g&u_s_setbu28

http://www.aristo.com.hk 1

Unit 28 ConnectivesUnit 28 Connectives DEVELOPING SKILLS Set BGrammar & Usage

Grammar & UsageGrammar & UsageGrammar & UsageGrammar & Usage

28.1 28.1 Connecting ideasConnecting ideas

Part APart A

Grammar PracticeGrammar Practice

Part BPart B Part CPart C Part DPart D

Unit 28 ConnectivesUnit 28 ConnectivesUnit 28 ConnectivesUnit 28 Connectives

28.2 28.2 Connectives include …Connectives include …

28.3 28.3 Functions of connectivesFunctions of connectives

Part APart A

Language PracticeLanguage Practice

Part BPart B

Part EPart E



P.240P.240

28.128.1 Connecting ideasConnecting ideas

We often need linking words to help us to connect our ideas. We need to use connectives. Teacher’s notesTeacher’s notesTeacher’s notesTeacher’s notes



P.240P.240

Compare:Compare:

Example 1: (without a connective)

John: Have you finished the novel?

May: No. I think I can return it to youtomorrow. Have you decided onthe date of your party?



P.240P.240

(with a connective)

John: Have you finished the novel?

May: No, but I think I can return it toyou tomorrow. By the way, have you decided on the date of your party?



P.240P.240

Example 2: (without a connective)

It is a small second-hand bookshop. Itoffers a wide range of novels.

(with a connective)

It is a small second-hand bookshop. Inspite of this, it offers a wide range ofnovels.



P.240P.240

28.228.2 Connectives include:Connectives include:

• conjunctionsShe lacks experience and she’s aware of this.

• some adverbs

I don’t think he’ll go to the exhibition. Firstly, he’s not interested in photography; secondly, he’s been busy setting up his own website lately.

• some prepositional phrases

He’s bought a video camera. In this way, he’ll be able to make his own home movies.



P.240P.240

28.328.3 Functions of connectivesFunctions of connectives

Here are some common connectives and their functions:



P.240P.240

He collects many different things, for example/instance, stamps, old coins and badges.

• to give examples

Hong Kong is a popular tourist destination.

it is one of the busiest ports in the world.

• to add information

In addition, Besides this,

Furthermore, Moreover,



P.241P.241

I would advise you to read that book, because, firstly/in the first place, it is well-written and, in the second place/secondly, it has an exciting plot.

We also have firstly, secondly, next, at first, finally, in the end, etc.

• to show sequences, or orders of information



P.241P.241

Tourism is one of Hong Kong’s leadingindustries.

Thailand relies heavily on tourism.

• to show similarity

Similarly,

In a similar way,

In the same way,



P.241P.241

He is very clever. On the other hand, he often makes mistakes because he rushes.

He’s not ignorant. On the contrary, he’s very well-read.

You can also use however, in contrast, nonetheless.

• to show contrast



P.241P.241

• indicate the end of a speech or a piece of writing

our success is the result of teamwork.

The new timetable seems to be working well. Indeed, there are less delays in getting to class on time.

• to emphasise

To conclude,

In conclusion,

To sum up,

In short,

In summary,



P.241P.241

Grammar PracticeGrammar Practice

Use words from the box to complete the sentences below. There may be more than one possible answer. The first one has been done for you.



1 He can sometimes be stubborn. __________________ this,

he has many good points. ____________________________ ,

he’s always ready to help his friends.

2 He’s shy. ___________________ , he always participates in

class discussions.

3 She’s very outgoing. ____________________ , she is very

popular.

In spite of

For example/For one thing

However

For this reason

BOXBOXBOXBOX P.241-242P.241-242



4 __________________ she is hard-working, many of her

classmates like to do projects with her.

5 He is very sporty. ____________________ , he practises

every day. _________________________ , I’ve never

met such a dedicated athlete.

6 I agree that she spoke well, __________________ don’t you

think Chris was even better?

As

What’s more

To be frank/In fact

but

P.242P.242BOXBOXBOXBOX



7 ____________________ Physics, I really enjoy Chemistry.

8 ___________________ the heat, I really enjoy summer.

9 He’s stubborn. _____________________ this, he has few

friends.

10 There are many advantages to booking this venue. ________

___________________________ , it can accommodate many

students.

In addition to

In spite of

Because of

P.242P.242BOXBOXBOXBOX

For one thing/For example



P.242P.242

Use the words provided in the box to complete the short dialogues below. Some words may be used more than once. The first one has been done for you.



secondly

BOXBOXBOXBOX P.242P.242

1 Mr Chan Do you like the flat the agent showed us?

Mrs Chan Yes, I do. _________________ , it

faces south; __________________ , it’s above

a market.

Firstly

2 John I’d like to help more around the house.

Peter You could do many things, _________________ ,

you could help clear away the dishes after dinner.

for instance



what’s more


3 Mr Wong Did you buy the car?

Mr Lee Yes. It was a bargain! The car is quite new and

__________________ , the engine is in

perfect working condition.

4 John Tomorrow’s a public holiday. What shall we

do?

