hebblewhite and musiani ptacfinalreport_low_resolution

8/8/2019 Hebblewhite and Musiani PTACFinalReport_low_resolution

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Final !Report !%o er'(2!$3t' 't'e4!5rom!7a(uar9!1:! 00=!to!>e3ember ! 1:! 00A!

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LINEAR!FEATURES,!FORESTRY!AND!WOLF!PREDATION!OF!CARIBOU!AND!OTHER!PREY!

IN!WEST!CENTRAL!ALBERTA!

Prepared !by:Mark !Hebblewhite :!"r'(3'-a* !B( e4t'2ator:!C'*D*'5e!E'o*o29!"ro2ram:!F(' er4't9!o5 !Go(ta(a !

Marco !Musiani, !"r'(3'-a* !B( e4t'2ator:!&a3u*t9!o5 !H( 'ro(me(ta*!>e4'2(: !F(' er4't9!o5 !%a*2ar9!Nick!DeCesare, !"I> !4tuDe(t:!F(' er4't9!o5 !Go(ta(a !

Saakje !Hazenberg, !&'e*D!%oorD'(ator!Wibke !Peters, !GJ !4tuDe(t:!F(' er4't9!o5 !Go(ta(a !Hugh !Robinson, !"o4t"Do3tora*!&e**oK:!F(' er4't9!o5 !Go(ta(a !

Byron !Weckworth, !"I> !JtuDe(t: !F(' er4't9!o5 !%a*2ar9!Prepared !For: !

Petroleum !Technology !Alliance !of !Canada !Canadian !Association !of !Petroleum !Producers !


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ACKNOWLEGEMENTS!!Primary !funding !was !provided !through !the !Canadian !Association !of !Petroleum !Producers !(CAPP)!through !the !Petroleum !Technology !Alliance !of !Canada !(PTAC)s!environmental !research !program !under !the !Broad !Industry !Initiatives !Caribou !Fund. !

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FUNDING!!

!!!DISCLAIMER!TI'4!-ro2re44!re-ort !3o(ta'(4 !-re*'m'(ar9 !Data!5rom!o(2o'(2 !a3aDem'3!re4ear3I!D're3teD!b9!tIe !F(' er4't9!o5 !Go(ta(a !a(D!%a*2ar9!tIat !K'**!5orm!-ort'o(4 !o5 !2raDuate!4tuDe(t!tIe4e4!a(D!43'e(t'5'3!-ub*'3at'o(4M!+e4u*t4!a(D!o-'('o(4 !-re4e(teD !Iere'( !are!tIere5ore !3o(4'DereD!-re*'m'(ar9 !a(D!to!be!'(ter-reteD !K'tI !3aut'o(: !a(D!are!4ubVe3t!to!re '4'o(M!!!!COVER!PHOTO!CREDITS!

%o er!-Ioto2ra-I4 !are!3reD'teD!to!GarN!EraD*e9!Qto-"*e5tR:!E9ro(!Ce3NKortI!Qbottom"r'2ItR!a(D!Gar3o!Gu4'a(' !Q!rema'('(2 !-Ioto4R!!!!SUGGESTED!CITATION!Webb*eKI'te:!GM:!Gu4'a(': !GM:! M!>e%e4are:!JM!Wa e(ber2:!CM!"eter4:!WM!+ob'(4o(: !a(D!EM!Ce3NKortIM! 010M!L'(ear !&eature4:!&ore4tr9!a(D!Co*5 !"reDat'o( !o5 !%ar'bou!a(D!\tIer !"re9!'( !Ce4t !%e(tra*!$*bertaM!&'(a*!re-ort !to!tIe !"etro*eum!Te3I(o*o29!$**'a(3e!o5 !%a(aDa!Q"T$%RM!O !-a2e4M!

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TABLE!OF!CONTENTS! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!!PAGE!!1.0 INTRODUCTION! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 6!!

1.1 !Project !Overview !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 6!

!2.0 STUDY!AREA! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 8!

!3.0 !GENERAL!FIELD!METHODS! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 10 !!! 3.1 !Introduction ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 10 !! 3.2 !Animal !Capture !and !Radio "collaring ! ! ! ! ! ! 10 !! 3.3 !Data !Sharing !and !Compilation ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 12 !!4.0 APPARENT!COMPETITION!REVIEW!! ! ! ! ! ! ! 14 !

!4.1 !Scope ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 14 !4.2 !Abstract ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 14 !4.3 !Summary !of !Findings ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 15 !

!5.0 CARIBOU!POPULATION!GENETICS!IN!WESTERN!ALBERTA!AND!EASTERN!

BRITISH!COLUMBIA! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 18 !!! 5.1 !Scope ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 18 !! 5.2 !Abstract ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 18 !! 5.3 !Summary !of !Findings ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 18 !

!6.0 VEGETATION!AND!HUMAN!DISTURBANCE!MAPPING!IN!THE!

TRANSBOUNDARY!STUDY!AREA! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 26 !!

6.1 Introduction ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 26 !6.2 Methods ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 26 !

6.2.1 Land !cover !and !vegetation !data ! ! ! ! ! 26 !6.2.2 Anthropogenic !data ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 27 !

!7.0 PREDATOR!EFFICIENCY!OVER!A!REGIONAL!GRADIENT!OF!HUMAN!

DEVELOPMENT! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 31 !!

7.1 Scope ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 31 !7.2 Schedule ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 31 !7.3 Introduction !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 31 !7.4 Methods ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 31 !

7.4.1 Resource !Selection !Functions ! ! ! ! ! 31 !7.4.2 Predation !Efficiency ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 33 !


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7.5 !Results ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 35 !! 7.5.1 !!Resource !Selection !Functions ! ! ! ! ! ! 35 !! 7.5.2 !!Predation !Efficiency ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 38 !

!8.0 HUMAN!ACTIVITIES!AND!PRIMARY!PREY!PRODUCTIVITY!IN!

WOLF"CARIBOU!SYSTEMS! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 52 !!! 8.1 !Scope ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 52 !! 8.2 !Schedule ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 52 !! 8.3 !Introduction ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 52 !! 8.4 !Objectives !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 53 !! ! 8.4.1 !!Moose !Resource !Selection ! ! ! ! ! ! 53 !! ! 8.4.2 !!Moose !Abundance !Models ! ! ! ! ! ! 53 !! 8.5 !Methods ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 54 !! ! 8.5.1 !!Moose !Resource !Selection ! ! ! ! ! ! 54 !! ! 8.5.2 !!Moose !Abundance !Models ! ! ! ! ! ! 54 !! 8.6 !Progress !and !Results !to !Date ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 56 !! ! 8.6.1 !!Moose !Resource !Selection ! ! ! ! ! ! 56 !! ! 8.6.2 !!Moose !Abundance !Models ! ! ! ! ! ! 58 !! 8.7 !Outlook: !Combining !Resource !Selection !and !Abundance !! !!!!!!!Estimation ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 62 !

!9.0 CARIBOU!MIGRATORY!AND!SURVIVAL!PATTERNS!OVER!REGIONAL!

GRADIENTS!IN!HUMAN!DEVELOPMENT!! ! ! ! ! ! 63 !!! 9.1 !Introduction ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 63 !

! 9.2 !Methods ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 65 !! 9.3 !Results ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 66 !!10.0 IMPLICATIONS!AND!CONSERVATION!STRATEGIES! ! ! ! ! 69 !

!10.1 !Management !Implications !of !Genetic !Findings ! ! ! ! 69 !! 10.1.1 !!Allowing !for !survival !of !the !partially !migratory !! !!!!!!!!!!!!!Canadian !Rockies !caribou ! ! ! ! ! ! 69 !! 10.1.2 !!Allowing !for !natural !levels !of !migrants !among !! ! caribou !populations ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 70 !! 10.1.3 !Implications ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 72 !10.2 !Caribou "wolf !overlap: !minimizing !impacts !in!risk !areas ! ! ! 72 !10.3 !Future !Research: !Spatial !population !viability !analysis !! ! ! 73 !

!PRESENTATIONS,!PUBLICATIONS,!AND!WORKSHOPS! ! ! ! ! 77 !!LITERATURE!CITED! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 79 !!


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SECTION!1.!!INTRODUCTION!!CooD*a(D!3ar'bou!Q!angifer !taran*us !cari.ou R!are!3*a44'5'eD!a4!tIreate(eD !'( !$*berta!Qu(Der!tIe !$*berta!C'*D*'5e!$3tR!a(D!(at'o(a**9!Qu(Der!tIe !J-e3'e4 !at!+'4N!$3tRQ%\JHCB% 00 R:!K'tI !ma(9 !*o3a*!-o-u*at'o(4 !'( !De3*'(e!tIrou2Iout !tIe'r !ra(2eM!TI'4!De3*'(e!'4!*ar2e*9!attr'buteD!to!a(tIro-o2e('3 !a3t' 't'e4!tIat !are!

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M Je'4m'3!eX-*orat'o(!*'(e4!a(D!a33e44!roaD4!'(3rea4e !-reDator !e55'3'e(39!b9!'(3rea4'(2 !tIe !rate !at!KI'3I !Ko* e4!N'**!-re9 !be3au4e!Ko* e4!4e*e3t!5or:!a(D!mo e!5a4ter!o(: !4u3I!*'(ear!5eature4!Q7ame4!

a(D!Jtuart "Jm'tI ! 000:!>9er!et !a*M! 00 :! eu5e*D! 00 RM!!\ur !re4ear3I !5o3u4eD!o( !tIe !'m-a3t4 !o5 !tIe4e !tKo!me3Ia('4m4 !o( !Demo2ra-I9: !-o-u*at'o( !2e(et'34: !

a(D!*a(D43a-e!e3o*o29!o5 !3ar'bou!-o-u*at'o(4 !'( !Ke4t"3e(tra*!$*bertaM!La(D43a-e!2e(et'34 !a--roa3Ie4 !a**oKeD!u4!to!e a*uate!(atura*! 4M!a(tIro-o2e('3 !3au4e4!5or!-o-u*at'o( !4tru3tur'(2 !a(D!Iab'tat !5ra2me(tat'o(M!TIe4e!te3I('Zue4 !a*4o!Ie*-eD!u4!'De(t'59!e3o*o2'3a**9!re*e a(t!IerD!De4'2(at'o(4 !a(D!3om-are !K'tI !m'2rator9!beIa 'ora*!Data!5or!4ub4eZue(t!IerD"*e e*!e3o*o2'3a*!a(a*94e4M!Ce !a--*'eD!(eK !


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4tat'4t'3a*!a--roa3Ie4 !to!eXam'(e!tIe !e55e3t4!o5 !tIe !tKo!-r'mar9 !3au4e4!5or!3ar'bou!De3*'(e4!Q-reDator!e55'3'e(39:!-re9 !De(4't9!'(3rea4e4R!'( !3ar'bou!-o-u*at'o(4 !a3ro44!a!*ar2e!Iuma( !De e*o-me(t!2raD'e(tM!

