GREEN CHEMISTRY GREEN CHEMISTRY CURRICULUM IN CURRICULUM IN

SECONDARY SECONDARY SCHOOLSSCHOOLS

ByByKunle Oke OloruntegbeKunle Oke Oloruntegbe

Mathematics & Science Education,Mathematics & Science Education,University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur,University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur,

Malaysia.Malaysia.E-mail: ko_oloruntegbe@yahoo.comE-mail: ko_oloruntegbe@yahoo.com

TO START WITH‘

’The term green chemistry describes an area of research arising from scientific discoveries about pollution and public perception in much the same way as the identification and understanding of a deadly disease stimulate the call for a cure’’

""Green chemistry represents the pillars that hold up our sustainable future.  It is imperative to teach the value of green chemistry to tomorrow's chemists”

““We believe that it is very important that university students be exposed to We believe that it is very important that university students be exposed to real-world, state-of-art examples of green chemistry (environmentally real-world, state-of-art examples of green chemistry (environmentally benign chemistry) in the mainstream courses that they encounter in a benign chemistry) in the mainstream courses that they encounter in a

typical college chemistry curriculum”. typical college chemistry curriculum”. 

Many industries are now practicing green chemical principles. Those Many industries are now practicing green chemical principles. Those students who are versed in green chemistry will be most attractive to students who are versed in green chemistry will be most attractive to

these industries, and will be able to foster the practice of green these industries, and will be able to foster the practice of green chemistrychemistry

in these industries, and initiate the practice and discussion of green chemistry throughout industry and academia.

Busch, D. (2000). Greening Across the Chemistry Curriculum. US Scranton Green Busch, D. (2000). Greening Across the Chemistry Curriculum. US Scranton Green ChemistryChemistry

Green chemistry is taking an independent Green chemistry is taking an independent form as an amalgam of other chemical form as an amalgam of other chemical disciplines, especially organic, inorganic disciplines, especially organic, inorganic and biological chemistry. The genesis of and biological chemistry. The genesis of green chemistry as a mission-oriented green chemistry as a mission-oriented scientific field in the modern sense might scientific field in the modern sense might be traced o the official launch by the be traced o the official launch by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1991 of the Alternative Synthetic pathway 1991 of the Alternative Synthetic pathway for Pollution Prevention Grants for Pollution Prevention Grants solicitation. Prior to this time concern for solicitation. Prior to this time concern for the environment had helped to generate a the environment had helped to generate a large amount of research in specific areas, large amount of research in specific areas, especially energyespecially energy

OBJECTIVES OF THE OBJECTIVES OF THE SYMPOSIUMSYMPOSIUM

Reasons for green chemistry Reasons for green chemistry curriculumcurriculum

Developing green chemistry Developing green chemistry curriculumcurriculum

Implementing green chemistry Implementing green chemistry curriculumcurriculum

Experts gather to discuss why Experts gather to discuss why green chemistrygreen chemistry

The path that the field of chemistry has taken over the course of the past 200years is one of creativity, innovation, and discovery. It is also a path that we as chemists have followed without fully considering the consequences of either what we have created or the methods and processes we have used to do so. Thisis largely due to the fact that historically we have had little understanding of the impact of chemicals on human health and the environment. In recent decades, science has dramatically increased our knowledge of the various types of adverse consequences of chemicals. More importantly, it has begun to provide us with a molecular-level understanding of these consequences, thereby allowing us to design our chemical products and transformation processes in order to minimize these adverse consequences. This is the basis of the green chemistry movement, which has been bringing about a wide range of innovations throughout the chemical enterprise. It is generally accepted that if the still-nascent field of green chemistry is going to have the impact required to allow chemists to play their central role in designing a safer, healthier, and more sustainable world, we must teach the next

generation of scientists and educated citizens the fundamental framework of green chemistry. ( (In Green Chemistry Education; Anastas, P., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2009).

