green fuels

8/6/2019 Green Fuels

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INTRODUCTION

Green fuel is defined as solid, liquid or gaseousfuel derived from relatively, recently deadbiological green material and is distinguishedfrom fossil fuels. Theoretically, green-fuels can be

produced from any (biological) carbon source;although, the most common sources arephotosynthetic plants. Various plants and plant-derived materials are used for green fuel

manufacturing. Globally, green fuels are mostcommonly used to power vehicles, in heatinghomes, and cooking. Green fuel industries areexpanding in Europe, Asia and the USA.


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Types of Green fuels:-

( A ) First generation green fuels 1 ) Vegetable oil

2 ) Bio alcohols

3 ) Bio ethers

4 ) Biogas

5 ) Solid biofuels

( B ) Second generation green fuels

( C ) Third generation green fuels


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First generation green fuels

First-generation green fuels are biofuels made fromsugar, starch, vegetable oils using conventionaltechnology . The basic feed stocks for the production offirst generation green fuels are often seeds or grains

such as wheat, which yields starch that is fermentedinto bioethanol, or sunflower seeds, which are pressedto yield vegetable oil that can be used in biodiesel.These feed stocks could instead enter the animal orhuman food chain, and as the global population has

risen their use in producing green fuels has beencriticized for diverting food away from the human foodchain, leading to food shortages and price rises.


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Vegetable oil Edible vegetable oil is generally not

used as fuel, but lower quality oil canbe used for this purpose. Usedvegetable oil is increasingly beingprocessed into biodiesel, or (morerarely) cleaned of water andparticulates and used as a fuel. To

ensure that the fuel injectors atomizethe fuel in the correct pattern forefficient combustion, vegetable oil fuelmust be heated to reduce its viscosityto that of diesel, either by electric coils

or heat exchangers. This is easier inwarm or temperate climates. MANB&W Diesel, Wartsila and Deutz AGoffer engines that are compatible withstraight vegetable oil, without the

need for after-market modifications.


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Bio-alcohols

Biologically produced alcohols, most commonlyethanol, and less commonly propanol and butanol ,are produced by the action ofmicro-organisms andenzymes through the fermentation of sugars or

starches (easiest), or cellulose (which is moredifficult). Bio-butanol (also called bio-gasoline) isoften claimed to provide a direct replacement forgasoline, because it can be used directly in a

gasoline engine (in a similar way to biodiesel indiesel engines).


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Bio-ethers

Bio ethers (also referred to as fuel ethers or

fuel oxygenates) are cost-effective compounds

that act as octane enhancers. They also

enhance engine performance, whilstsignificantly reducing engine wear and toxic

exhaust emissions. Greatly reducing the

amount of ground-level Ozone, theycontribute to the quality of the air we

breathe.


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Solid bio-fuels

When raw biomass is already in a suitableform (such as firewood), it can burndirectly in a stove or furnace to provideheat or raise steam. When raw biomass isin an inconvenient form (such as sawdust,

wood chips, grass, agricultural wastes),another option is to pelletize the biomasswith a pellet mill. The resulting fuel pelletsare easier to burn in a pellet stove.

Examples include wood, sawdust, grass

cuttings, domestic refuse, charcoal,agricultural waste, non-food energy crops(see picture), and dried manure.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Poplar_SRC.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Poplar_SRC.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Poplar_SRC.jpg


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BIO GAS

Biogas is produced by the process ofanaerobic digestion oforganic materialby anaerobes. It can be produced eitherfrom biodegradable waste materials or by

the use ofenergy crops

fed intoanaerobic

digesters to supplement gas yields. Thesolid byproduct, Digestate , can be used asa biofuel or a fertilizer. In the UK, theNational Coal Board experimented with

microorganisms that digested coal in situconverting it directly to gases such asmethane.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Biogas_pipes.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Biogas_pipes.JPG


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Second generation Green fuels

Supporters of green fuels claim that a more viable solutionis to increase political and industrial support for, andrapidity of, second-generation biofuel implementation fromnon food crops, including cellulosic biofuels. Second-generation green fuel production processes can use a

variety ofnon food crops. These include waste biomass,the stalks of wheat, corn, wood, and special-energy-or-biomass crops (e.g. Miscanthus). Second generation (2G)green fuels use biomass to liquid technology, includingcellulosic biofuels from non food crops . Many second

generation green fuels are under development such as bio-hydrogen, bio-methanol, DMF, Bio-DME, Fischer-Tropschdiesel, bio-hydrogen diesel, mixed alcohols and wooddiesel.


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Third generation biofuels

Algae fuel, also called oilgae or third generation green fuel, is a bio

fuel from algae. Algae are low-input, high-yield feed stocks to producebio fuels. It produces 30 times more energy per acre than land cropssuch as soybeans. With the higher prices of fossil fuels (petroleum),there is much interest in algaeculture (farming algae). One advantageof many biofuels over most other fuel types is that they arebiodegradable, and so relatively harmless to the environment if

spilled. The United States Department of Energy estimates that if algae fuel

replaced all the petroleum fuel in the United States, it would require15,000 square miles (38,849 square kilometers), which is roughly thesize of Maryland.

Second and third generation green fuels are also called advanced

biofuels. Algae, such as Botryococcus brauniiand Chlorella vulgaris, are

relatively easy to grow, but the algal oil is hard to extract. There areseveral approaches, some of which work better than others.


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JATROPHA A BOON TO GREEN FUELS

Jatropha is a flowering plant that

mainly grows in the Tropical and Sub

-tropical regions around the world.