!Ee3au4e!o5 !tIe !Iu2e !4-at'a*!43a*e!o5 !-reDator "-re9 !re*at'o(4I'-4: !5eK!4tuD'e4!Ia e!em-'r'3a**9!*'(NeD!

*'(ear!5eature4!to!'(3rea4eD!Ko*5 !-reDat'o( !rate4M!+e3o2('t'o( !o5 !tIe !'m-orta(3e !o5 !a*tereD!-r'mar9 !-re9 !De(4't9!'4!*'NeK'4e!I'(DereD!b9!5eK!Zua(t'tat' e !4tuD'e4!o( !tI'4 !re*at'o(4I'-M!&urtIermore:!Iuma( "tr'22ereD!3Ia(2e4 !to!-reDator !e55'3'e(39!a(D!-r'mar9 !-re9 !De(4't9!are!o5te( !3o(5ou(DeD!'( !4-a3e!a(D!t'me !be3au4e!5ore4tr9!a(D!o'*!d !2a4!De e*o-me(t!3o"o33urM!TIu4:!ma(a2er4 !5a3e!a!-rob*em!o5 !tr9'(2 !to!u(Der4ta(D!tIe !re*at' e!ro*e4!o5 !'(3rea4e4!'( !-reDator !e55'3'e(39!Q-r'mar'*9!a44o3'ateD!K'tI !o'*!d !2a4R! 4M!tIe !-roDu3t'o( !o5 !-r'mar9 !-re9 !Iab'tat !Q-reDom'(a(t*9!a44o3'ateD!K'tI !5ore4tr9RM!!E9!3om-ar'(2 !3ar'bou"Iuma( !re*at'o(4I'-4 !a3ro44!a!*ar2e!2raD'e(t !o5 !3ar'bou!IerD4!'( !Ke4t"3e(tra*!$*berta:!our!o era**!obVe3t' e4!Ka4!to!Determ'(e !tIe !e55e3t4!o5 !tIe !D'55ere(t!t9-e4 !o5 !De e*o-me(t!o( !3ar'bou!a(D!to!De e*o-!3ar'bou!re3o er9!4trate2'e4!'( !Ke4t"3e(tra*!$*bertaM!!

!TIe!4tre(2tI !o5 !our!metIoD4!Ka4!to!3om-are !3ar'bou!D9(am'34!a3ro44!tIe !e(t're !mou(ta'( !3ar'bou!

ra(2e !'( !$*berta:!3o(tra4t'(2 !-rote3teD !area4!to!tIo4e !'( !I'2I*9!De e*o-eD!*a(D43a-e4!Q&'2ure!1RM!CI'*e !ma(9 !3ar'bou!-o-u*at'o(4 !are!De3*'('(2!Q=!o5 !10!N(oK!*o3a*!IerD4R:!4e era*!are!4tab*e!or!-ote(t'a**9!'(3rea4'(2 !QTab*e! M1RM!!Ce !u4eD!tIe !2raD'e(t4!'( !Iuma( !a3t' 't9!a(D!De e*o-me(t!tIat !o33ur!a3ro44!tIe4e !3ar'bou!ra(2e4 !a4!tIe !ba4'4!5or!our!eX-er'me(ta*!De4'2(M!Wuma(!D'4turba(3e!o33ur4!-reDom'(a(t*9 !'( !ea4ter( !5ootI'**4!5ore4t4M!!TIe!JoutI !7a4-er!-o-u*at'o(Q4R!'( !7a4-er! at'o(a* !"arN!Q7 "R!eX'4t4!'( !*a(D4!*ar2e*9!u(De e*o-eD!b9!e'tIer !5ore4tr9!or!Iuma( !a33e44:!a(D!a3t!a4!a!3ru3'a*!ba4e*'(e!3o(tro*!area !Q$r3e4e!a(D!J'(3*a'r!1AA=RM!!Go '(2 !(ortI: !tIe !$!La!"e3Ie !Q$L"R!IerD!Ia4 !eXte(4' e!5ore4tr9!a(D!o'*!d !2a4!De e*o-me(t!o( !'t4!K'(ter !ra(2e: !but!(ot !o( !'t4!4ummer!ra(2eM!TIe !L'tt*e!JmoN9!IerD!QLJGR!'4!tIe !mo4t!De e*o-eD!o( !K'(ter !a(D!4ummer!ra(2e !a(D!-re4e(t*9!tIe !4ubVe3t!o5 !'(te(4' e !ma(a2eme(t !re3o er9!e55ort4!'(3*uD'(2!Ko*5 !a(D!moo4e!3o(tro*M!TIe !+eDro3N""ra'r'e !%reeN!Q+"%R!Ia4 !tIe !I'2Ie4t !'(te(4't9 !o5 !Iuma( !a3t' 't9!a(D!De e*o-me(t!o( !'t4!K'(ter !ra(2e: !K'tI !*'tt*e!De e*o-me(t!o( !'t4!4ummer!ra(2eM!!TIe!

arraKa9!Q $+R!IerD!Ia4 !moDerate!Iuma( !De e*o-me(t!o( !'t4!K'(ter !ra(2e: !but!e e( !*e44!De e*o-me(t!o( !'t4!4ummer!ra(2eM!!&'(a**9:!tIe !(eK*9!'De(t'5'eD!3ar'bou!IerD:!tIe !+eDK'**oK!IerD!QKI'3I!ma9!be!a( !

eXte(4'o( !o5 !tIe ! arraKa9R!'4!4'm'*ar!to!tIe ! arraKa9!IerD:!K'tI !*e44!De e*o-me(t!o( !'t4!K'(ter !ra(2eM!!E9!3om-ar'(2 !3ar'bou!D9(am'34!a3ro44!tI'4 !2raD'e(t:!Ke!are!ab*e!to!te4t!5or!tIre4Io*D4!'( !re4-o(4e4 !o5 !Ko* e4!to!Iuma( !De e*o-me(tM!!\ur !re4ear3I !maNe4!u4e!o5 !tIe !4ub4ta(t'a*!re4ear3I !a(D!mo('tor'(2 !e55ort!'( e4teD!'( !tIe4e !!3ar'bou!IerD4!'( !3oo-erat'o( !K'tI !-roVe3t!-art(er4 !Ce9erIaeu4er: !$*berta!&'4I!a(D!C'*D*'5e:!E%!G'('4tr9 !o5 !H( 'ro(me(t: !a(D!7a4-er! at'o(a* !"arNM!!

!Ce !a*4o!3o**aborateD!K'tI !>rM!>a*e!Je'-: !E%! _!G'('4tr9 !o5 !&ore4t4!tIrou2I !I'4 !re4ear3I !o( !tIe ! " !

3ar'bou!IerD4!'mmeD'ate*9! ortI !Ce4t !o5 !tIe !+eD!C'**oK!IerD!Q u'(tette:!Gober*9:!"ar4('-: !Ye((eD9:!a(D!Eur(t !"'(e !IerD4R:!a(D!tIrou2I ! Vo'(t!mo('tor'(2 !o5 !botI !Ko* e4!a(D!3ar'bou!'( !tIe !+eD!C'**oK!IerDM!>rM!Je'- !a*4o!re3e' eD!5u(D'(2!5rom!"T$%!a(D!Ke!a3t' e*9!3o**aborateD!o( !-o-u*at'o( !2e(et'3 !a(D!-reDat'o( "re*ateD!Zue4t'o(4!to!e(ab*e!our!re4ear3I !to!be!a--*'3ab*e!o er!a( !e e( !*ar2er!2eo2ra-I'3 !areaM!!


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!2.0 !!STUDY!AREA!!! \ur !4tuD9!area !e(3om-a44e4!a! 0:000!Nm!-ort'o( !o5 !tIe !%a(aD'a(!+o3N'e4!o5 !Ke4ter( !$*berta!a(D!ea4ter( !Er't'4I !%o*umb'a!3o(ta'('(2 !4e e(!-o-u*at'o(4 !o5 !KooD*a(D!3ar'bou!o5 !tKo!3hreatene* !

e3ot9-e4!QTab*e! M1:!&'2ure! M1RM!!J'X!-o-u*at'o(4 !are!5eDera**9!3*a44'5'eD!a4!tIe !4outIer( !mou(ta'( !e3ot9-e !Q$!*a!"e3Ie: !Ea(55:! arraKa9:!+eDro3N""ra'r'e !%reeN:!+eDK'**oK:!a(D!JoutI !7a4-erR!a(D!tIe !4e e(tI !a4!tIe !borea*!e3ot9-e !QL'tt*e!JmoN9RM!!TIe!Ea(55 !-o-u*at'o( !Ka4!re3e(t*9!eXt'r-ateD!b9!a( !a a*a(3Ie!e e(t !'( !$-r'*! 00A:!KI'3I !'(3*uDeD!tIe !morta*'t9!o5 ! !raD'o"3o**areD!'(D' 'Dua*4:!a(D!tIe !JoutI !7a4-er!-o-u*at'o( !'4!3om-o4eD!o5 !tIree !4ub"-o-u*at'o(4 !QEra eau:!Ga*'2(e:!a(D!To(Zu'(R!a4!'De(t'5'eD!'( !&'2ure! M1M!!!! TIe!%a(aD'a(!+o3N'e4!3o(ta'( !ru22eD!mou(ta'(ou4 !terra'( !KI'3I !2' e4!Ka9!to!ro**'(2!borea*!5ootI'**4!a*o(2!tIe'r !ea4ter( !5ro(tM!!%ar'bou!'( !tI'4 !re2'o( !eXI'b't!2e(et'3 !e 'De(3e!o5 !m'XeD!*'(ea2e4!o5 !D' er2eD!Eer'(2'a( "Hura4'a(!m'2rator9!Q+M!tM!2roe(*a(D'3u4R!a(D! ortI !$mer'3a( !4eDe(tar9!Q+M!tM!3ar'bouR!4ub4-e3'e4!QG3>e 'tt!et !a*M! 00ARM!!TIe4e!tKo!4ub4-e3'e4!Kere!*ar2e*9!4e-arateD!b9!2*a3'a*!'3e!Dur'(2!tIe !*ate!"*e'4to3e(e!Q>ue3N!1AAO:!&*a24taD!a(D!+oeD! 00 R:!but!a( !'3e"5ree!3orr'Dor!at!tIe !e(D!o5 !tIe !*a4t!