/

Gas flaring constitutes Gas flaring constitutes problem to the living problem to the living

environment causing health environment causing health hazards both to flora and hazards both to flora and

faunafauna

How should education change to better promote a sustainable future? In most universities the requirements of understanding for new chemists in the

fundamentals of sustainability ethics, toxicity and ecotoxicity asymptotically approach

zero. When, where, and how will this knowledge that is pivotal for producing chemists

who can competently advance towards a sustainable future through their work be

introduced into the curriculum? (GUEST EDITORIAL: Green Chemistry. The Royal

Society of Chemistry 2003)

Biggest health dangers Biggest health dangers behind oil spillbehind oil spill

Pollution comes from many sources. The effects are diverse and gravePollution comes from many sources. The effects are diverse and grave

Human and animals are equally affected as well as plantsHuman and animals are equally affected as well as plants

SEA OF FLOATSSEA OF FLOATSThousands of Chinese pack Asia’s biggest floating swimming pool to cool off from the Thousands of Chinese pack Asia’s biggest floating swimming pool to cool off from the

summer heat in Suining, Southwest China’s Sichuan Province on Tuesday Jul 22, summer heat in Suining, Southwest China’s Sichuan Province on Tuesday Jul 22, 2010. The temperature had reached 40oC. Many also resorted to jumping into the 2010. The temperature had reached 40oC. Many also resorted to jumping into the polluted Yangtze river to cool off. China is undergoing severe conditions, with the polluted Yangtze river to cool off. China is undergoing severe conditions, with the

southern region experiencing deadly floodssouthern region experiencing deadly floods

Climate change represents a real threat to the existence of humanity, Climate change represents a real threat to the existence of humanity, of living beings and our Mother Earth. Noting the serious danger that of living beings and our Mother Earth. Noting the serious danger that exists to islands, coastal areas, glaciers in the Himalayas, the Andes exists to islands, coastal areas, glaciers in the Himalayas, the Andes and mountains of the world, poles of the Earth, warm regions like and mountains of the world, poles of the Earth, warm regions like Africa, water sources, populations affected by increasing natural Africa, water sources, populations affected by increasing natural disasters, plants and animals, and ecosystems in general; disasters, plants and animals, and ecosystems in general;

World's People Conference on Climate Change

Climate change and the integrity of scienceClimate change and the integrity of science

Figure 1. Growth in global green chemistry research and education, (top) In the early 1990s, green

chemistry efforts were focused mainly in the United States, Italy, and the United Kingdom,

(middle) The late 1990s and early 2000s saw green chemistry networks and GCI chapters make

inroads in South America, Asia, and Oceania, (bottom) As of2008, green chemistry initiatives

are underway in Africa, and gains on virtually every continent have been made. ((In Green Chemistry Education; Anastas, P., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2009).

GLOBAL EFFORTS IN TEACHING GREEN CHEMISTRYGLOBAL EFFORTS IN TEACHING GREEN CHEMISTRY

GLOBAL EFFORTS IN TEACHING GREEN CHEMISTRYGLOBAL EFFORTS IN TEACHING GREEN CHEMISTRY From Postgraduate Summer School on Green

Chemistry, initiated by INCA in 1998 through Los Alamos National Laboratory’s two-week workshop in 2001 for 40 young scientists from developing countries to Italy's INCA consortium organized Italian-North African Workshop on Sustainable Chemistry in 2002 to promote green chemistry education in Italy, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, and Egypt, the effort is spreading. Ethiopia has recently emerged as a significant green chemistry center: as of 2007, three annual workshops have already been held there.

Topics such as catalysis, alternative solvents, green reagents, and research policy form the central themes of discussion in these workshops. Green catalysis, biocatalysts, selective activation, renewable sources of chemicals are others.

INCA – Interuniversity National Consortium INCA – Interuniversity National Consortium

OBJECTIVES OF FIRST COLLEGE-LEVEL COURSE IN GREEN CHEMISTRY taught by Professor Terry Collins at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU)

To understand sustainability ethics as they apply to chemistry and establish the arguments for recognizing "green" criteria.

