede limpiar

Querer No quedo

limpiar

Deber demes

limpiado

Tener tengo que

limpiar

Reflexive Verbs… describe people doing things themselves

You can put the reflexive pronoun infront of the verb….Me Lavo el pelo.I wash my hair.El se peina.He combs his hair.

Or you can attach the reflexive pn to the infinitive…Lavarme el pelo.I wash my hair.Peinase.He combs his hair.

Reflexive Pronouns

MeMyself

TeYourself

SeHis/

Herself

NosOurself

SeThemself

Saber vs. Conocer

They both mean “to know”, but which one you use depends on the context of the sentence

They are not interchangeable!

Saber- use to express knowledge/ unawareness of a factSé donde vives.No sé la dirección a su casa.

Conocer- use to say that one is or is not acquainted with a person, a place, or an object

Yo no conozco a María.Alberto y Alfredo conocen María.