Jane We can go cycling in Tai Po _______________ ,

if you like, we could go hiking on Lantau Island.

or



5 Belinda Did you call Ruth when you got home last night?

Tom I was going to, but ______________________

__________________ , I thought it was a little

late.

6 David Which country do you like better – Canada or

Australia?

Lily ______________________ the climate is

concerned, I like Australia better.

on second

thoughts

As far as




7 Rose What do you think of Marc? You’ve known

him for years, haven’t you?

Connie He’s very punctual, and __________________ ,

he’s very honest.

8 Peter Do you find it hard to finish a novel?

Mike ____________________ . Once I start reading, I

find it hard to stop.

what’s more

On the contrary




P.243P.243

Some of the underlined expressions in the following sentences are incorrect. Write any corrections above an error, and tick sentences that are correct. The first two have been done for you.



P.243P.243

1 She may not have been honest with us. Even though, you

should still talk to her and find out what the problem is.

2 I don’t think this is his fault. To the best of my knowledge,

he’s not a busybody.

Even so

Teacher’s notesTeacher’s notesTeacher’s notesTeacher’s notes



3 The novel was very good. I was so carried away that I

couldn’t put it down.

4 I’m grateful to you. Without you, we would not have given

such a good presentation.

P.243P.243



5 The camping trip was brilliant! The temperature was perfect,

and at the same time, there was so much to do.

6 The hotel is conveniently located near the beach. However,

it offers a frequent shuttle service to and from the city centre.

P.243P.243

Moreover



7 I don’t think he’s selfish. On the other hand, I think he

always shows concern for his family and friends.

8 On the one hand, I can’t wait to move into a new flat.

On the other hand, I’m a little nervous about living in a new

area.

P.243P.243

On the contrary



9 The hotel is easy to get to. However, it’s in a beautiful area

and the food and service are excellent.

10 They book a tour so as to it would save them the trouble of

arranging hotels and meals.

P.243P.243

Moreover

so that



P.244P.244

Read the following information, then choose one of the expressions from the list below (A-L) to complete each blank in the passage. Each expression can be used ONCE only. The first one has been done for you.



P.244P.244

Some Facts About VitaminsSome Facts About Vitamins

A vitamin is a natural substance found A vitamin is a natural substance found

in food that is necessary for good health. in food that is necessary for good health.

Lack of a particular vitamin can cause Lack of a particular vitamin can cause

illness. Scurvy, for example, is caused illness. Scurvy, for example, is caused

by a Vitamin C deficiency, which can be caused by not eating by a Vitamin C deficiency, which can be caused by not eating

foods such as fruit and vegetables. Another example is rickets, foods such as fruit and vegetables. Another example is rickets,

which is a disease that children get when their bones become which is a disease that children get when their bones become

soft and bent because of lack of vitamin D. Eye diseases and soft and bent because of lack of vitamin D. Eye diseases and

skin diseases may also occur when our bodies lack vitamin A.skin diseases may also occur when our bodies lack vitamin A.



Our bodies are (1) ________ . In order to always do their work

properly, (2) ________ . Carbohydrates consist of three chemical

elements, namely carbon, oxygen and hydrogen. Carbohydrates

are converted into sugars (3) ________ . To make a comparison,

carbohydrates are for our bodies (4) ________ . In addition to

carbohydrates, our bodies need (5) ________ .

Carbohydrates, fats and proteins are found in plentiful amounts

in the food (6) ________ .

C

INFORMATIONINFORMATIONINFORMATIONINFORMATION LISTLISTLISTLIST P.244P.244

E

D

B

A

I



P.244P.244

Healthy eating is therefore important for humans, (7) ________ .

There is another nutrient (8) ________ . Vitamins constitute an

essential part of our daily food and without them, (9) ________ .

A lack of vitamin A, for instance (10) ________ ; insufficient

vitamin C can cause scurvy, and finally, vitamin D deficiency is

(11) ________ .

G

INFORMATIONINFORMATIONINFORMATIONINFORMATION LISTLISTLISTLIST

F

H

J

K



P.245P.245

Read the first draft of Fiona’s email below. Complete the second draft by inserting ONE appropriate word into each blank. The first one has been done for you.



P.245P.245

First draftFirst draft

Dear Alex

I have good news. I have bad news.

The bad news.

My brother fell off his bicycle and hurt himself yesterday.

Thankfully, he suffered only minor injuries. He couldn’t

take part in today’s swimming gala. This made him sad.

He’s been training very hard for months. His team won the

400 m relay.



P.245P.245

The good news.

My sister passed her driving test. She was ecstatic! She

has promised to take me for a drive around town next

week. Next time you visit Hong Kong, my sister’ll be able

to drive us around.

It’s getting late. I’ll write again later this week.

Regards

Fiona



P.245P.245

First

but

FIRST DRAFTFIRST DRAFTFIRST DRAFTFIRST DRAFT

which

Dear Alex

I have good news (1) bad news.

(2) , the bad news.

My brother fell off his bike and hurt himself

yesterday. Thankfully, he suffered only minor

injuries, (3) he couldn’t take part in today’s

swimming gala, (4) made him sad.

