group 01: abbey reisz, matt zapalac, kymberly juettemeyer, cassy diamond, joshua aguilar primary...
TRANSCRIPT
Group 01:
Abbey Reisz, Matt Zapalac, Kymberly Juettemeyer, Cassy Diamond, Joshua Aguilar
Metamaterials: It’s In Your Head!
Primary Article: Planar Photonics with MetasurfacesSecondary Articles: History of Metamaterials, From Metamaterials to Metadevices, Infrared Metamaterial Phase Holograms
Fantasy “Invisibility Cloak “ from Harry Potter franchise
Real world “Invisibility Cloak” using metamaterials
Summary of Research• What are metamaterials?
Why are they relevant?
• History/Background
• Core Concepts/How They
Work
• Applications
• Assessment of
Metamaterials
• ConclusionsNegative index metamaterial array configuration, which was constructed of copper split-ring resonators and wires mounted on interlocking sheets of fiberglass circuit board.
Picture:
MetamaterialsGoogle.com
What are “metamaterials”? Why are they unique?
• Material that gains properties from its surroundings
rather than composition of material
• “Magnetoelastic” material-have a mechanial degree
of freedom that allows mutual interaction with its
surroundings to enable electromagnetic forces to
change the structure and tune its properties; they
respond to light, acoustic waves, and heat flow.
• Negative permeability, permittivity, refractive index,
which are usually positive in other materials
• Reduced dimensionality and bulk; planar, ultrathin
• Controls light waves, acoustic waves, heat waves
• Regular material constraints lifted
The 8 V-shaped prongs represent one unit cell that repeats through the structure; these help demonstrate negative
refractive index and reflection angles that give the material its unique physical and optical properties.
Research and Picture:
Planar Photonics with MetasurfacesAlexander V. Kildishev et al.Science 339, (2013);DOI: 10.1126/science.1232009http://www.sciencemag.org
History/Background of Metamaterials
• What is light? • Magnetic field wave and
electric field wave propogating perpendicular to one another; metamaterials are affected by light, which is electric and magnetic waves.
• James Maxwell-made the
connection between light,
electricity, and magnetism in
the 1800’s; electromagnetic
field
Research:
History of MetamaterialsReed Business InformationJanuary 8, 2011http://www.tmcnet.com
Top Picture
http://www.astronomynotes.com
Research
History of MetamaterialsWikipedia.com
A magnetic and electric
wave propagating together to create an
electromagnetic wave.
Ordinary electrical charges
produce field lines that spread to infinity in
empty space.
Bottom Picture
Electromagnetic FieldGoogle.com
History/Background of Metamaterials
• Victor Veselago-discovered
negative refractive index in
1967
• Electric and magnetic fields
aligned in opposite directions;
the reversal of Snell’s Law would
“bend light the wrong way”
• “Meta” means “beyond”, which
was given as a name to this
material because it is “beyond
conventional materials” Victor Veselago’s proposal of negative refractive index and negative reflection of light on a metasurface
A diagram of Snell’s Law showing the relationship
between angle of incidence and
refraction. Refraction of light at the interface
between two media of different refractive indices,
with n2 > n1. Since the velocity
is lower in the second medium (v2 < v1), the
angle of refraction θ2 is less than the angle of incidence θ1; that is, the ray in the higher-index medium is closer
to the normal.
Research:
History of MetamaterialsReed Business InformationJanuary 8, 2011http://www.tmcnet.com
Top Picture
Snell’s LawWikipedia.com
Research
History of MetamaterialsWikipedia.com
Bottoms Pictures:
Planar Photonics with MetasurfacesAlexander V. Kildishev et al.Science 339, (2013);DOI: 10.1126/science.1232009http://www.sciencemag.org
History/Background of Metamaterials
• John Pendry • Discovered that radiation absorption does not come
from the chemical or molecular structure, but comes from carbon fiber shape within material.
• Discovered negative permittivity and permeability
• Created the “split ring structure” with repeating thin wire structures sequentially.
• David Smith-created the first metamaterial
in 2000 capable of bending electromagnetic
radiation; went on to create first invisibility
cloak.
