Handbook of Applied Superconductivity

Volume 2: Applications

Edited by

Bemd Seeber

University of Geneva

Institute of Physics Publishing Bristol and Philadelphia

V

Contents

VOLUME 1: FUNDAMENTAL THEORY, BASIC HARDWARE AND LOW-TEMPERATURE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

PART A

PART В

INTRODUCTION

Al

A2

A3

The evolution of superconducting theories A A Golubov Type II superconductivity A A Golubov High-temperature superconductivity A A Golubov

SUPERCONDUCTING WIRES AND CABLES

Bl

B2

B3 B3.1

B3.2

B3.3

B3.4

B4 B4.1

B4.2

B4.3

B4.4

B5

Field distributions in superconductors A M Campbell Current distribution in superconductors S Takäcs Stability of superconducting wires and cables Normal zone in composites R G Mints Flux-jump instability R G Mints Practical stability design L Bottura Cable-in-conduits L Bottura Losses in superconducting wires Introduction to a.c. losses A M Campbell Hysteresis losses in superconductors' A M Campbell Coupling-current losses in composites and cables: analytical calculations J L Duchateau, В Turck and D Ciazynski Numerical calculation of a.c. losses E M J Niessen and A J M Roovers Rutherford-type cables: interstrand coupling currents A Verweij

1

3

37

53

63

65

79

99 99

120

139

151

173 173

186

205

232

249

VI

B6 Cable-in-conduit superconductors 265 J-L Duchateau

B7 Measurement techniques for the characterization of superconducting 281 wires and cables

B7.1 Critical temperature 281 J R Cave

B7.2 Critical fields 295 J R Cave

B7.3 Critical current of wires 307 В Seeber

B7.4 Critical current measurements of superconducting cables by the transformer method 325 P Fabbricatore and R Musenich

B7.5 A.c. losses in superconducting wires and cables 344 / Hlasnik, M Majores and L Jansak

B8 Commercially available superconducting wires 397 B8.1 Conductors for d.c. applications 397

H Krauth B8.2 Low-rc superconductors for 50-60 Hz applications 415

T Verhaege, Y Laumond and A Lacaze B9 New superconducting wires 429 B9.1 Chevrel phases 429

В Seeber B9.2 General aspects of high-temperature superconductor wires and tapes 446

J Tenbrink B9.3 The case of Bi(2223) tapes 466

R Fliikiger and G Grasso

PART С SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETS

CI Basics of superconducting magnet design F Zerobin and В Seeber

C2 Practical aspects of superconducting magnet manufacturing F Zerobin and В Seeber

C3 Quench propagation and magnet protection KHMeß

C4 Quench propagation and protection of cable-in-conduit superconductors L Bottura

C5 Radiation effects on superconducting fusion magnet components H W Weber

489

491

513

527

557

573

PART D COOLING TECHNOLOGY FOR SUPERCONDUCTORS

Dl The properties of cryogens R N Richardson and V Arp

D2 Dielectric properties of cryogens J Gerhold

601

603

639

Contents vu

D3 The thermodynamics of cryocycles J Weber

D4 Refrigerators H Quack

D5 Examples of cryogenic plants M Wanner and В Ziegler

D6 Small cryocoolers A Ravex

D7 Magnetic refrigeration P Seyfert

D8 Cryostats N H Balshaw

D9 Bath cryostats for superfluid helium cooling G Claudet

D10 Current leads P F Herrmann

Dil Forced cooling Dl l . l Forced-flow cooling of superconducting magnets

/ L Horvath D11.2 Some aspects of cryogenic pumps

A Hofmann D12 Safety with cryogens

R N Richardson

657

681

695

721

747

763

795

801

845 845

867

875

PART E INSTRUMENTATION

El Cryogenic fluid-level indicators J Casas

E2 Gas flow-rate meters J Casas and L Serio

E3 Pressure measurements of cryogenic gases and liquids J A Zichy

E4 Thermometry F Pavese

E5 Methods and instrumentation for magnetic field measurement К N Henrichsen, С Reymond and M Tkatchenko

889

891

897

909

919

951

PARTF MATERIALS AT LOW TEMPERATURES 967

Fl Mechanical properties of engineering metals and alloys Fl.l Basic aspects of tensile properties

В Obst Fl.2 Structural stainless steel materials

A Nyilas F2 Properties of fibre composites

G Hartwig F3 Electrical resistivity

В Seeber

969 969

994

1007

1067

V l l l

F4 Thermal conductivity В Seeber and G К White

F5 Specific heat G К White

F6 Thermal expansion G К White

F7 Dielectric properties J Gerhold

F8 Thermoelectric effects of superconductors А В Kaiser and С Uher

1083

1095

1107

1121

1139

VOLUME 2: APPLICATIONS

PART G PRESENT APPLICATIONS OF SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 1165

Gl Ultra-high-field magnets for research applications 1167 N Kerley

G2 Medical, biological and chemical applications 1191 G2.1 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for chemical applications 1191

W H Tschopp and D D Laukien G2.2 Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy (medical applications) 1213

W HG Müller and D Höpfel G2.3 SQUID sensors for medical applications 1249

О Dassel, В David, M Fuchs and H-A Wischmann G3 Superconducting magnets for thermonuclear fusion 1261

J-L Duchateau G4 Superconducting magnets for particle accelerators (dipoles, multipoles) 1289

R Perin and D Leroy G5 Superconducting synchrotron x-ray sources 1319

M N Wilson G6 Superconducting magnetic separation 1345

JHP Watson G7 High-frequency cavities 1371

W Weingarten G8 A superconducting transportation system 1407

E Suzuki, S Fujiwara, К Sawada and Y Nakamichi G9 Superconducting magnetic bearings 1441

ТА Coombs G10 Magnetic shielding 1461

F Pavese

PARTH POWER APPLICATIONS OF SUPERCONDUCTIVITY

HI An introduction to the power applications of superconductivity A D Appleton and D H Prothero

H2 Synchronous machines H2.1 Generators with superconducting field windings

H Köfler

1485

1487

1497 1497

Contents ix

H2.2 Motors with superconducting field windings 1548 H Köfler

H2.3 Fully superconducting generators 1553 P Tixador

H3 Direct current machines 1579 A D Appleton and D H Prothero

H4 Transformers 1613 Y Laumond

H5 Power transmission 1627 J Gerhold

H6 Fault current limiters 1691 T Verhaege and Y Laumond

H7 Energy storage 1703 H7.1 Small and fast-acting SMES systems 1703

H W Lorenzen, U Brammer, M Harke and F Rosenbauer H7.2 The impact of SC magnet energy storage on power system operation 1735

E Handschin and Th Stephanblome

PART I SUPERCONDUCTING ELECTRONICS 1757

11 Josephson junctions 1759 H Rogalla

12 SQUID sensors 1777 J Flokstra

13 Single-flux quantum electronics 1795 К Nakajima

14 Josephson voltage standards 1813 J Niemeyer

15 Signal processing applications 1835 15.1 Analogue processing by passive devices 1835

P Hartemann 15.2 Analogue-to-digital converters 1860

G J Gerritsma 16 Electromagnetic wave receivers 1875 16.1 Thermal detection and antennas 1875

P Hartemann 16.2 Superconducting heterodyne receivers 1899

T Noguchi and S-C Shi

Glossary Index

Gl II