(1) ____________

(2) ____________

(3) ____________

(4) ____________

and

Second draftSecond draft



He’s been training very hard for months. (5) ,

his team won the 400 m relay, (6) he was

pleased about that.

(7) the good news.

My sister passed her driving test! She was

ecstatic. She has promised to take me for a

drive around town next week.

(5) ____________

(6) ____________

(7) ____________

However

P.245P.245FIRST DRAFTFIRST DRAFTFIRST DRAFTFIRST DRAFT

so

Now



(8) you visit Hong Kong next time, my sister’ll

be able to drive us around, (9) some places are

easier to get to by MTR or bus.

It’s getting late. I’ll write again later this week.

Regards

Fiona

(8) ____________

(9) ____________

When

P.245P.245FIRST DRAFTFIRST DRAFTFIRST DRAFTFIRST DRAFT

although



P.246P.246

Language PracticeLanguage Practice

Complete the following passage by inserting ONEappropriate word into each blank. The first one has beendone for you.



Older women are more optimistic (1) men of

a younger age, a British study has (2) .

Wealth also appears to help people live

longer, claim researchers at University

College London, who (3) 9,800 respondents

over the age of 50.

(1) ____________

(2) ____________

(3) ____________

than

found/ shown

interviewed

P.246P.246



One of the authors of the report, Dr Elizabeth

Breeze, said women become happier (4) they

grow older (5) they no longer have to worry so

much worry about (6) families. ‘The difference

(7) the way men and women view quality of life

is influenced by different things,’ she added.

(4) ____________

(5) ____________

(6) ____________

(7) ____________

as/when

because/as

P.246P.246

their

in



Researchers interviewed people (8) before

1952. They found that the poorest fifth of the

population was twice as likely to have died by

2008 as those in the wealthiest fifth.

(8) ____________born

P.246P.246



According to the study, people have a greater

chance of living longer (9) they are married,

educated to degree level and are professionals.

The study also (10) that exercise increases (11)

expectancy, with the physically inactive being

twice as likely to die before the (12) active.

(9) ____________

(10) ____________

(11) ____________

(12) ____________

found

life

physically

if

P.246P.246



P.246P.246

Decide which of the choices on the next page would best complete the following article. The first one has been done for you.



he proportion of Hong Kong women who are

underweight is increasing, (1) the amount of money

spent on advertising diet pills and weight loss programmes

(2) .

(1) A whenB thoughC forD as

(2) A are increasedB soarsC on the riseD have accumulated

T

P.246-247P.246-247



P.246-247P.246-247

(3) A outB byC inD from

(4) A to beingB beingC to beD were

A survey of more than 1,000 residents aged between 15

and 54 by ACNielsen found only one (3) 50 women were

medically overweight – but almost half incorrectly believed

themselves (4) overweight.



P.246-247P.246-247

(5) A less worryingB concernC more worryingD less of a concern

(6) A from takingB wanted to takeC to takingD and they take

Even (5) is the fact that few of the young women

surveyed were overweight. More than 40 percent were

underweight but that did not stop them (6) diet pills. In fact,

diet pills were used by one in six women in the past year.



P.247P.247

(7) A UsingB To useC In order to useD Due to

(8) A ofB the wholeC all the lotD as many

(7) the standard Body Mass Index measure – weight in

kilograms divided by a person’s height in metres square –

more than twice (8) women were underweight (9) findings of a

survey six years ago.



(7) the standard Body Mass Index measure – weight in

kilograms divided by a person’s height in metres square –

more than twice (8) women were underweight (9) findings of a

survey six years ago.

(9) A as a resultB compared toC was found byD to be the same

P.247P.247



The director of the Hong Kong Eating Disorders Centre,

Dr Lee Sing, said these results were (10) with other studies in

the academic world.

(10) A agreedB consistentC passedD the same

P.247P.247



P.247P.247

(11) A whatB in whichC whichD thus

(12) A thoseB all theC acceptabilityD what

From news programmes to soap operas, he said the media

showed mostly thin women, (11) twisted perceptions of (12)

was a normal body weight. This (13) in increased sales of diet

pills and herbs, which were at best unproven and (14)

dangerous, he said.



P.247P.247

(13) A was resultingB was madeC the causeD why there is

(14) A in addition toB as wellC at worstD for fear of

From news programmes to soap operas, he said the media

showed mostly thin women, (11) twisted perceptions of (12)

was a normal body weight. This (13) in increased sales of diet

pills and herbs, which were at best unproven and (14)

dangerous, he said.



P.247P.247

(15) A to have beenB have beenC of beingD undergoing

(16) A in factB on the contraryC as thoughD while

Photographs of models in some advertisements for diet

pills appeared (15) digitally manipulated to make the models

appear thinner, Dr Lee said, (16) other advertisements

portrayed women of normal weight as overweight.



(17) A to beB of havingC they couldD having been

(18) A arguablyB impossibleC misledD unreal

Advertisements also falsely claimed (17) able to reduce

fat in specific areas of the body, which Dr Lee said was (18) .

P.247P.247

g&u_s_setbu28

Documents