grammer guide for dummies
TRANSCRIPT
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Grammar Guide
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Parts of Speech Noun
Pronoun
Adjective Verb
Adverb
Preposition Conjunction
Interjection
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Person Place Thing Idea
Noun
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Pronoun
Takes the place of anoun
Mark is strong.
Heis strong.
He is the pronoun inthis example.
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Adjective Describes a noun or
pronoun.
Ex: The tallmanwas an excellentsaxophoneplayer.
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Verbs Action
Linking
Helping
He rantoday.
She isslow.
Father hasgonefishing.
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Adverbs Modifies a verb,
adjective, or other
adverb Usually ends in -ly
Miles quicklyspunthe hula-hoops.
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Preposition Shows direction,
location, or
association. The elf was under
the lightning bolt.
Ask where it was.
Q: Where was theelf?
A: Underthe
lightning bolt.
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Conjunction
Joins words orgroups of words
The dog flew, butthe cat walked.
Drew is tall andgenial.
Expresses emotion
Always ends in an
exclamation point Ouch!
Oh my!
Interjection
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Subject
Predicate
Complements
Phrases
Clauses
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Subject The main characterof the sentence.
The thing that doesthe action
Markplays soccer.
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Predicate What the subject
does or is.
Drew playsbaseball.
Q: What does Drewdo?
A: plays baseball
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Direct Object Indirect Object
Objective Complement
Predicate Nominative Predicate Adjective
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Direct Object Receives the action
of the verb.
Answers what?orwhom?
Brian loveswatermelon.
Q: What does Brianlove?
A: Watermelon.
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Indirect Object Comes before the
direct object.
Tells to whom?Orfor whom?
Mrs. Mayespromised usa trip toBraums.
Q: To whom didshe promise a trip?
A: To us.
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Objective Complement
Noun or Adjective
Refers to the Object
They thought shewas pretty.
Q: Thought she waswhat?
A: Pretty.
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Predicate Nominative
Follows a linkingverb
The same person orthing as the subject.
Brian is a soccerplayer.
Q: What is Brian?
A: A player.
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Predicate Adjective
Follows the linkingverb
Describes thesubject
Drew is cool.
Q: What is Drew?
A: Cool.
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Prepositional
Participial
Gerund
Infinitive
Appositive
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Prepositional Phrase
A group of wordsstarting with a
preposition andending with a noun.
The dog ran aroundthe yard.
Q: Where did thedog run?
A: Around the yard.
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Participial Phrase
Verb form ending in-ing or -ed used as
an adjective The smilingchild
was happy.
You are bad, said
the disappointedteacher.
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Gerund Phrase Verb form ending in
-ing used as a noun
Fishingis fun. I like eating.
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Infinitive Phrase To + a verb
Used as a noun,
adjective, or adverb I dont want to stay
too late.
Abby wants him towinthe election.
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Appositive Phrase
Noun or pronoun thatrenames another noun
or pronoun Usually set off by
commas
My brother Paullikes
bananas.
Florida, the SunshineState, is warm.
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Adjective Clause
Noun Clause Adverb Clause
Independent
Dependent
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Independent & Dependent Clauses
Independentclauses can standalone.
He is standingalone.
Dependent clauses
cannot stand alone. Mary, who is not tall,
cannot reach the
ceiling.
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Adjective Clause A clause that modifies
a noun or pronoun
Usually adjacent to themodified noun orpronoun.
This book, which is
about tennis, grabs myattention.
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Noun Clause Clause used as a
noun.
Can be replaced byit.
We heard that shegraduated with honors.
That she graduatedwith honors = It
We heard it.
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Adverb Clause A clause used as an
adverb.
Modifies verb,adjective, or adverb
Brian sleeps whenhe has time.
After Drew watchedthe movie, he left.
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Capitalization Capitalize the following:
1st word in a sentence,
the pronoun I
Proper Nouns and Adjectives Peoples names
Geographical Places
Organizations and Business Firms
Historical Events, Periods, & Calendar Items.
Nationalities, Races, and Religions
Brand Names
Titles of books, magazines, & paintings
This angus has nothing to do with
everything, but everything to do
with nothing.
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Period (.)
Question Mark (?) Exclamation Point (!)
Comma (,)
Dash (--) Parentheses (())
Underline/Italics ()/()
Brackets ([])
Semicolon (;) Colon (:)
Quotation Mark ()
Apostrophe () Hyphen (-)
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Period & Question Mark
Use a period at theend of a sentence or
with an abbr. Dr. Kevorkian
Ms. Tubble
This was fun.
Use a question markat the end of the
question. Why did you do
that?
Do you hate me?
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Comma Use to
separate items in series
to separate two or more
adj. before a noun before a conjunction
separating two or moreindependent clauses.
Salutations, closings Addresses, Dates
Introductory words
After a name followed
by Jr.
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Exclamation Point & Dash
Use an exclamationpoint at the end of an
exclamation or at theend of an exclamatorysentence.
Ouch!
Oh my gosh! Theykilled Kenny!
Look how dead Kenny
is!
Use to indicate an abruptbreak in thought or to
mean namely, in otherwords, or that is beforean explanation.
My point is - as you
know - people are notsmart
smart - not stupid
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Parentheses & Brackets
Use to encloseincidental explanatory
matter but isntconsidered important
Sen. Coy (Idaho) wason the committee
Use to enclose explanationswithin parentheses or in
quoted material whenexplanation isnt part ofquotation.
It [the party] was neat.
The report was sophisticated.(See pp. 16 [Section 3])
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Semicolon & Colon
Use when
the items in a seriesalready containcommas
Winners were Pam,1st; Helen, 2nd; andDick, 3rd.
independent clausesarent joined by
conjunction
The car was colorful;it was neat.
Use a colon to meannote what follows
Use in conventionalsituations
8:00 AM; Proverbs 3:3
Use between
independent clauseswhen the 2nd clauseexplains the 1st
Jay is popular: he isnice.
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Underlining/Italics
Underline or use Italicson the following:
words and letters notyet adopted into English
The Latin phrase adastra per asperagivesme hope.
titles of books,magazines, ships,newspapers, etc.
Romeo & Juliet
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Quotation Marks
Use to enclose titles ofpoems, short stories,articles, songs, t.v.episodes, chapters,slang, etc.
The Raven is a good
poem.
Use to enclose a directquotation.
Be careful! exclaimed
Alex.
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Apostrophe
Use to form acontraction
cant; isnt; its Use to form the
possessive case
the boys bike
the childrens money
the dogs barking
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Hyphen Use to divide a word
at the end of a line
Use with compound#s between twenty-one and ninety-nine
Use with prefixes
before proper nouns ex-mayor
anti-Beavis
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The End