GRAMMER BOOK

AGUSTIN MONGOLD

TABLE OF CONTENTSPreterit (IYF)…………………………………………………………………………..3

Imperfect (IYF)……………………………………………………………………….4

Preterit vs Imperfect………………………………………………………………5

Constructions with Se…………………………………………………………….6

Adverbios………………………………………………………………………………..7

Por…………………………………………………………………………………………..8

Para…………………………………………………………………………………………9

Por vs. Para……………………………………………………………………….....10

Stressed Possessive Adjectives & Pronouns…………………........11

Commands……………………………………………………………………………..12

Object Pronoun Placement…………………………………………………….13

Present Subjunctive……………………………………………………………….14

Subjunctive with verbs of will and influence………………………..20

Semester Two Table of Contents…………………………………………21

PRETERITE

-Ar Verbs -Er/Ir Verbs

Yo-é Yo-í

Tú-aste Tú-iste

Él, ella, ud.-ó Él, ella, ud.-ó

Nosotros-amos Nosotros-imos

Uds- aron Uds- ieron

Ayer- yesterday

Anoche- last night

Después- Afterwards

Anteayer- the day before yesterday

La semana pasada- last week

El mes pasado- last month

El año pasado- last year

El fin de semana pasado- last weekend

• Has a definite time in the past• Has a beginning or ending• The most recent past• Shows Interruption• Perfected time

CAR-GAR-ZAR

-que -camos

-caste Casteís

-có -caron

--cé -zamos

-zaste -zasteís

-zó -zaron

-gue -gamos

-gaste -gasteís

-gó -garon

Spock Verbs-Dar/Ver -Hacer -Ser/Ir

-í -hice -fuí

-iste -hiciste -fuiste

-ió -hizo -fue

-imos -hicimos -fuimos

-isteis -hicisteís -fuisteis

-ieron -hicieron -fueron

IMPERFECT

-ar -er -ir

Yo Aba Ía Ía

Tu Abas Ías Ías

Usted Aba Ía Ía

Nos Abamos Íamos Íamos

Vos Abais Íais Íais

Ustedes Aban Ían Ían

Todos los dias- every dayCada dia- every day

Cada mes- everymonthSiempre- always

Nunca- neverA veces- sometimes

Muchas Veces- many timesFrecuentemente- frequently

A muendo- oftenCasi siempre- almost alwaysTodo el tiempo- all the time

Todos los lunes- every Monday

Irregular Ser Ver Ir

Yo Era Veía Iba

Tu Eras Veías Ibas

Usted Era Veía Iba

Nos Éramos Vivíamos Íbamos

Vos Erais Veíais Ibais

Ustedes eran Veían Iban

PRETERITE VS IMPERFECT

-Completed actions in the past-Have a defined beginning and end-Specific time

-Continuing actions-Non-completed

-Outgoing-Not a specific time

-Takes place in the past

CONSTRUCTIONS WITH SEUse “se” to avoid specifying a person who is doing the action of the verb

When using “se” the verb is always in the 3rd person

Can be used in all tenses▪ Ejemplos

▪ Se vende fruta en el mercado▪ Se habla Ingles▪ Se hizo mucho

ADVERBIOSAdd –mente (in most cases) to the feminine singular form of an adjective

This ending corresponds to –ly in English

PORPassing through something (PORtal)

General description rather than specific description Location (PORtugal)

How long something lasts (PORever)

The cause of something (PORpuse)

An exchange (imPORt or exPORt)

Doing something in place or instead of someone else (I can get that POR you)

A means of transportation (transPORtation)

PARAFor whom something is done (Jack’s PARAty)

Destination (PARAguay)

Purpose for which something is done

Expresses an opinion (PARAdon me, but I like blue)

To compare or contrast (comPARAson)

Express an idea of deadline (PARAmedic)

POR VS. PARA

Por Para

Motion or a general location Destination Place

Duration of an action Destination Person

Reason or motive for an action Future time limit

Object of a search Purpose or goal

Means by which something is done Use or function

Exchange or substitution Comparisons

Unit of Measure Opinion

STRESSED POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES & PRONOUNS

Masculino

Feminino

Mío(s) Mía(s)

Tuyo(s) Tuya(s)

Suyo(s) Suya(s)

Nuestro(s) Nuestra(s)

Vuestro(s) Vuestra(s)

Suyo(s) Suya(s)

Stressed possessive adjectives are placed after the nouns they modify. Unstressed possessive adjectives are placed before the noun.

Must agree in gender and number

Ellos son mis coches - =They are my cars

MANDATAS FORMALES UD. + UDS.