2*a3'at'o(4!a--ear4 !to!Ia e!a**oKeD!tIe'r !m'X'(2!a*o(2!tIe !ea4ter( !+o3N'e4!Q%atto!et !a*M!1AA :!G3>e 'tt!et !a*M! 00ARM!!Earre( "2rou(D!3ar'bou!t9-'3a**9!re4'De!'( !tIe !o-e( !tu(Dra!o5 ! ortI !$mer'3a !a(D!$4'a:!a(D!are!N(oK(!5or!a22re2ateD:!4ea4o(a*!m'2rat'o(4 !betKee( !K'(ter !ra(2e4 !a(D!3a* '(2!2rou(D4!Q&a(39!et !a*M!1AOAR:!KIerea4 !KooD*a(D!3ar'bou!-o-u*at'o(4 !are!t9-'3a**9!more!4-ar4e!a(D!4eDe(tar9M!!B(D' 'Dua*4!'( !our!4tuD9!area !are!-art'a**9!m'2rator9:!KIere !4ome!K'(ter !'( !tIe !5ootI'**4!a(D!m'2rate ! 0_A0!Nm!Ke4t!to!a*-'(e !4ummer!ra(2e4:!a(D!otIer !'(D' 'Dua*4!are!4eDe(tar9!'( !e'tIer !tIe !5ootI'**4!or!mou(ta'(4 !9ear"rou(DM!!!! TIe!-reDator !3ommu('t9 !'(3*uDe4!Ko* e4:!2r' *9!bear4:!b*a3N!bear4!Q5rsus !americanus R:!3ou2ar4!Q7uma !concolor R:!Ko* er'(e!Q8ulo !gulo R:!*9(X!Q9:n; !cana*ensis R:!a(D!3o9ote4!Q0anis !latrans RM!\tIer !u(2u*ate!-re9 !'(3*uDe!moo4e!Q *ocoileus !hemionus R:!KI'te "ta'*eD!Deer!Q>*ocoileus !=irginianus R:!b'2Ior( !4Iee- !Q>=is !cana*ensis R:!a(D!mou(ta'( !2oat4!Q>reamnos !americanus RM!!Co* e4!re*9!-r'mar'*9!o( !e*N!a4!-re9 !'( !tIe !4outIer( !e(D!o5 !tI'4 !e3o494tem!QWebb*eKI'te!et !a*M! 00 R:!but!4I'5t!toKarD4!more!3ommo( !moo4e!a*o(2!a!(ortI "4outI !2raD'e(t !Q"arN4!%a(aDa!-er4M!3ommM:!&ra(Ne!et !a*M! 00 RM!!!!

Table !2.1. !%ar'bou!IerD!4tatu4!a(D!a--roX'mate !-o-u*at'o( !4' eM!H4t'mate4!a(D!4tatu4!-ro 'DeD!b9!$*berta!&'4I!a(D!C'*D*'5e!u(-ub*'4IeD!Data:!"arN4!%a(aDa!u(-ub*'4IeD!Data:!Webb*eKI'te!et !a*M!Q 00=R:!a(D!E%!G'('4tr9 !o5 !&ore4t4!Q>M+M!Je'-R!u(-ub*'4IeD!Data:!5or!tIe !(ortIer( !E%!IerD4M!!Caribou !Population ! Status ! Approximate !Population !Size!Ea(55 ! BmmeD'ate!+'4N!o5 !HXt'r-at'o(! "=!7a4-er!Qa**!tIree !IerD4!3omb'(eDR! Jtab*e! f100 !

$!La!"e3Ie ! >e3*'('(2 ! 1 0!L'tt*e!JmoN9! BmmeD'ate!+'4N!o5 !HXt'r-at'o(! O0!+eDro3N""ra'r'e !%reeN! >e3*'('(2 ! f 00!

arraKa9! >e3*'('(2 ! f100 !+eDK'**oK! _!EearIo*e! >e3*'('(2 ! f 0!

u'(tette ! Jtab*e! 1= " 1O!Gober*9! Jtab*e! f !Qm'('mum!3ou(tR!Eur(t !"'(e ! Jtab*e! f1 !Qm'('mum!3ou(tR!"ar4('- ! F(N(oK( ! F(N(oK( !Ye((eD9! F(N(oK( ! F(N(oK( !


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Figure !2.1. !!%a(aD'a(!+o3N'e4!4tuD9!area !a*o(2!tIe !$*berta! _!Er't'4I !%o*umb'a!D' 'De:!'(3*uD'(2!100g !m'('mum !3o( eX!-o*92o(4!QG%"4R!o5 !KooD*a(D!3ar'bou!-o-u*at'o(4: !1AAO! _! 00AM!!!


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3.0 !!GENERAL!FIELD!METHODS!!3.1 !INTRODUCTION!!Ce !u4eD!tIe !3a-ture !a(D!raD'o"3o**ar'(2!o5 !aDu*t!3ar'bou:!Ko* e4:!a(D!moo4e!to!mo('tor !mo eme(t4!a(D!

4ur ' a*!o5 !'(D' 'Dua*4!a3ro44!tIe !ra(2e !o5 !3o(D't'o(4 !-re4e(t !'( !tIe !4tuD9!areaM!!J-e3'5'3a**9:!Ke!u4eD!U"J"e(ab*eD!3o**ar4!QLoteN" 00:! 00J:! 00G:! 00J:! 00G:!LoteN!C're*e44:!B(3M:! eKmarNet:!\(tar'o: !%a(aDah!$TJ"U 000:!$D a(3eD!Te*emetr9!J94tem4:!B(3M:!B4a(t':!G'((e4ota: !FJ$R!to!3o**e3t!*o3at'o(!Data!o5 !I'2I !Zua*'t9!a(D!Zua(t't9 !5or!5'(e"43a*e!a(a*94'4!o5 !re4our3e!4e*e3t'o(:!-reDat'o(: !a(D!mo eme(t !-atter(4M!!3.2 !ANIMAL!CAPTURE!AND!RADIOCOLLARING!!!C'(ter !Ie*'3o-ter !(et "2u(('(2 !Ka4!u4eD!to!3a-ture !3ar'bou:!Ko* e4:!a(D!moo4e!Q$(Dr9N!et !a*M!1AO R:!a(D!Ke!4u--*eme(teD !tIe4e !e55ort4!K'tI !aDD't'o(a*!4ummer!5oot"Io*D!tra--'(2 !5or!Ko* e4!Q&rame!a(D!Ge'er !

00=RM!!$**!a('ma*!3a-ture !-ro3eDure4!Kere!a--ro eD!b9!2o er(me(t !a(D!u(' er4't9!a('ma*!3are!-roto3o*4!a(D!-erm'tt'(2 !-ro3e44e4!QTab*e! M1RM!!!&u**!Deta'*4!o5 !a('ma*!3a-ture !-roto3o*4!are!a a'*ab*e!u-o( !reZue4t!5rom!a(9 !-roVe3t!-er4o((e*M!!>ur'(2 ! 00=_ 00A!Ke!4u-er '4eD!tIe !3a-ture !o5 ! !KooD*a(D!3ar'bou:! 0!Ko* e4:!a(D! =!moo4e!a3ro44!our!4tuD9!area !Q&'2ure! M1R:!3o**e3t' e*9!De-*o9'(2!= !U"J!3o**ar4!a(D! 0! W&!3o**ar4M!!Ce !'(3urreD!tIree !3a-ture "re*ateD!moo4e!morta*'t'e4!Dur'(2!tIe !4tuD9!Q1!(e3N!5ra3ture!d ! !3a-ture !m9o-atI9RM!!TI'4!-rom-teD !a!tIorou2I !'(ter(a* !re 'eK!a(D!ame(Dme(t !to!moo4e!3a-ture !-roto3o*4:!K'tI !aDVu4tme(t4!to!3o(4er at' e!KorN'(2!tem-erature4 !Qi!" j%R!a(D!3Ia4e!t'me4!Qi!1!m'(uteRM!!!!Table !3.1. !+e4ear3I!a(D!3o**e3t'o(!-erm't4: !%a(aD'a(!+o3N'e4:! 00=" 00AM!!$*berta!Ju4ta'(ab*e!+e4our3e!>e e*o-me(tc!&'4I!a(D!C'*D*'5e!>' '4'o(!! Collection !Licenses: !#21803, !#27086, !#27088, !#27090 !! Research !Permit: !#27085, !#27809, !#27812 !$*berta!Tour'4m:!"arN4:!a(D!+e3reat'o( !! Research !and !Collection !Permits: !RC08WC014 !&!Wilka101 "07 ! ______________________________________________________________________________ !Er't'4I !%o*umb'a!G'('4tr9 !o5 !H( 'ro(me(tc !"erm't !a(D!$utIor' at'o( !Jer '3e!! Wildlife !Act!Permit !VI08"31411 !! Park !Use !Permits: !101964 ! kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk!"arN4!%a(aDa!$2e(39 !! Research !and !Collection !Permit: !JNP"2007 "952 !

kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk!F(' er4't9!o5 !Go(ta(a !! Animal !Use !Protocol: !056 "06MHECS"010207 !! Animal !Use !Protocol: !059 "09MHWB "122109 ! kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk!F(' er4't9!o5 !%a*2ar9!! Animal !Use !Protocol: !BI"2007 "57 !!


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Figure !3.1. !!$('ma*4!3a-tureD!5or!re4ear3I !'( !tIe !%a(aD'a(!+o3N'e4:!7a(uar9! 00=! _!Gar3I ! 00AM


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3.3. !DATA!SHARING!AND!COMPILATION!!!TIrou2I !Data!4Iar'(2 !a2reeme(t4 !K'tI !$*berta!J+>:!Ce9erIaeu4er !%om-a(9:!JIe**!%a(aDa:!"arN4!%a(aDa:!a(D!tIe !F(' er4't9 !o5 !$*berta:!Ke!Ia e !a44emb*eD!a!Databa4e!o5 !f 00:000!3ar'bou!U"J!5'X!attem-t4 !a(D!l100:000 !Ko*5 !U"J!5'X!attem-t4 !Q&'2ure4! M :! M RM!!

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Figure !3.2. U"J!*o3at'o(4!o5 !3o**areD!3ar'bou!'( !a**!4tuD9!area !-o-u*at'o(4: !%a(aD'a(!+o3N'e4:!1AAO_ 00=M!


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Figure !3.3. !!U"J!*o3at'o(4!o5 !3o**areD!Ko* e4!Q4IoK'(2!o(*9!Data!5rom!TI'4!JtuD9!a(D!tIo4e !3o**e3teD!'( !7a4-er! "R!a(D!o er*a-!K'tI !3ar'bou!-o-u*at'o( !Iome !ra(2e4:!%a(aD'a(!+o3N'e4:! 00 _

00=M!


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!4.0 !!APPARENT!COMPETITION!REVIEW!!4.1 !SCOPE!!!