• Today, we have “active “ metamaterials that
control and respond to surroundings.Top: Split ring structure before the electromagnetic field is appliedBottom: Electromagnetic field applied; lattice parameters change. Research:
History of MetamaterialsReed Business InformationJanuary 8, 2011http://www.tmcnet.com
Research
History of MetamaterialsWikipedia.com
Bottom Picture
Planar Photonics with MetasurfacesAlexander V. Kildishev et al.Science 339, (2013);DOI: 10.1126/science.1232009http://www.sciencemag.org
Core Concepts: Electromagnetics• Light is a direct result of electric
and magnetic waves
propagating together.
• Permittivity and Permeability
must be simultaneously negative
for a metamaterial to exist.
• Permittivity:• The measure of how an electric field
interacts with a dielectric medium.
• Electromagnetic Permeability: • The measure of the ability of a
material to support its own magnetic field.
Research:
PermittivityPermeabilitiyWikipedia.com
Pictures:
Fundamentals of Materials Science and EngineeringCh. 19
An electromagnetic wave showing electric field Є and magnetic field H components and the wavelength λ.
The spectrum of electromagnetic radiation; metamaterials are not visible
to the human eye and the waves absorbed by metamaterials are typically
found in the microwave and infrared region, although all waves are a form of
electromagnetic radiation.
Energy of particle of light is
proportional to frequency by
Planck’s Constant.
Core Concepts: Refractive Index• Refractive Index (n)
• Describes how light propagates through a medium.
• Less than 1
• Can be positive…(normal materials)
• Or negative (metamaterials)
• Wave front can travel towards direction of source
• A video showing negative refractive index:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Negative_refraction.ogg
Refractive index: speed of light over the phase velocity of a given substance. Є is
permittivity and μ is permeability; in order for refractive index to be negative, both of the
others must also be negative.
Research
Negative Index MetamaterialsWikipedia.com
Research and Picture
Using Metamaterials to Defy Our Common Understanding of Lighthttp://www.rikenresearch.riken.jp
Illustration of a negative refractive index
Core Concepts: Acoustic• Inherent parameters of the
medium are the mass
density ρ, bulk modulus β, and
chirality k. • Chirality determines the polarity
of wave propogation.
• Requires negative bulk
modulus and mass density;
these must be altered to define
the refractive index of a
material. • Bulk modulus is the resistance to
uniform compression.
• Allows unique effects such as a
inverse Doppler effect
Research
Double-negative acoustic metamaterialJensen Li and C. T. Chan Science 339, (2013);DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.70.055602http://pre.aps.org
Bulk modulus: A diagram of uniform compression. This is possible through negative refractive index and chirality
of metamaterials. Negative bulk modulus means that the medium expands when experiencing compression, and accelerates to the left when being pushed to the right.
The relationship between refractive index (n), mass density (ρ) and bulk modulus (β).
Further Research and Pictures:
Acoustic MetamaterialsWikipedia.com
Applications of Metamaterials: Invisibility • Negative refractive index is
crucial
• Makes the path of light quicker
around an object rather than
through it
• Bend electromagnetic waves
around an object, rendering it
invisible.
• “Perfect” invisibility not yet
possible, but partial invisibility
(translucency) is proven.
Research:
How Invisibility Cloaks WorkWilliam Harris and Robert LambHowstuffworks.com
Diagram:
Super-TechnologiesTheonematrix.com
A diagram of how light (microwave source) affects
normal objects and metamaterials differently.
Photo:
“Is the Army Testing an Invisible Tank?”Alexander Nemenov/AFP/Getty Imageshttp://www.howstuffworks.com/invisible-tank1.htm
Potential to create an armor for soldiers that would render them and their shadows invisible.
Applications of Metamaterials: Invisibility
• Allows:• Invisibility cloaks
• Stealth paint on planes
• See through gloves for surgeons
• Take away blind spots for drivers in cars
• Virtually anything in the military ranging from clothes for soldiers to invisible planes
Pictures:
Google.com
A person wearing a real “invisibility cloak” made of metamaterials
The type of plane that would benefit from metamaterial cloaking; stealth attacks and landing would be much
easier and safer.