To reflect on motives and forces that have entrenched technologies that are obviously or potentially harmful to the environment (7).

To define "green chemistry", place its development in a historical context, introduce the 12 Principles, and study successful examples of green technologies.

To identify the key challenges facing green chemistry and consider what will be required to solve them (8).

To identify reagents, reactions, and technologies that should be and realistically could be targeted for replacement by green alternatives.

To understand the history, meaning, and importance of persistent and bioaccumulative pollutants and endocrine disruptors which present major environmental and health threats.

To become familiar with leading research in green chemistry and the related fields of public health and sustainability science

Developing Curriculum in Green Developing Curriculum in Green ChemistryChemistry

Objectives of the CurriculumObjectives of the Curriculum

To understand the importance of Green chemistry To understand the importance of Green chemistry

for sustainability for sustainability

To design and interpret greener route to the To design and interpret greener route to the

traditional chemical reactionstraditional chemical reactions

To learn how to apply green chemistry in the To learn how to apply green chemistry in the

laboratorylaboratory

To learn how to apply green chemistry daily in our To learn how to apply green chemistry daily in our

environmentenvironment

What model to use? What model to use? Raplh Tyler, Hilda Taba, Wheeler or Lawton? Raplh Tyler, Hilda Taba, Wheeler or Lawton?

Consensus of ideasConsensus of ideas Selection of objectivesSelection of objectives Selection of learning experiencesSelection of learning experiences Organization of learning experiencesOrganization of learning experiences Evaluation of outcomesEvaluation of outcomes1.1. Derive objectives from:Derive objectives from:

(i) The learners(i) The learners(ii) The society(ii) The society(iii) The subject specialists(iii) The subject specialists

Filter them through psychological and Filter them through psychological and philosophical screen (Urebvu, 1987)philosophical screen (Urebvu, 1987)

Primary sources of objectives and Primary sources of objectives and learning experienceslearning experiences

What constitutes the environmentWhat constitutes the environment The environment – of what important it isThe environment – of what important it is Changes in the environmentChanges in the environment Our contributions to these changes Our contributions to these changes How do these changes affect the learners and How do these changes affect the learners and

the societythe society Preventing undesirable changes from taking Preventing undesirable changes from taking

placeplace Combating the effectsCombating the effects

Contributions from subject specialistsContributions from subject specialists What green chemistry isWhat green chemistry is The 12 principles of green chemistryThe 12 principles of green chemistry The 9 green engineering green principlesThe 9 green engineering green principles Application of the principles in chemical Application of the principles in chemical

processes and practicesprocesses and practices Advantages of green chemistryAdvantages of green chemistry Sources, distribution and impacts of Sources, distribution and impacts of

atmospheric pollutantsatmospheric pollutants

What green chemistry is?What green chemistry is? Definition: the use of chemistry techniques and Definition: the use of chemistry techniques and

methodologies that reduce or eliminate the use methodologies that reduce or eliminate the use or generation of feedstocks, products, or generation of feedstocks, products, byproducts, solvents, reagents, etc. that are byproducts, solvents, reagents, etc. that are hazardous to human health or the environment hazardous to human health or the environment

Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry provide Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry provide a framework for scientists and engineers to use a framework for scientists and engineers to use when designing new materials, products, when designing new materials, products, processes and systems.processes and systems.

They focus thinking in terms of They focus thinking in terms of sustainable design criteria sustainable design criteria

Six are applicable to green analytical Six are applicable to green analytical methodologymethodology

Prevention of wastePrevention of waste Use safer solventsUse safer solvents Design for energy efficiencyDesign for energy efficiency Reduce use of derivativesReduce use of derivatives Use real-time analysisUse real-time analysis Select safe substances to useSelect safe substances to use

GREEN CHEMISTRY GREEN CHEMISTRY IS ABOUT REDUCINGIS ABOUT REDUCING

Waste

Materials

Hazard

Risks

Energy

Cost

Topics Sourced from subject specialists could include

Ozone hole and troposheric air pollution: carbon dioxide as areplacement for CFCs and hydrocarbon blowing agents;surfactants for carbon dioxide so that carbon dioxide can beused to replace VOCs.