H3o494tem!3Ia(2e !'4!o33urr'(2!2*oba**9! 'a!Iab'tat !a*terat'o(: !'(troDu3eD!4-e3'e4:!3*'mate!3Ia(2e: !a(D!D'4ea4e:!tIou2I !tIe !3ommu('t9 !e55e3t4!o5 !ea3I !3a( !be!3om-*eX!a(D!'(D're3tM!!TIe !*a4t!De3aDe!Ia4 !4ee( !a( !eX-*o4'o(!o5 !-a-er4 !o( !tIe !e55e3t4!o5 !'(ter "4-e3'5'3!'(tera3t'o(4 !a4!5a3tor4!3au4'(2!4-e3'e4!e(Da(2erme(tM!!"re4umab*9!3ar'bou!'4!a!4-e3'e4!e(Da(2ereD!Due!to!4u3I!me3Ia('4m4M!"reDat'o( !'4!a!3ommo( !3om-o(e(t !o5 !4-e3'e4!De3*'(e4:!9et!e3o*o2'4t4!*a3N!a!re 'eK!'(te2rat'(2 !tIe !ro*e!o5 !a--are(t !3om-et't'o(: !or!4IareD!-reDat'o( !'( !mu*t'-*e"-re9 !494tem4:!o( !-reDator "meD'ateD!e(Da(2erme(t !o5 !-re9: !4u3I!a4!3ar'bouM!!TIere !'4!a!r'3I !tIeoret'3a* !*'terature!3o(3er('(2 !3oeX'4te(3e!amo(2 !-re9 !4-e3'e4!tIat !eXI'b't!eX-*o'tat' e!a(D!a--are(t !3om-et't'o(: !9et!tI'4 !eX'4t4!K'tI !4ome!D'43o((e3t!to!tIe !2roK'(2 !boD9!o5 !em-'r'3a*!4tuD'e4!Demo(4trat'(2 !tIe !ro*e!o5 !tIe4e !D9(am'34!'( !4-e3'e4!De3*'(eM!!B(!tI'4 !re 'eK!Ke!u4e!tIe !tIeoret'3a* !*'terature!to!-ro 'De!a( !'(te2rateD !D'43u44'o(!o5 !-arameter4 !Dr' '(2!a49mmetr9!amo(2 !3om-et'(2 !-re9M!!Ce !tIe( !'(3or-orateD !4e era*!re3e(t !4tuD'e4!*'(N'(2!a--are(t !3om-et't'o( !to!tIe !e(Da(2erme(t !o5 !-re9 !4-e3'e4M!!TIu4:!our!re 'eK!o5 !tIe !tIeor9 !a(D!em-'r'3a*!e 'De(3e!Demo(4trateD!tIe !-ote(t'a**9!De4tru3t' e!e55e3t4!o5 !a--are(t !3om-et't'o( !o( !4-e3'e4!4u3I!a4!3ar'bouM!La4t*9!Ke!D'43u44!re4ear3I !a(D!3o(4er at'o( !o-t'o(4 !5or!Demo(4trat'(2 !a(D!aDDre44'(2!a--are(t !3om-et't'o( !to!be4t!2u'De!e(Da(2ereD!4-e3'e4!re3o er9M!!\ur !5'(D'(24!o( !tI'4 !-art'3u*ar!obVe3t' e!are!5u**9!De43r'beD!'( !tIe !-a-erc !?e0esare@ !A ! C @!De..leEhite@ !F @!!o.inson@ !D !an* !F !Fusiani !(HIJI) !Ln*angere*@ !a22arentl:M !the !role !

of !a22arent !com2etition !in!en*angere* !s2ecies !conser=ation ! emo(4trat'o( !o5 !a--are(t !3om-et't'o( !'4!D'55'3u*t!Due!to!tIe !'(D're3t!re*at'o(4I'-4 !betKee( !-re9 !a(D!-reDator !4-e3'e4!a(D!tIe !-ote(t'a* !5or!3o(3urre(t !eX-*o'tat' e!3om-et't'o( !or!otIer !3ommu('t9 !e55e3t4M!WoKe er:!2e(era*!3o(3*u4'o(4!are!DraK(!3o(3er('(2 !tIe !3Iara3ter'4t'34!o5 !-re9 !a(D!-reDator !4-e3'e4!*'Ne*9!to!eXI'b't!a49mmetr'3!a--are(t !3om-et't'o(: !a(D!tIe !o-t'o(4 !5or!re3o er'(2!e(Da(2ereD!4-e3'e4!4u3I!a4!3ar'bouM!CI'*e !4Iort "term !ma(a2eme(t !QeM2M!Ko*5 !3o(tro*R!ma9!be!reZu'reD!to!a o'D!'mm'(e(t !eXt'(3t'o( !'( !494tem4!Demo(4trat'(2 !a--are(t !3om-et't'o(: !Ke!-ro-o4e !aDa-t' e!3o(4er at'o( !e55ort4!D're3teD!at!*o(2"term !re3o er9M!!


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1 ! "T$%T!&'(a*!+e-ort !

!4.3 !SUMMARY!OF!FINDINGS!!J'm'*ar!to!eX-*o'tat' e!3om-et't'o(: !a--are(t !3om-et't'o( !3a( !be!De5'(eD!a4!a!re3'-ro3a*!(e2at' e !'(tera3t'o( !Q":!"R:!tIeoret'3a**9!-romot'(2 !3oeX'4te(3e!amo(2 !-re9M!WoKe er:!a49mmetr'3a*!Q":!0R!'(tera3t'o(4 !ma9!be!more!3ommo( !'( !(ature: !a(D!3ou*D!3au4e!De3*'(e4!'( !o(e !-re9 !4-e3'e4!Q&'2M! M1RM!Bt!'4!-re3'4e*9!tI'4 !a49mmetr9!tIat !ma9!-ut !4ome!4-e3'e4:!4u3I!a4!3ar'bou:!at!r'4N!KI'*e!otIer4 !5*our'4I!u(Der!-reDat'o( !b9!a!4IareD!-reDatorM!!

!Figure !4.1. !&ooD!Keb!43Iemat'3!De-'3t'(2 !D're3t!Q4o*'DR!a(D!'(D're3t!QDa4IeDR!'(tera3t'o(4 !3Iara3ter'4t'3 !o5 !a--are(t !3om-et't'o( !D9(am'34!betKee( !-r'mar9 !Q1R!a(D!4e3o(Dar9!Q R!-re9 !u(Der!a!4IareD!-reDatorM!!B(!eX-*o'tat' e!3om-et't'o( !moDe*4:!tIe !4-e3'e4!5't(e44!rat'o !QO 1PO R!Ia4 !bee( !u4eD!to!3om-are !a era2e!5't(e44!amo(2 !3o(4umer!4-e3'e4:!a33orD'(2!to!tIe !ma'(te(a(3e !reZu'reme(t4 !o5 !-re9 !4-e3'e4!-er !u('t !re4our3e:!a(D!tIe'r !maX'mum!rate !o5 !re4our3e!Iar e4tM!TI'4!rat'o !3om-are4!tIe !tIeoret'3a* !3om-et't' e !ab'*'t9!o5 !-re9 !4-e3'e4!4u3I!a4!3om-ar'(2 !-ote(t'a* !-o-u*at'o( !2roKtI !a**oKeD!b9!'(Iere(t !*'5e!I'4tor9M!!B(!494tem4!K'tI !4IareD!-reDat'o(: !tIe !4-e3'e4!5't(e44!rat'o !'4!eX-a(DeD!to!'(3*uDe!botI !re4our3e!Dr' e(!2roKtI !rate4!a(D!4e(4't' 't9!to!-reDat'o( !amo(2 !a--are(t*9 !3om-et'(2 !-re9M!%oeX'4te(3e!3a( !tIe( !be!tIeoret'3a**9!re-re4e(teD !a4!a!5u(3t'o( !o5 !botI !tIe !4-e3'e4!5't(e44!rat'o !a(D!('3Ie !o er*a-!amo(2 !-re9 !4-e3'e4:!KIere !tIe !De2ree!o5 !('3Ie !o er*a-!3o(4tra'(4 !a**oKab*e!5't(e44!D'55ere(3e4!Q&'2M! M RM!&or!eXam-*e:!KIe( !('3Ie !o er*a-!amo(2 !tKo!4-e3'e4!'4!I'2I: !tIe !D'55ere(3e!betKee( !*oK!a(D!I'2I !4-e3'e4!5't(e44!rat'o4!m'2It !re-re4e(t !tIe !D'55ere(3e!betKee( !-er4'4te(3e !a(D!eXt'(3t'o( !5or!a!4-e3'e4!Q&'2M! M RM!


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!Figure !4.2. !TIeoret'3a*!'m-*'3at'o(4 !5or!eXt'(3t'o( !o5 !tIe !re*at' e!4-e3'e4!5't(e44!rat'o !a(D!('3Ie !o er*a-!betKee( !a!-r'mar9 !Q1R!a(D!4e3o(Dar9!Q R!-re9 !4-e3'e4M!!H(Da(2ereD!4-e3'e4!Q4u3I!a4!3ar'bouR!are!o5te( !4e3o(Dar9!-re9 !to!-reDator4!4ub4'4t'(2!o( !a( !abu(Da(t !-r'mar9 !-re9 !K'tI !I'2Ier !a era2e!5't(e44:!a(D!-re9 !4-e3'e4!Kou*D!be!eX-e3teD!to!3o(tr'bute !D'4-arate*9!

to!tIe !-reDator !(umer'3a*!re4-o(4eM!%o(trar9!to!4'(2*e!-re9 !494tem4!QrIo"

0R!K'tI !re2u*ator9!-reDat'o(: !a49mmetr'3!a--are(t !3om-et't'o( !amo(2 !mu*t'-*e!-re9 !QrIo"!I'2Ier !tIa( !0R!-roDu3e4!a!-o4't' e !9"'(ter3e-t !'( !tIe !(umer'3 !re4-o(4e !to!4e3o(Dar9!-re9: !De-e(4ator9 !-reDat'o(: !a(D!tIu4 !a!me3Ia('4m !o5 !eXt'(3t'o( ! 'a!a--are(t !3om-et't'o(M!TIe!*a3N!o5 !(umer'3 !re4-o(4e !to!4e3o(Dar9!-re9 !'4!a!I9-otIe4' eD !*'(N!to!De3*'(e4!o5 !tIreate(eD !4-e3'e4!'( !4e era*!mu*t'-*e"-re9 !494tem4M!!\ur !o er 'eK!'(D'3ateD!tIe !3r't'3a*!re*at'o(4I'-4 !eX'4t'(2!betKee( !a--are(t !3om-et't'o(: !-reDat'o( !rate4!a(D!D9(am'34!o5 !-re9 !4-e3'e4M!$49mmetr9!'( !a--are(t !3om-et't'o( !Ia4 !tIeoret'3a* !'m-*'3at'o(4 !5or!e(Da(2ereD!4-e3'e4!De3*'(e:!tIou2I !Ke!Ia e !4IoK( !-ote(t'a* !me3Ia('4m4 !5or!re*aXeD!-reDat'o( !at!*oK!-re9 !De(4't9M!Were!Ke!u4e!eXam-*e4!'( !tIe !*'terature!to!'De(t'59!tIe !em-'r'3a*!3o(D't'o(4 !a44o3'ateD!K'tI !a49mmetr9!'( !a--are(t !3om-et't'o(M!T9-'3a*!o5 !a**!eXam-*e4!'4!Iuma( "'(Du3eD!3Ia(2e !to!re4our3e:!-re9 !or!-reDator !3ommu('t'e4 !QTab*e! M1RM!!