Applications of Metamaterials: Subwavelenth Imaging and Superlenses
• What is a superlens?• Goes beyond diffraction
limit• Most lenses limited by
imperfections
• Superresolution
• Microwave frequencies
Research:
From metamaterials to metadevicesNikolay I. Zheludev and Yuri S. KivsharNature Materials 11, 917-924 (2012)DOI: 10.1038/nmat343123 October 2012
Research:
SuperlensWikipedia.com
• Subwavelength images via metamaterials allow to see cells in real time in natural environment
• Can see patterns which are too small to be seen by conventional microscopes
Top Picture:
The SuperlensNature.com
Bottom Picture:
Google.com
An example of how molecules would look with subwavelength imaging.
Applications of Metamaterials: Wireless Power Transmission • Metamaterial is placed between
the transmitter and the receiver
would create a kind of lens,
directing the energy so that
most of it gets to the device
being charged.• This metamaterial would use
thousands of individual thin conducting loops that would be tailored to recipient device.
• Space between the charger and
chargee effectively disappears.
• Short range mobile devices are
an easy feat, but electric
vehicle charging and more is a
new possibility.• Perhaps the device could be created
inside the car to self-charge anywhere.
Research
Metamaterials: Wireless PowerGizmag.comNoel McKeeganMay 25, 2011
Research
Artificially Structured Metamaterials May Boost Wireless Power TransferSciencedaily.comMarch 12, 2012
How the charging cycle works through the flow of electricity and wireless power.
Current electric automobile charging device; can someday have the charger at a further distance.
Pictures
Wireless Charging MetamaterialsGoogle.com
Applications of Metamaterials: Holographic Images• Artificial structuring is represented by
diffractive optics, which control a wave through
multilevel diffractive devices.
• Gerchberg-Saxton iterative algorithm • Relationship between complex transmittance and of
the hologram and the far-field image generated
• Iteratively adjusts the constraints in the hologram and the image to focus.
• Metamaterials are crucial for holographic
images because of the metal inclusions that
are strong scatterers of electromagnetic waves
and provide a large electric polarization.• Provides a magnetic response and controlled
anistrophy (directional dependence of waves)
Process Flow for the fabrication of the
multilayer metamaterial
hologram
Research and Photo:
Infrared metamaterial phase hologramsStephane Larouche, Yu-Ju Tsai, et al.Nature Materials 11, 450-454 (2012)DOI: 10.1038/nmat327818 March 2012
Artistic rendering of a section of metamaterial hologram demonstrating the various metamaterial elements used. The hologram consists of three layers of gold elements in a SiO2 matrix over a Ge substrate.
Photo: Rendering
“Infrared metamaterial phase holograms”http://nextbigfuture.com/2012/03/infrared-metamaterial-phase-holograms.html#more
Applications of Metamaterials: Holographic Images • Could render perfect holograms
on a 2D display.
• So accurate that you can look
into it with binoculars and still
not be able to tell it’s a
holographic image.
• Infrared region (10.6
micrometers)
• Can be applied to videogames,
television, military, graphics in
general
Research:
Infrared metamaterial phase hologramsStephane Larouche, Yu-Ju Tsai, et al.Nature Materials 11, 450-454 (2012)DOI: 10.1038/nmat327818 March 2012
A fantasy hologram from the Star Wars franchise; an idea of how holograms could eventually look.
Duke University’s metametarials hologram; the E was not formed due to grazing incidence.
Bottom Picture:
Nature.com
Top Picture:
Google.comHolograms
Applications of Metamaterials: Terahertz Biosensors
• Can identify a chemical or
biochemical molecular
composition even very
minute amounts
• Increased sensitivity and
facilitated readout
• Sense the dielectric
properties of a sample in
the terahertz frequency
range
Research and Picture:
Metamaterials Application in SensingTao Chen, Suyan Li, Hui Sunwww.mdpi.comDOI: 10.3390/s12030274229 February 2012
(a) Schematic of the micrometer-sized metamaterial resonators sprayed on paper
substrates with a predefined microstencil; (b) Photograph of a paper-based terahertz
metamaterial sample; (c) Optical microscopy image of one portion of a paper
metamaterial sample.