1. Drop the final “o” in the yo form

2. AR Verbs (-e or –en) or ER/IR Verbs (-a or –an)

• Affirmative: Attach to command, add accent on third to last syllable, and on the fourth to last if you add two (one pronoun or two)

• Negative: Place pronouns before command, and do not add accents

TU COMMANDS

Affirmative:

1) Drop the ending of the verb (habl)

2) Add a/e to the end (habla)

Ex. Habla tú más lentamente

Used to give someone a direct command

Negative:1) Convert to yo form (hablo)2) Drop O and add an as/es to

the end (opposite)(hables)3) Add a no before the verb (no

hables)

Ex. No hables por el día

NOSOTROS COMMANDSFor Affirmative:

1) Convert verb to nosotros form (hablamos)

2) Drop the s at the end, and add the needed pronouns (hablamonos)

For Negative:

3) Convert to nosotros (hablamos)

4) Add a no then pronoun(s) before the verb (No nos hablamos)

MANDATOS FORMALES IRREGULARES

ir- to goSer- to beSaber – to knowEstar- to beDar- to giveJugar- to playLlegar- to getBuscar- search forTocar- To touchEmpezar- To start

Vaya(n)Sea(n)Sepa(n)Esté(n)Dé(n)Juegue(n)Llegue(n)Busqie(n)Toque(n)Empiece(n)

T- Tener and TraerV- VenirD- Dar, DecirI- IrS- SalirH- Hacer, HaberE- EstarS- Ser

T- Tenga, TraigaV- VengaD- De, DijeI- VayaS- SalgaH- Haga, HayaE- EsteS- Sea

MÁS MANDATOS IRREGULARES

Tu Commands

Decir > di

Haver > haz

Ir > ve

Poner > pon

Salir > sal

Ser > sé

Tener > ten

Venir > ven

OBJECT PRONOUN PLACEMENT• For affirmative commands, the object pronouns are attached directly to the

end of the commanding form of the verb

• Compre + lo = Comprelo

• For negative commands, object pronouns come before the commanding form of the verb

• No + compre + lo = No lo compre

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE1. Start with yo form of present indicative (hablo)

2. Drop the –o ending (habl)

3. Add opposite endings depending on form (hable) (very similar to the commands)

SUBJUNCTIVE WITH VERBS OF WILL AND INFLUENCE• Used to express desire, certainty, or objectivity

• Esperar que… > To wish that…

• Querer que… > to want that…

• Es necesario que… > It is necessary that…

• Creer que… > to believe that…

• No es dudoso que… > It is not doubtful that…

TABLE OF CONTENTS - SEMESTER 2Present SubjunctiveSubjuntive with verbs of will and influenceSubujunctive w/emotionssubjunctive w/doubt + certaintySubjunctive w/conjunctionsSubjunctive w/adverbial clausesIYF (in your face) command page including nosotros commands.past participles used as adjectivespresent perfectpast perfectacabar de + infinitive AND yafutureconditionalpast subjunctive

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVEUsed to express actions that are uncertain or hypothetical

Same conjugation as formal commands but also includes nosotros/yo

Trigger Words: Que

Ejemplos: Hablar (Hable, Hables, Hable, Hablemos, Habléis, Hablen)

-Reverse –ar endings to –er and vice versa after converting to yo form

SUBJUNTIVE WITH VERBS OF WILL AND INFLUENCEAconsejar – To advise

Importar – To be important; to matter

Insistir (en) – To insist (on)

Mandar – To order

Prohibir – To prohibit

Recomendar (e-ie) –To recommend

Rogar (o-ue) – To beg; To plead

Sugerir (e-ie) – To suggest

SUBJUNCTIVE W/EMOTIONS

Use the infinitive after an expression of emotion when there is no change of subject

Ojala is always followed by a subjunctive. Que is optional

SUBJUNCTIVE W/DOUBT + CERTAINTY

Perhaps= Doubt

Used when there is a change in subject and the main clause implies negation or uncertainty

Use the indicative when there is no doubt or uncertainty

SUBJUNCTIVE W/CONJUNCTIONS

To clauses that are separated by a conjunction

Use the subjunctive in the subordinate clause if the main clause expresses future action or command

Use indicative if the verb in the main clause expresses an action that habitually happens or happened in the past

Use the infinitive after “antes de”, “para”, or “sin” when there is no subject change

Ejemplos: Antes de (que), a menos (que), para (que)

SUBJUNCTIVE WITH ADVERBIAL CLAUSES

Adverbs indicate such things as why, where, when, and how. Typical adverbs in English are words like “soon”, “here” and “quickly”; adverbial phrases are groups of words used in the same way, such as “on Sunday” or “with compassion”. Likewise, an entire clause —remember that a clause has a subject and predicate— may have an adverbial function

Adverbial clauses are introduced by conjunctions, such as para que (so that), antes de que (before), and hasta que (until). The indicative or subjunctive mood may be required in the adverbial clause in Spanish, or an adverbial phrase (preposition plus infinitive) may be used

NOSOTROS COMMANDS

Nosotros commands are used when the speaker is included, and are used to express the idea "let's + verb." To form these commands, use the nosotros form of the present subjunctive

To form the negative command, place the word no before the same verb form (present subjunctive)

The only exception is the verb ir(se), which uses the present indicative for the affirmative command only.