17/84

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1=! "T$%T!&'(a*!+e-ort !

Table !4.1. !W9-otIe4' eD!3a4e4!o5 !4-e3'e4!De3*'(e!'(Du3eD!b9!a49mmetr'3!a--are(t !3om-et't'o( !amo(2 !-re9: !'(3*uD'(2!-arameter4 !4u3I!a4!tIe'r !ro*e!o5 !De3*'('(2!4-e3'e4!a4!-r'mar9 !Q1R!or!4e3o(Dar9!Q R!-re9 !to!tIe !-reDator: !re4our3e!('3Ie !o er*a-!QrIo+R:!re*at' e!4-e3'e4!5't(e44!rat'o !QN1 5't(e44!o5 !a*ter(ate !-re9: !N 5't(e44!o5 !De3*'('(2!-re9h!a**! a*ue4!a44umeD!I'2Ier !tIa( !1!eX3e-t!KIe( !(oteD!a4!4u3IR:!a(D!tIe !4u4-e3teD!u*t'mate!3au4e!o5 !a49mmetr9!amo(2 !49m-atr'3!-re9M! ote !3ar'bou!a4!4-e3'e4!'( !De3*'(eM!

!!

+e 'eK!o5 !tIe !ma(9 !4-e3'e4!a(D!494tem4!4tuD'eD!re ea*eD!-ra3t'3a*!-atter(4 !*'(N'(2!tIeoret'3a* !me3Ia('4m4 !to!botI !tIe !o33urre(3e!a(D!4tre(2tI !o5 !a--are(t !3om-et't'o( !'( !(atura*!494tem4!QTab*e! M1RM!&'r4t:!4IareD!-reDat'o( !amo(2 !-re9 !4-e3'e4!'(Iere(t*9 !'m-*'e4!4ome!*e e*!o5 !rea*' eD!a--are(t !3om-et't'o( ! Vu4t!a4!4IareD!re4our3e4!'m-*9!eX-*o'tat' e!3om-et't'o( !5or!5ooDM!Ga(9 !eXam-*e4!o5 !a49mmetr'3!a--are(t !3om-et't'o( !o33ur!'( !tIe !ab4e(3e !o5 !eX-*o'tat' e!3om-et't'o(M!TIu4:!'(3rea4eD!3o(4'Derat'o( !o5 !-reDat'o( !a4!a!3ru3'a*!3om-o(e(t !o5 !tIe !('3Ie !o5 !4-e3'e4!a(D!('3Ie !o er*a-!amo(2 !4-e3'e4!'4!Karra(teDM!U' e(!-reDat'o( !('3Ie !o er*a-!amo(2 !-re9: !tIeor9 !-reD'3t4!tIat !-r'mar9 !-re9 !4-e3'e4!4Iou*D!eX-er'e(3e !re2u*ator9!-reDat'o(: !but!4e3o(Dar9!-re9 !4u3I!a4!3ar'bou!4Iou*D!be!more!4u43e-t'b*e!to!D'4-e(4ator9!-reDat'o(M!!!B(!our!re 'eK!o5 !a49mmetr9!'( !a--are(t !3om-et't'o( !tI'4 !-reD'3t'o( !'4!Ke**!4u--orteD: !K'tI !rare !or!e(Da(2ereD!4-e3'e4!QeM2M!3ar'bouR!o5te( !4u33umb'(2!to!a!-reDator !-o-u*at'o( !QeM2M!Ko*5R!tIat !'4!otIerK'4e !4u4ta'(eD!b9!a( !abu(Da(t !-r'mar9 !-re9 !QTab*e!1RM!!


18/84

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1O! "T$%T!&'(a*!+e-ort !

!5.0 !!CARIBOU!POPULATION!GENETICS!IN!WESTERN!ALBERTA!AND!EASTERN!BRITISH!COLUMBIA!

!5.1 !SCOPE!!Ce !eXam'(eD!tIe !2e(et'3 !D' er4't9!o5 !3ar'bou!at!tIe !'(D' 'Dua*:!-o-u*at'o(: !a(D!meta "-o-u*at'o( !*e e*4M!Ce !te4teD!2e(et'3 !re*at'o(4I'-4 !a(D!D' er4't9!K'tI'( !a(D!amo(2 !3ar'bou!-o-u*at'o(4 !3Iara3ter' eD!a4!m'2rator9!or!re4'De(t:!or!'(3*uD'(2!botI !m'2rator9!a(D!re4'De(t!'(D' 'Dua*4M!\ur !2e(et'3 !a(a*94e4!are!a44'4t'(2!tIe !"ro '(3'a*!Uo er(me(t4: !"arN4!%a(aDa!a(D!a**!4taNeIo*Der4!to!e a*uate!tIe'r !3ar'bou!-o-u*at'o( !ma(a2eme(t !a(D!3o(4er at'o( !-ro2ram4M!!\ur !5'(D'(24!o( !tI'4 !-art'3u*ar!obVe3t' e!are!5u**9!De43r'beD!'( !tIe !-a-erc !Fc?e=itt@ ! < !? @!Fariani@ !P @!De..leEhite@ !F @!?e0esare@ !A ! C @!Forgantini@ !9 @!Pei2@!? @!QecREorth@ !S !T !

an* !F !Fusiani !(HIIU) !Pur=i=al !in!the !!ocRies !of !an !en*angere* !h:.ri* !sEarm ! from !*i=erge* !cari.ou !(!angifer !taran*us) !lineages !Folecular !Lcolog: !JVM!WWXYWZU!

$!4ummar9!o5 !5'(D'(24!'4!a*4o!-ro 'DeD!be*oKM!!5.2 !ABSTRACT!!B(! ortI !$mer'3a:!3ar'bou!Q!angifer !taran*us R!eX-er'e(3eD!D' er4'5'3at'o(!'( !4e-arate !re5u2'a!be5ore!tIe !*a4t!2*a3'a*!maX'mumM!Ueo2ra-I'3a*!'4o*at'o(!-roDu3eD!tIe !barre( "2rou(D!3ar'bou!Q!angifer !taran*us !groenlan*icus R!K'tI !'t4!D'4t'(3t' e!m'2rator9!Iab't4: !a(D!tIe !KooD*a(D!3ar'bou!Q!angifer !taran*us !cari.ou R:!KI'3I !Ia4 !4eDe(tar9!beIa 'our !a(D!'4!(oK !'( !Da(2er!o5 !eXt'(3t'o(M!Were'(!Ke!re-ort !o( !tIe !-I9*o2e(et'34: !-o-u*at'o( !4tru3ture:!a(D!m'2rator9!Iab't4 !o5 !3ar'bou!'( !tIe !%a(aD'a(!+o3N'e4:!ut'*' '(2!mo*e3u*ar!a(D!4-at'a*!Data!5or! !'(D' 'Dua*4M!G'to3Io(Dr'a* !> $ !a(a*94e4!4IoK!tIe !o33urre(3e!o5 !tKo!I'2I*9!D' er2eD!*'(ea2e4h!tIe !Eer'(2'a(_Hura4'a( !a(D! ortI !$mer'3a( !*'(ea2e4:!KI'*e!m'3ro4ate**'te!Data!re ea*!tIat !-re4e(t "Da9!+o3N'e4]!3ar'bou!-o-u*at'o(4 !Ia e !re4u*teD!5rom!'(terbreeD'(2 !betKee( !tIe4e !D' er2eD!*'(ea2e4M!$( !'3e"5ree!3orr'Dor!at!tIe !e(D!o5 !tIe !*a4t!2*a3'at'o(!*'Ne*9!a**oKeD:!5or!tIe !5'r4t!t'me: !5or!barre( "2rou(D!3ar'bou!to!m'2rate !5rom!tIe ! ortI !a(D!o er*a-!K'tI !KooD*a(D!3ar'bou!eX-a(D'(2 !5rom!tIe !JoutIM!TIe !*a3N!o5 !3orre*at'o(!betKee( !(u3*ear!a(D!m'to3Io(Dr'a*!Data!ma9!'(D'3ate !tIat !D'55ere(t!e( 'ro(me(ta* !5or3e4:!KI'3I !m'2It !a*4o!'(3*uDe!Iuma( "3au4eD!Iab'tat !*o44!a(D!5ra2me(tat'o(: !are!3urre(t*9!re4Ia-'(2 !tIe !-o-u*at'o( !4tru3ture!o5 !tI'4 !-o4t2*a3'a*!I9br'D!4KarmM!&urtIermore:!4-at'a*!e3o*o2'3a*!Data!4IoK!e 'De(3e!o5 !-ro(ou(3eD !m'2rator9!beIa 'our !K'tI'( !tIe !4tuD9!area:!a(D!4u22e4t!tIat !tIe !-robab'*'t9!o5 !be'(2 !m'2rator9!ma9!be!I'2Ier !'( !'(D' 'Dua*!3ar'bou!3arr9'(2!a!Eer'(2'a(_ !Hura4'a(!Ia-*ot9-e !KI'3I !'4!ma'(*9!a44o3'ateD!K'tI !tIe !barre( "2rou(D!4ub4-e3'e4M!\ era**:!our!a(a*94e4!re ea*!a( !'(tr'2u'(2 !eXam-*e!o5 !-o4t2*a3'a*!m'X'(2!o5 !D' er2eD!*'(ea2e4M!B(!a!*a(D43a-e!tIat !'4!3Ia(2'(2 !Due!to!3*'mat'3!a(D!Iuma( "meD'ateD!5a3tor4:!a( !u(Der4ta(D'(2 !o5 !tIe4e !D9(am'34:!botI !-a4t !a(D!-re4e(t: !'4!e44e(t'a*!5or!ma(a2eme(t !a(D!3o(4er at'o( !o5 !tIe4e !-o-u*at'o(4M!!5.3 !SUMMARY!OF!FINDINGS!!Ce !'( e4t'2ateD!1 !D'55ere(t!3ar'bou!IerD4!a4!-art !o5 !our!4tuD9:!KIere !IerD!Ka4!De5'(eD!u4ua**9!b9!-ro '(3'a*!K'*D*'5e!a2e(3'e4 !a4!a!n*o3a*!-o-u*at'o(]: !t9-'3a**9!a33orD'(2!to!tIe !Kater4IeD!5reZue(teD!Q&'2M!