Applications of Metamaterials: Biosensors
• Biosensors : disease
diagnostics, environmental
monitoring, food safety, and
investigation of biological
phenomena
• Used to improve the sensor
selectivity of detecting
nonlinear substances
• Can improve the mechanical,
optical and electromagnetic
properties of sensors
Research
Metamaterials Application in SensingTao Chen, Suyan Li, Hui Sunwww.mdpi.comDOI: 10.3390/s12030274229 February 2012
• Need for bioanalytical sensing techniques that can directly detect the target molecules without labeling
•Technologies based on metamaterials provide cost-efficient and label-free biomolecule detection
Image:
"Biosensing Using Gold Nanorod Metamaterials." All About Biosensors. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Apr. 2013.
Allows to detect analytes (biomolecules) in volumes down to attoliters; single particle
measurements probe the local environment around one specific particle.
TEM micrographs of gold nanorods with mean aspect ratio
2.8.
Applications of Metamaterials: Communication• Need to keep the antenna size
within specific size or foot
• Metamaterials used to
minimize surface waves
arising from micro strip patch
antennas
• Goal: Increase the gain of the
micro strip antenna while
maintaining its low attractive,
low profile features
Research
Metamaterials Application in SensingTao Chen, Suyan Li, Hui Sunwww.mdpi.comDOI: 10.3390/s12030274229 February 2012
• Magnetic superstrates that use split ring resonators (MSRR) inclusions
• The MSRR unit cell is to have POSITIVE values for the effective permeability and permittivity at the resonance frequency of the antenna
Shows the gain of the micro strip antenna before and after using the
artificial magnetic superstrate. The gain improved by 3.4 dB at the resonance frequency after using the engineered
superstrate. This means the efficiency of the antenna at the operating frequency of 2.2GHz increased by 17% due to the
metamaterial superstrate.
A planar 10X10 array of MSRRS was printed on the hose dielectric layer to provide the engineered magnetic material. The superstrates used here consists of 3 layers of printed
magnetic inclusions, separated by 2 mm of air layers.
Images :O. M. Ramahi, M. S. Boybay, O. Siddiqui, L. Yousefi, A. Kabiri, Hussein Attia, M. Bait-Suwailam and Z. Ren, "Metamaterials: An Enabling Technology for Wireless Communications," Proceeding of International Conference on Communication Technologies ICCT2010, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Jan. 18-20, 2010
Applications of Metamaterials: Superconductors
• Often made of niobium
Research:
From metamaterials to metadevicesNikolay I. Zheludev and Yuri S. KivsharNature Materials 11, 917-924 (2012)DOI: 10.1038/nmat343123 October 2012
Top Picture
Periodictable.com
Bottom Picture:
Terahertz nonliner superconducting metamaterialApl.aip.org
• Limited to microwave and terahertz spectral domains
• Switch from plasmonic excitations to quantum excitations
• Can control magnetic fields• Provide lower losses with better
sensitivity
Diagram of a terahertz metamaterial superconductor.
Periodic table data for Niobum
Assessment of Metamaterials• Cost efficient
• Low cost manufacturing
• Less bulky, planar structure
• Can affect many different types of
waves: optical, acoustic, heat,
infrared, magnetic field, electric
• Unlimited combinations with other
materials
• Unlimited possibilities with a
structure that adapts to external
stimuli
Picture:
Google.com
A man wearing a metamaterial shirt that allows him to appear
translucent.
Metamaterials with unique mechanical properties. A team there has designed materials with
“negative compressibility” that in theory will compress when they are pulled and expand when
they are compressed.
Picture: Mechanical Properties
“New ‘Mechanical Metamaterial’ Expands When You Compress It, Shrinks When your Stretch It”http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2012-05/new-mechanical-metamaterial-expands-when-you-compress-it-shrinks-when-you-stretch-it
Further Suggested Research• Other applications
• Future applications
• Integration/hybridization of metamaterials with natural
materials
• How to improve metamaterials
• Commercial uses
• More capabilities of metamaterials
Picture: nature.com The many different types of
metamaterials
Conclusions• Negative refractive index can
change the structure of
metamaterials
• Electricity, magnetism, light,
heat can all affect a material
• Structures can change based on
surroundings
• Main applications include the
super-lens and invisibility cloak,
but open doors to many other
fields and possibilities.
Picture: MetamaterialsGoogle.com
A metamaterial that could allow wireless power transmission.