As with other commands, a written accent is often required when pronouns are added. With affirmative commands, the final "s" of the verb form is dropped before adding the pronouns "nos" or "se.“

"Vamos a + infinitive" can also be used to convey the meaning

Positive: Abramos

Negative: No abramos

PAST PARTICIPLES USED AS ADJECTIVES

The past participle will be important in future lessons covering the perfect tenses. To form the past participle, simply drop the infinitive ending (-ar, -er, -ir) and add -ado (for -ar verbs) or -ido (for -er, -ir verbs).

hablar - ar + ado = hablado

comer - er + ido = comido

vivir - ir + ido = vivido

PAST PARTICIPLES USED AS ADJECTIVES IRREGULARSabrir (to open) - abierto (open)

cubrir (to cover) - cubierto (covered)

decir (to say) - dicho (said)

escribir (to write) - escrito (written)

freír (to fry) - frito (fried)

hacer (to do) - hecho (done)

morir (to die) - muerto (dead)

poner (to put) - puesto (put)

resolver (to resolve) - resuelto (resolved)

romper (to break) - roto (broken)

ver (to see) - visto (seen)

volver (to return) - vuelto (returned)

Compound Irregulars

componer – compuesto

describir – descrito

devolver - devuelto

PRESENT PERFECTThe present perfect is formed by combining the auxiliary verb "has" or "have" with the past participle.Because the present perfect is a compound tense, two verbs are required: the main verb and

the auxiliary verb.The present perfect tense is formed by using the present tense of the auxiliary verb "haber" with the

past participle. Haber is conjugated as follows:HeHasHaHemosHabéishan

PAST PERFECTThe past perfect is formed by combining the auxiliary verb "had" with the past participleBecause the past perfect is a compound tense, two verbs are required: the main verb and

the auxiliary verbThe past perfect tense is formed by using the imperfect tense of the auxiliary verb "haber"

with the past participle

● Había vivido

● Habías vivido

● Había vivido

● Habíamos vivido

● Habíais vivido

● Habían vivido

Acabar de + infinitive AND ya

The first verb is conjugated, while the second verb remains in the infinitive formYo voy a viajar a EspañaTú acabas de comer.

One expression combines the verb acabar (conjugated) with an infinitiveAcabo de llevar a mi hermana a su casaCristina acaba de conversar con mi mamá

Adding “ya” to the expression means it already happenedEllos ya acaban nadar en el mar

FUTURE● The future tense is used to tell what "will" happen, or what "shall" happen● But, the future tense is not used to express a willingness to do something● The future tense is also used to express wonder or probability in the present state● For actions that will occur in the near future, the present tense is more commonly used.● Regular verbs in the future tense are conjugated by adding the following endings to the infinitive form of the verb:

○ -é○ -ás○ -á○ -emos○ -éis○ -án

Future Irregulars

Caber (Cabré)Poner (Pondré)Decir (diré)Haber (habré)Salir (saldré)Hacer (haré)Poder (podré)Tener (tendré)Querer (querré)Valer (valdrè)Saber (sabrè)Venir (vendrè)

CONDITIONALFrequently, the conditional is used to express probability, possibility, wonder or conjecture,

and is usually translated as would, could, must have or probablywhen "would" is used in the sense of a repeated action in the past, the imperfect is usedTo conjugate regular -ar, -er and -ir verbs in the conditional, add appropriate verb ending in

the table

-ar -ìamos

-ìas -ìais

-ìa -ìan

Conditional Irregulars

Caber (Cabría)Poner (Pondría)Decir (diría)Haber (habría)Salir (saldría)Hacer (haría)Poder (podría)Tener (tendría)Querer (querría)Valer (valdría)Saber (sabría)Venir (vendría)

PAST SUBJUNCTIVE1) Put in third person preterite2) Drop -ron3) Add appropriate verb for table on the

left

-ra -ramos

-ras

-ra -ran

Used in the same context as present subjunctive, but in the past.

Verb in main clause is usually preterite or imperfect