M1RM!B(!tota*:!our!4tuD9!area !*'Ne*9!3o(ta'(4 !a--roX'mate*9!1000!3ar'bou!D'4tr'buteD!'( !1 !*o3a*!IerD4!QTIoma4!d !Ura9! 00 RM!$t !*ea4t!tIree !o5 !tIe4e !IerD4!are!N(oK(!to!be!'( !De3*'(e!QTab*e! M1RM!


19/84

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!Figure !5.1. !+a(2e4!o5 !3ar'bou!IerD4!a(a*94eD!'( !tI'4 !4tuD9!Qm'('mum!3o( eX!-o*92o(4h!4tra'2It !*'(e4!o( !ma-R!a(D!3ore!area4!u4eD!b9!mo('toreD !'(D' 'Dua*4!QNer(e*!A g!-robab'*'t9!-o*92o(4h!3ur eD!*'(e4R!'( !tIe !%a(aD'a(!+o3N9!Gou(ta'(4: !$*berta!Q$ER!a(D!Er't'4I !%o*umb'a!QE%R!-ro '(3e4M!>otteD!*'(e4!De*'(eate!tIe !bou(Dar'e4!betKee( !5eDera*!QmarNeD!a4!&eDera*R!a(D!-ro '(3'a*!e3ot9-e !De4'2(at'o(4 !o5 !IerD4!Q$E!or!E%RM!Uree( !4IaD'(2!De-'3t4!(at'o(a* !-arN4!a(D!-ro '(3'a*!-rote3teD !area4h!to-o2ra-I9 !a(D!maVor!roaD4!are!a*4o!'(D'3ateDM


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!Le e*4!o5 !2e(et'3 !D' er4't9!QDH!a(D!


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u(amb'2uou4*9!tIat !tIe !EHL!a44o3'ateD!K'tI !tIe !barre( "2rou(D!3ar'bou!'4!-re4e(t !'( !tIe !%a(aD'a(!+o3N9!Gou(ta'(4 !Q&'2M! 3RM!H e(!tIou2I !tIe !EHL!a(D! $L!D' er2eD!be5ore!tIe !o(4et !o5 !tIe !*a4t!2*a3'a*!maX'mum!Q !000_1A!000!b-R:!(u3*ear!> $ !a(D!4-at'a*!Data!3*ear*9!Demo(4trate!5or!tIe !5'r4t!t'me !tIat !tIe !tKo!*'(ea2e4!Ia e !eXte(4' e*9!'(terbreD: !-o44'b*9!4'(3e!tIe !e(D!o5 !tIe !C'43o(4'( !2*a3'at'o(4!Qf1 !000!b-R:!-roDu3'(2 !a!u('Zue: !m'XeD!2e(e !-oo*M!TI'4!t9-e !o5 !m'Xture!'4!(ot !u(-re3eDe(teDM!B4o*at'o(!a(D!eX-a(4'o( !5rom!re5u2'a!Dur'(2!"*e'4to3e(e!2*a3'a*!393*e4!Ia4 !*e5t!a!2e(et'3 !*e2a39!a3ro44!ma(9 !taXa:!-art'3u*ar*9!'( !Ke4ter( ! ortI !$mer'3a !Q&o(ta(e**a!et !a*M! 00O:!Lat3I!et !a*M! 00A:!\] e'**!et !a*M! 00 :!Jo*t'4!et !a*!1AA=RM!TIe!4'2(ature4 !o5 !tI'4 !*e2a39!are!o5te( !a--are(t !'( !tIe !mor-Io*o2'3a*!a(D!-I9*o2e(et'3 !D'43o(t'(u't'e4 !ob4er eD!5or!ma(9 !4-e3'e4!'( !tIe !re2'o(: !KI'3I !are!4omet'me4!re5*e3teD!'( !4ub4-e3'5'3!taXo(om'3!3*a44'5'3at'o(4M!TIe4e!-atter(4 !are!e e( !e 'De(t!'( !*ar2e:! a2'*e!mamma*4:!'(3*uD'(2!Ko* e4!QCe3NKortI!et !a*M! 00 :! 010R:!b*a3N!bear4!Q"ea3o3N!et !a*M! 00=:!Jto(e !a(D!%ooN! 000:!CooD'(2 !a(D!CarD!1AA=R:!a(D!mu*e!Deer!QLat3I!et !a*M! 00O:! 00ARM!J'm'*ar!-atter(4 !ma9!a*4o!De43r'be!tIe !-I9*o2eo2ra-I'3 !I'4tor9 !o5 !3ar'bou!!CIe( !3ar'bou!Kere!2rou-eD!'(to !IerD4:!4e era*!-a'rK'4e !3om-ar'4o(4 !Kere!(o(4'2('5'3a(t !QTab*e! RM!TIe !

u'(tette !IerD!Ka4!(ot !4'2('5'3a(t*9!D'55ere(t'ateD!5rom!tIe !IerD4!'( ! arraKa9:!+eD!+o3N!"ra'r'e !%reeN!a(D!"ar4('-M!TIe!"ar4('- !IerD!Ka4!a*4o!(ot !4'2('5'3a(t*9!D'55ere(t'ateD!5rom!tIe !IerD!'( !Ye((eD9!QTab*e!

M RM!TI'4!m'rror4:!to!a!2ooD!eXte(t:!tIe !U"J!te*emetr9!Data!o( !ra(2e !o er*a-!Q&'2M! M1RM!!Table !5.2. !"a'rK'4e ![ JT! a*ue4!betKee( !IerD4!u4'(2!mt> $ !Qu--er!D'a2o(a*R!a(D!m'3ro4ate**'te4!Q*oKer!D'a2o(a*RM!

!!%*u4ter'(2!a(a*94'4!'( !tIe !-ro2ram !Jtru3ture !re ea*eD!tIe !-re4e(3e !o5 !5our!D'4t'(3t!2e(et'3 !3*u4ter4M!%*u4ter! !*ar2e*9!3orre4-o(DeD!to!tIe !IerD!'( !tIe !L'tt*e!JmoN9!area:!3*u4ter!1!Ka4!mo4t*9!3o(5'(eD!to!

arraKa9!a(D!+eD!+o3N!"ra'r'e !%reeN:!3*u4ter! !IaD!a!more!4outIer*9!D'4tr'but'o( !but!a*4o!IaD!'(D' 'Dua*4!-re4e(t !5ar!(ortI: !KI'*e!3*u4ter! !IaD!a!ma'(*9!(ortIer*9 !D'4tr'but'o( !Q&'2M! M aRM!CIe( !4-at'a*!Data!Kere!'(3or-orateD: !tIe !-ro2ram !THJJ!a*4o!re ea*eD!tIat !tIe !mo4t!*'Ne*9!(umber !o5 !3*u4ter4!Ka4!O ! ! :!9'e*D'(2!a!-'3ture !tIat !'4!*ar2e*9!'( !a2reeme(t !K'tI !tIat !obta'(eD !K'tI !Jtru3ture !Q&'2M! M bR:!9et!-ro 'D'(2!a!I'2Ier !De2ree!o5 !Deta'*:!KI'3I !tIe !(o(4-at'a**9!eX-*'3't!moDe*!o5 !Jtru3ture !3a((ot !5u**9!3a-tureM!


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!Figure !5.3. !Ueo2ra-I'3a*!D'4tr'but'o( !o5 !'(5erreD!2e(et'3 !3*u4ter4!'De(t'5'eD!b9!tIe !-ro2ram4 !Jtru3ture !QaR!a(D!THJJ!QbRM!B(!botI !2ra-I4: !tIe !reD!3'r3*e4!*ar2e*9!re-re4e(t !'(D' 'Dua*4!5rom!tIe !+eD!+o3N!"ra'r'e !%reeN!a(D! arraKa9!area4!Q+"%P $+P+>CR:!'(D' 'Dua*!3ar'bou!5rom!tIe !D'4t'(3t' e!L'tt*e!JmoN9!QLJGR!area !are!'De(t'5'eD!b9!9e**oK!3'r3*e4:!tIe !2ree( !3*u4ter!e44e(t'a**9!'(3*uDe4!$!*a!"a3e!a(D!7a4-er!Q7 "P$L"PE "R!area !3ar'bou!a(D!tIe !b*ue!3*u4ter!ma'(*9!3o(ta'(4 !(ortIer( !'(D' 'Dua*4!Q(ortIR!KI'3I !3orre4-o(D4!to!5' e!IerD4!Q FB:!G\E: !"B :!"$+ !a(D!YH h!4ee!&'2M! M1!a(D!Tab*e! M1RM!!$t !tIe !IerD!*e e*:!tIere !Ka4!(o !a44o3'at'o(!betKee( !tIe !tKo!m'to3Io(Dr'a*!*'(ea2e4!a(D!-ro-ort'o(4 !o5 !nm'2rator9]! 4M!n4eDe(tar9]!3ar'bou!Q# ! !0M0 h!7 ! !0MO RM!WoKe er:!at!tIe !'(D' 'Dua*!*e e*:!tIere !Ka4!a!-o4't' e !a44o3'at'o(!betKee( !KIetIer !or!(ot !a( !'(D' 'Dua*!3ar'bou!m'2rateD!a(D!be*o(2eD!to!tIe !EHL!Q&'2M! M RM!TIe!be4t"4u--orteD !moDe*!Ka4!a!4'm-*'5'eD!5u(3t'o( !tIat !re*ateD!tIe !-robab'*'t9!o5 !be*o(2'(2 !to!tIe !EHL!to!KIetIer !or!(ot !a!3ar'bou!Ka4!m'2rator9!Qn9e4]!or!n(o]:!KIere !n-o44'b*e]! !9e4R!a33ou(t'(2 !5or!D'55ere(3e4!'( !tIe !5u(3t'o( !betKee( !m'2rat'o( !a(D!EHL!5or!D'55ere(t!THJJ!5our!IerD!u('t4 !Q&'2M! M bRM!$*tIou2I !tIe ! ar'a(3e!eX-*a'(eD!b9!tI'4 !moDe*!Ka4!re*at' e*9!*oK!Q-4euDo!! ! !0M11R:!tIe !b'o*o2'3a*!e55e3t4!Kere!4t'**!4'2('5'3a(t !'(D'3at'(2 !a!ra(2e !o5 ! _ g!'(3rea4e !'( !m'2rator9!-robab'*'t9!5or!'(D' 'Dua*!3ar'bou!'5 !tIe9 !be*o(2eD!to!tIe !EHL!*'(ea2e!Q&'2M! M RM!!