Currently the oil fromJatrpoha curcas

Seeds is used for making biodiesel fuel inPhilippines and Brazil, where it grows

naturally and in plantations in the

Southeast and Northeast Brazil. Jatropha

oil is being promoted as an easily

grown biofuel in hundreds of projects

throughout India and other developing

countries.


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Jatropha incentives in India

Jatropha incentives in India is a part of India's goal toachieve energy independence by the year 2012. Jatrophaoil is produced from the seeds of the Jatropha curcas, aplant that can grow in wastelands across India, and the oilis considered to be an excellent source of bio-diesel. India iskeen on reducing its dependence on coal and petroleum tomeet its increasing energy demand and encouragingJatropha cultivation is a crucial component of its energypolicy.

The Government of India has identified 400,000 squarekilo-metres (98 million acres) of land where Jatropha canbe grown, hoping it will replace 20% of India's dieselconsumption by 2011.


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Implementation

The former President of India, Dr. Abdul Kalam, isone of the strong advocaters of jatrophacultivation for production of bio-diesel. In his

recent speech, the Former President said that ,out of the 600,000 km of wasteland that isavailable in India over 300,000 km are suitablefor Jatropha cultivation. Once this plant is grown

the plant has a useful lifespan of several decades.During its life, Jatropha requires very little waterwhen compared to other cash crops.


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Karnataka

Farmers in semi-arid regions of Karnataka areplanting Jatropha as it is well suited to thoseconditions.

Labland Biodiesel is a Mysore based Private

Limited Company. Since the year 2002, theCompany is active in Biodiesel and Jatrophacurcas-based Research and Developmentactivities headed by its Chairman and

Managing Director, Dr. Sudheer Shetty.


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Issues with green fuel production and use

There are various current issues with green fuel production anduse, which are presently being discussed in the popular mediaand scientific journals. These include:

the effect of moderating oil prices

The "food v/s fuel" debate

The Carbon emissions levels TheSustainable green fuelproduction

TheDeforestation

TheSoil erosion

The Impact onwater resources TheHuman rights issues

ThePoverty reduction potential

TheEnergy balance and

TheEfficiency


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REFERENCES:

Technical Paper by Tat.M.E. & J.H. Van Gerpen titled Physical composition and Biodiesel

Diesel Fuel blends at

www.uiweb.uidaho.edu/bioenergy/bioshortcourse/technicalPapers.htm

Technical paper by Richard H. Leaver titledThe Pelleting Process at

http://dev.andritzsproutbauer.com/papers.asp Article by Reinhard K. Henning onJatropha plant at

www.etfrn.org/etfrn/workshop/degradedlands/.../jatropha-paper.pdf

A white paper on INTERNATIONALLY COMPATIBLE BIOFUEL STANDARDS at

www.ec.europa.eu/energy/res/biofuels.../doc/white_paper_icbs_final.pdf

Awhite paper on GLOBAL BIOENERGY PARTNERSHIP at

www.globalbioenergy.org/fileadmin/user_upload/.../WhitePaper-GBEP.pdf
http://www.uiweb.uidaho.edu/bioenergy/bioshortcourse/technicalPapers.htmhttp://dev.andritzsproutbauer.com/papers.asphttp://www.etfrn.org/etfrn/workshop/degradedlands/.../jatropha-paper.pdfhttp://www.ec.europa.eu/energy/res/biofuels.../doc/white_paper_icbs_final.pdfhttp://www.globalbioenergy.org/fileadmin/user_upload/.../WhitePaper-GBEP.pdfhttp://www.globalbioenergy.org/fileadmin/user_upload/.../WhitePaper-GBEP.pdfhttp://www.globalbioenergy.org/fileadmin/user_upload/.../WhitePaper-GBEP.pdfhttp://www.globalbioenergy.org/fileadmin/user_upload/.../WhitePaper-GBEP.pdfhttp://www.globalbioenergy.org/fileadmin/user_upload/.../WhitePaper-GBEP.pdfhttp://www.globalbioenergy.org/fileadmin/user_upload/.../WhitePaper-GBEP.pdfhttp://www.globalbioenergy.org/fileadmin/user_upload/.../WhitePaper-GBEP.pdfhttp://www.globalbioenergy.org/fileadmin/user_upload/.../WhitePaper-GBEP.pdfhttp://www.globalbioenergy.org/fileadmin/user_upload/.../WhitePaper-GBEP.pdfhttp://www.ec.europa.eu/energy/res/biofuels.../doc/white_paper_icbs_final.pdfhttp://www.ec.europa.eu/energy/res/biofuels.../doc/white_paper_icbs_final.pdfhttp://www.ec.europa.eu/energy/res/biofuels.../doc/white_paper_icbs_final.pdfhttp://www.etfrn.org/etfrn/workshop/degradedlands/.../jatropha-paper.pdfhttp://www.etfrn.org/etfrn/workshop/degradedlands/.../jatropha-paper.pdfhttp://www.etfrn.org/etfrn/workshop/degradedlands/.../jatropha-paper.pdfhttp://www.etfrn.org/etfrn/workshop/degradedlands/.../jatropha-paper.pdfhttp://www.etfrn.org/etfrn/workshop/degradedlands/.../jatropha-paper.pdfhttp://www.etfrn.org/etfrn/workshop/degradedlands/.../jatropha-paper.pdfhttp://www.etfrn.org/etfrn/workshop/degradedlands/.../jatropha-paper.pdfhttp://www.etfrn.org/etfrn/workshop/degradedlands/.../jatropha-paper.pdfhttp://dev.andritzsproutbauer.com/papers.asphttp://www.uiweb.uidaho.edu/bioenergy/bioshortcourse/technicalPapers.htm


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green fuels

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