Pesticides: readily biodegradable marine antifoulant asreplacement for tributyltin oxide; selective pesticides asreplacements for broad spectrum pesticides.

Toxic organic chemicals (e.g. dioxins): activators of hydrogenperoxide to replace chlorine bleaching agents.

Polluted water and sewage treatment: biodegradable scaleinhibitors and dispersing agents as a replacement forpolyacrylate polymer.

Solid waste, landfills and closed loop recycling: Petretecprocess for conversion of PET back into its monomers andreformation into virgin PET.

Specific industrial processes from chemistrySpecific industrial processes from chemistry Haber process- production of ammoniaHaber process- production of ammonia Contact process – of tetraoxosulphate(VI) Contact process – of tetraoxosulphate(VI)

acidacid Production of industrial chemicalsProduction of industrial chemicals Use of catalysts in green chemistry – Use of catalysts in green chemistry –

teaching the basic structures and uses of teaching the basic structures and uses of zeolites and other catalystszeolites and other catalysts

Teaching green chemistry as a tool to Teaching green chemistry as a tool to sustainability and industrial ecologysustainability and industrial ecology

Organization of learning experiences, Organization of learning experiences, and Implementationand Implementation

The learning experiences itemized above (not The learning experiences itemized above (not exhaustive) can be organized sequentially on exhaustive) can be organized sequentially on

interdisciplinary basis and implemented interdisciplinary basis and implemented (taught) through different modes such as(taught) through different modes such as

LectureLecture Classroom discussionClassroom discussion Laboratory exercisesLaboratory exercises

Outdoor activities and projectsOutdoor activities and projects Seminar presentationSeminar presentation

The golden rule is that teaching must be in harmony with practice The golden rule is that teaching must be in harmony with practice (Wardencki et al, 2004)(Wardencki et al, 2004)

Evaluation of learning outcomesEvaluation of learning outcomesThree levels of learning outcomes need be evaluated. Three levels of learning outcomes need be evaluated.

These are:These are: Concept formationConcept formation Skill developmentSkill development

Development of appropriate attitude Development of appropriate attitude (Green chemistry is a course meant to develop more of skills and (Green chemistry is a course meant to develop more of skills and

appropriate green attitude)appropriate green attitude)

Assessment could be throughAssessment could be through Performance assessmentPerformance assessment

Practical exercises and observationPractical exercises and observation Journal keeping and seminar presentationJournal keeping and seminar presentation

Project design and project workProject design and project work

CONCLUSIONStudents of today and the scientific community of

tomorrow would benefit from the introduction of green chemistry curriculum in the secondary schools.

Increasing communication and awareness among chemists, engineers, policy makers and the general

public will lead to a greater responsibility for environment al and global issues. Students will enter

the professional world with knowledge of the weaknesses of current industrial processes, coupled

with motivation for the development of solutions based on green chemistry principles. Green chemistry can provide the required knowledge and awareness to

develop the technologies that are necessary to achieve the ultimate goal of a sustainable world. Green

Chemistry in the Curriculum (Birgit Braun et, 2006)..

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Green Chemistry in the High School: Featuring Curriculum “”for Teachers and by Green Chemistry in the High School: Featuring Curriculum “”for Teachers and by Teachers” Beyond benign: green chemistry curriculum.mhtTeachers” Beyond benign: green chemistry curriculum.mht

Green Chemistry with Zeolite Catalysts. Chemical Engineering tools and Information Green Chemistry with Zeolite Catalysts. Chemical Engineering tools and Information cheresources.com.cheresources.com.

Green It: Taking the Green Path. Environmental Development in Malaysia.mhtGreen It: Taking the Green Path. Environmental Development in Malaysia.mht

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