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!Figure !5.4. !+e*at'o(4I'- !betKee( !m'2rator9!te(De(39 !Q3*a44'5'eD!a4!4eDe(tar9:!0:!or!-art'a**9!m'2rator9!a(D!m'2rator9:!1R!a(D!tIe !-robab'*'t9!o5 !a( !'(D' 'Dua*!3ar'bou!to!be*o(2!to!tIe !Eer'(2'a(_ !Hura4'a(!*'(ea2e:!3o(D't'o(a*!o( !ea3I !o5 !tIe !ma'( !THJJ!2e(et'3 !3*u4ter4!Ke!'De(t'5'eD!QO ! ! :!&'2M! M bRM!Ue(et'3 !3*u4ter4!are!3o*our!3oDeD!a4!'( !&'2M! M QbRM!%o(D't'o(a*!-robab'*'t'e4 !Kere!Der' eD!5rom!a!2e(era*' eD!*'(ear!m'XeD!moDe*!ru( !o( !'(D' 'Dua*!3ar'bou!Qn ! ! RM!!%om-areD!to!t9-'3a*!KooD*a(D!-o-u*at'o(4 !e*4eKIere!'( !%a(aDa:!3ar'bou!'( !tIe !%a(aD'a(!+o3N'e4!eXI'b't !a!more!-ro(ou(3eD !te(De(39 !to!m'2rate !QEer2eruD!et !al M!1AA0h!Terr9!et !al M! 000h!$--4 !et !al M! 001h!Eou*et!et !al M! 00=RM!\ur !moDe**'(2!re ea*eD!tIat !K'tI'( !tIe !mou(ta'( !-arN!a(D!tIe ! ortIer( !3ar'bou!-o-u*at'o(4: !tIe !-robab'*'t9!o5 !be'(2 !m'2rator9!'(3rea4eD!'5 !a( !'(D' 'Dua*!3ar'bou!be*o(2eD!to!tIe !Eer'(2'a(_Hura4'a( !*'(ea2eM!B(!tIe4e !e( 'ro(me(t4: !m'2rator9!ab'*'t9!ma9!re-re4e(t !a( !'m-orta(t !aDa-t' e!tra't !o5 !tIe4e !2e(et'3a**9!u('Zue !nI9br'D!-o-u*at'o(4]: !KIo4e !Iab'tat !-re4e(t4 !tIe !3Ia**e(2e!o5 !4-at'a*!a(D!4ea4o(a*!3Ia(2e4 !'( !5ora2e!Zua*'t9M!B(!5a3t:!m'2rator9!3ar'bou!5reZue(t!tIe !tu(Dra"*'Ne!a*-'(e !area4!Dur'(2!tIe !4ummer!o(*9!Q&'2M!AM1!pbe*oKqR:!tIat !'4:!tIe !-er'oD !o5 !I'2I !-*a(t !-roDu3t' 't9!QJIa3N*eto(!1AAAh!$--4 !et !al M! 001RM!!%*ear*9!tIe !(o(aDa-t' e !(ature !o5 !tIe !2e(et'3 !marNer4!em-*o9eD!Iere !Doe4!(ot !a**oK!5or!tIe !Dete3t'o( !o5 !a(9 !3au4a*!re*at'o(4I'- !betKee( !2e(et'3 !a(D!-Ie(ot9-'3 !QbeIa 'oura*R!tra't4M!$*tIou2I !Ke!3a((ot !5u**9!3om-reIe(D !tIe !a3tua*!4'2('5'3a(3e!o5 !tIe !Dete3teD!a44o3'at'o(:!'t !'4!'m-orta(t !to!4tre44!tIat !m'2rat'o( !

Ia4 !bee( !a( !aDa-t' e!re4-o(4e !to!3*'mate!3Ia(2e !'( !tIe !-a4t !a(D!'4!-reD'3teD!to!reDu3e!tIe !r'4N!o5 !eXt'r-at'o( !2' e(!5uture!3*'mate!3Ia(2e !Q$u4t'(!d !+eI5'43I! 00 h!Eroe(('ma( !et !al M! 00 h!Le '(4N9!et !al M!

00=RM!+e4ear3I!3o(5'rm4!tIat !3*'mat'3!'m-a3t4 !K'**!be!reDu3eD!5or!4-e3'e4!K'tI !a!beIa 'oura*!-reD'4-o4't'o( !5or!m'2rat'o( !Q$u4t'(!d !+eI5'43I! 00 h!Eroe(('ma( !et !al M! 00 RM!&urtIer!'( e4t'2at'o(4 !4Iou*D!e a*uate!tIe !re*at'o(4I'-4 !betKee( !tIe !-re4e(3e !o5 !tIe !tKo!m'to3Io(Dr'a*!> $ !*'(ea2e4!'( !our!3ar'bou!-o-u*at'o(4: !a(D!tIe !'m-*'3at'o(4 !5or!'(D' 'Dua*!5't(e44!a(D!5or!-o-u*at'o( !4ur ' a*!o5 !tIe !'(terre*ateD!4eDe(tar9!a(D!m'2rator9!*'5e!4trate2'e4M!!


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\ur !Data!a*4o!re ea*eD!tIat !-o-u*at'o(4 !a*o(2!tIe !(ortIKe4t_ !4outIea4t !aX'4!o5 !tIe !+o3N9!Gou(ta'(4 !are!*e44!D' er2e(t!tIa(: !5or!'(4ta(3e: !tIe !L'tt*e!JmoN9!IerD:!ea4t!o5 !W'2IKa9! 0!Q&'2M! M1RM!TI'4!IerD!'4!4-at'a**9!3o(t'2uou4!to!tIe !$!*a!"e3Ie !IerD!Q&'2M! M1R:!9et!5rom!a!2e(et'3 !-o'(t !o5 ! 'eK!'t !3o(4t'tute4 !a!u('Zue !a(D!4e-arate !3*u4ter!Dete3tab*e!u4'(2!botI !mt> $ !a(D!m'3ro4ate**'te!Data!a(D!K'tI !or!K'tIout !tIe !'(3or-orat'o( !o5 !4-at'a**9!eX-*'3't!Data!'(to !a(a*9t'3a*!moDe*4!QTab*e! M :!&'2M! M a!a(D! M bRM!TIe !L'tt*e!JmoN9!IerD!a*4o!Ia--e(4 !to!be!tIe !o(*9!o5 !nborea*]!e3ot9-e: !a33orD'(2!to!botI !&eDera*!a(D!"ro '(3'a*!Q$*bertaR!3ar'bou!De4'2(at'o(4:!KI'3I !Ka4!a*arm'(2!'( !4ome!re4-e3t4!be3au4e!o5 !'t4!re*at' e!'4o*at'o(!5rom!otIer !borea*!KooD*a(D!-o-u*at'o(4 !QtIe!3*o4e4t!otIer !o(e !be'(2 !l !100!Nm!aKa9!a(D!a*4o!at!'mmeD'ate!r'4N!o5 !eXt'r-at'o(RM! et:!tIe !L'tt*e!JmoN9!IerD!a*4o!4IoK4!a!I'2I !-ro-ort'o( !o5 !barre( "2rou(D!Ia-*ot9-e4: !4u22e4t'(2!tIat !De4-'te!Ia '(2 !or'2'(ateD !5rom!tIe !4ame!-o4t2*a3'a*!e e(t !a4!tIe !otIer !-o-u*at'o(4: !otIer !5a3tor4! !-o44'b*9!a(tIro-o2e('3 ! !Ia e !3o(tr'buteD !to!'t4!re3e(t !'(De-e(De(t !e o*ut'o(M!!!


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!6.0 !VEGETATION!AND!HUMAN!DISTURBANCE!MAPPING!IN!THE!

TRANSBOUNDARY!STUDY!AREA!!6.1 !INTRODUCTION!!To!a3I'e e!our!re4ear3I !obVe3t' e4:!a!3o(4'4te(t !4-at'a*!Databa4e!o5 ! e2etat'o( !re*ateD!Q*a(D!3o er:!3a(o-9 !3*o4ure:!D'4turba(3e!De(4't9:!4ta(D!a2eR!a(D!a(tIro-o2e('3 !Qa(tIro-o2e('3 !a(D!(atura*!5eature4R!Data!'4!reZu'reD!5or!tIe !e(t're !$*berta!a(D!E%!-ort'o(4 !o5 !tIe !4tuD9!area !Q&'2ure! M1RM!!TIe!tra(4bou(Dar9 !(ature !o5 !our!4tuD9!area !re4u*t4!'( !o er!=!D'55ere(t! Vur'4D'3t'o(4!Q&'2ure!1R!a(D!at !*ea4t! !D'55ere(t!e3o*o2'3a*!or! e2etat'o( !'( e(tor9 !metIoD4!betKee( !-ro '(3e4 !a(D!(at'o(a* !"arN4!QHL%!'( !"arN4!%a(aDa:!$^B!'( !$*berta:!T+BG!Data!'( !Er't'4I !%o*umb'aRM!&urtIermore:!ma(9 !Ne9!-ort'o(4 !o5 !our!4tuD9!area !Kere!(ot !'( e(tor'eD !Dur'(2!-ro '(3'a*! e2etat'o(Pt'mber !'( e(tor'e4 !QeM2M:!tIe !C'**moreRM!!!To!(a '2ate !tI'4 !4'2('5'3a(t !barr'er !to!a3I'e '(2 !our!re4ear3I !obVe3t' e4:!Ke!4et!out!'( !tI'4 !5'r4t!9ear!o5 !tIe !-roVe3t!to!De e*o-!remote*9"4e(4eD!UBJ!Databa4e4!5or!*a(D!3o er!a(D!otIer ! e2etat' e!3om-o(e(t4 !5or!our!4tuD9!areaM!Ce !KorNeD!'( !3o**aborat'o(!K'tI !tIe !&ootI'**4!+e4ear3I!B(4t'tute!Ur' *9!Eear!+e4ear3I!"ro2ram !

Q&+BUE+"R!*a(D!3o er!ma--'(2 !'('t'at' e: !*eD!b9!>rM!Ure2!G3>erm'D!at!tIe !F(' er4't9 !o5 !%a*2ar9]4!&ootI'**4!&a3'*'t9!5or!UBJ!'( !-art(er4I'- !K'tI !UorDo(!Jte(Iou4e !o5 !tIe !&+BUE+"M!!\ er !tIe !*a4t!O!9ear4:!tIe !&+BUE+"!Ia4 !eX-e(DeD!m'**'o(4!o5 !Do**ar4!De e*o-'(2!*a(D!3o er!a(D!Iuma( !D'4turba(3e!*a9er4!5or!tIe !$*berta!-ort'o( !o5 !tIe !4tuD9!area:!a(D!our!2oa*4!Kere!to!eXte(D!tI'4 !*a(D!3o er!ma--'(2 !to!tIe !u(ma--eD !E%!-ort'o( !o5 !tIe !4tuD9!area !QeM2M:!&'2ure! M1h!Tab*e! M1RM!!! J'(3e !'t4!*au(3I!'( !1AAA:!tIe !&+BUE+"!Ia4 !3o(Du3teD!4e e(!-Ia4e4 !o5 !*a(D43a-e!ma--'(2 !'( !Ke4ter( !$*berta:!K'tI !our!u-DateD!eXte(4'o( !to!*a(D4!'( !Er't'4I !%o*umb'a!re-re4e(t'(2 !tIe !4e e(tI !-Ia4eM!!>ur'(2 !tI'4 !t'me !tIe9 !Ia e!'De(t'5'eD!4e era*!Ne9!*e44o(4!to!-roDu3'(2 !e55e3t' e!a(D!re*'ab*e!remote*9"4e(4eD!ma--'(2 !-roDu3t4!5or!K'*D*'5e!re4ear3I:!'(3*uD'(2c!1R!a( !em-Ia4'4 !o( !3o(t'(uou4 !ratIer !tIa( !3ate2or'3a*!ma--'(2: ! R!a!reDu3t'o(!o5 !4-at'a*!'(3o(4'4te(3'e4: !a(D! R!a!Kar'(e44!o5 !o er"4'm-*'3at'o( !QG3>erm'D!et !a*M!B(!-re-RM!!TIe!3omb'(at'o( !o5 !tIe4e !ma--'(2 !-I'*o4o-I'e4 !a(D!a( !a--*'3at'o( !5rameKorN!5ou(DeD!o( !

e3o*o29!*eD!to!a!remote "4e(4'(2 !4trate29!o5 !-roDu3'(2 !mu*t'-*e!4-at'a*!Data!-roDu3t4!to!3a-ture !tIe !mu*t'"attr'bute !(ature !o5 !3om-*eX!*a(D43a-e4!QG3>erm'D!et !a*M! 00 :!G3>erm'D!et !a*M! 00A:!G3>erm'D!et !a*M!B(!-re-RM!!6.2 !METHODS!!W H J!9an*co=er !\ !Tegetation !?ata M!!!TI'4!'(3*uDe4!a44emb*eD!*a(D3o er!a(D!otIer !a(tIro-o2e('3 !a(D!b'o-I94'3a*!Data4et4!ma(a2eD!u(Der!tIe !au4-'3e4!o5 !tIe !&+BUE+"!b9!>rM!Ure2!G3>erm'D!'( !3o**aborat'o(!K'tI !UorDo(!Jte(Iou4e !u(Der!tIe !Data!4Iar'(2 !a2reeme(t !4'2(eD!0AP0=P 00=M!! &+BUE+"!-er4o((e* !3o(Du3teD!2rou(D"trutI'(2 ! e2etat'o( !4am-*'(2!Data!at !l O00!5'e*D!-*ot4!a3ro44!tIe !4tuD9!area:!2e(era**9!K'tI'( !i 00m !5rom!roaD"a33e44'b*e!area4M!!B(!aDD't'o(:!-er4o((e* !5rom!tI'4 !re4ear3I !-roVe3t!3o(Du3teD!a( !aDD't'o(a*!=O!-*ot4!Dur'(2!eXte(4' e!ba3N3ou(tr9!I'Ne4!a(D!5ro(t"3ou(tr9 !re3o((a'44a(3e !Q&'2ure! M1RM!!>ata !3o**e3teD!at!-*ot4!'(3*uDeD!*a(D3o er!3*a44'5'3at'o(:!tree !4-e3'e4!3om-o4't'o(: !a(D! ert'3a*!Iem'4-Ier'3a* !3a(o-9 !3*o4ure!-Ioto2ra-I9M !!+emote !4e(4'(2 !'ma2er9!Ka4!3om-'*eD!5rom!La(D4at" !TG:!La(D4at"=!HTGs:!a(D!G\>BJ !'ma2er9:!a(D!aDD't'o(a*!Data!4our3e4!'(3*uDeD!a!D'2'ta*!e*e at'o(!moDe*:!$*berta! e2etat'o( !B( e(tor9!Q$^BR:!a(D!otIer !5ree*9!a a'*ab*e!-roDu3t4M!Ce !Ia e !obta'(eD !u-DateD!5're!-o*92o(!bou(Dar'e4!5rom!"arN4!%a(aDa!a(D!$E"J+>!5or!tIe !4tuD9!area !a(D!Ia e !'(te2rateD !tIem !'(to !tIe !eX'4t'(2!*a(D3o er!moDe*'(2!e55ort4M!!


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+a4ter!a(D! e3tor!UBJ!-roDu3t4!-roDu3eD!5rom!tI'4 !KorN!'(3*uDeD!QTab*e! M1Rc!!Vegetation !!

!&ore4t!3roK( !3*o4urec!0_100g !Q&'2ure! M R!!La(D3o erc!%ate2or'e4!'(3*uDeDc!u-*a(D!tree4:!

Ket*a(D!tree4:!u-*a(D!Ierb4: !Ket*a(D!Ierb4: !4Irub4:!Kater:!barre( !*a(D:!a(D!4(oKP'3e!

!Tree!4-e3'e4!3om-o4't'o(c !0g !3o('5erou4! _!100g !3o('5erou4!

! orma*' eD!>'55ere(3e! e2etat'o( !B(DeX!Q >^BRc!'(DeX!o5 !2ree( ! e2etat'o( !

!Eur(eD!3o er!t9-e4:!'(3*uD'(2!9ear!o5 !5're!!Jta(D !a2e!Q'(!$*berta!o(*9R!

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Topographic/Hydrologic !!H*e at'o(!!J*o-e!!$4-e3t !!%ur ature!!W'**4IaDe!Q4o*ar!'(4o*at'o(R!!To-o2ra-I'3 !-o4't'o( !'(DeXc!5rom!Dra'(a2e4!Q"R!

to!r'D2e4!QsR!!Jtream4!!LaNe4!!J(oK !3o er!Q&'2ure! M R!

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M M! !our!Databa4e!o5 !*'(ear!5eature4!QroaD4:!-'-e*'(e4: !a(D!4e'4m'3!*'(e4R!K'tI'( !$*berta!'4!-ro 'DeD!b9!tIe !$*berta!J+>!$33e44!Databa4eM!!To!3reate!a!4'm'*ar!Databa4e!'( !E%:!Ke!a3Zu'reD!J"\T !'ma2er9!Q"meter !re4o*ut'o(R!a(D!ortIore3t'5'eD!a'r-Ioto4 !tIrou2I !E%!3o**aborator4!>a*e!Je'-: !E%"G\&: !a(D!Ga*3om!Ura9!a(D!Earbara!Ura9"C'N4te(: !B(te2rateD!La(D!Ga(a2eme(t !EureauR!5or!ma(ua*!D'2't' '(2!o5 !rema'('(2 !*'(ear!5eature4!tIrou2Iout !tIe !E%!-ort'o( !o5 !tIe !4tuD9!areaM!! e3tor !UBJ!-roDu3t4!-roDu3eD!5rom!tI'4 !KorN!'(3*uDe!4-at'a*!-o'(t: !-o*9*'(e:!a(D!-o*92o(!re-re4e(tat'o( !o5 !

roaD4:!4e'4m'3!*'(e4:!-'-e*'(e4: !Ke**!-aD4:!a(D!3ut"b*o3N4!a3ro44!tIe !4tuD9!areaM!!

Figure !6.1. !!Lo3at'o(4!o5 ! e2etat'o( !4am-*'(2!-*ot4!3o**e3teD!'( !Er't'4I !%o*umb'a!5or!tIe !-ur-o4e4 !o5 !2rou(D"trutI'(2 !a!(eK !remote*9"4e(4eD!*a(D!3o er!ra4ter!5or!tIe !4tuD9!areaM!!"*ot4!Kere! '4'teD!'( !5ro(t!3ou(tr9 !area4!QG3Ure2or!a(D!+eDK'**oK!+' er!Dra'(a2e4R!a(D!a*o(2!a( !11"Da9!ba3N3ou(tr9!I'Ne!Dur'(2!4ummer:! 00=M


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Table !6.1. !Terra'( !a(D!*a(D3o er!UBJ!*a9er4!u4eD!'( !-reD'3t' e!+J&!moDe*4!5or!3ar'bou:!Ko* e4:!a(D!moo4e!K'tI'( !tIe !Ea(55:!7a4-er:!a(D!$!*a!"e3Ie !4tuD9!area:! 001_ 00AM!Variable ! Variable !

Type !Range !of !Values !

Description !

Terrain !ortI ! %ate2or'3a*! 0:1! ortI !a4-e3t4!5rom! 1 j!to! j!

JoutI ! %ate2or'3a*! 0:1! JoutI !a4-e3t4!5rom!1 j!to! j!Ha4t! %ate2or'3a*! 0:1! Ha4t!a4-e3t4!5rom! j!to!1 j!Ce4t ! %ate2or'3a*! 0:1! Ce4t !!a4-e3t4!5rom! j!to! 1 j!&*at! %ate2or'3a*! 0:1! o!a4-e3t !Q4*o-e! !0R!J*o-e! %o(t'(uou4! 0_ O =g! "er3e(t !4*o-e!QeZu' a*e(t!to!!0! _!A0jR!H*e at'o(! %o(t'(uou4! _ A m H*e at'o(!'( !meter4!Landcover !$*-'(e !Earre( ! %ate2or'3a*! 0:1! Earre( !2rou(D!betKee( ! 00!a(D! =00mM!$*-'(e !Werb! %ate2or'3a*! 0:1! $*-'(e !meaDoK4!abo e! 00mM!

$*-'(e !JIrub ! %ate2or'3a*! 0:1! JIrub !3ommu('t'e4 !abo e! 00mM!Eur( ! %ate2or'3a*! 0:1! $rea4!bur(eD!1A 0!to!-re4e(tM!%*o4eD!%o('5er! %ate2or'3a*! 0:1! %o('5erou4!5ore4t!K'tI !l 0g !3a(o-9 !3*o4ure!a(D!l=0g !

3o('5er!3om-o4't'o(M!>e3'Duou4!&ore4t!

%ate2or'3a*! 0:1! >e3'Duou4!Dom'(ateD!5ore4t4!i 0g !3o('5erou4M!

B3e!a(D!+o3N! %ate2or'3a*! 0:1! "erma(e(t !'3e:!4(oK!a(D!a*-'(e !ro3N!abo e! =00mM!LoK!Earre( ! %ate2or'3a*! 0:1! Earre( !but!-o44'b*e!4t'**!-roDu3t' e!2rou(D!be*oK! 00mMLoK!Werb! %ate2or'3a*! 0:1! Ura44*a(D4!be*oK! 00m!LoK!JIrub ! %ate2or'3a*! 0:1! JIrub !4ta(D4!be*oK! 00mM!G'XeD!&ore4t! %ate2or'3a*! 0:1! &ore4t4!l 0g !a(D!i=0g !3o('5erou4M!

\-e( !%o('5er! %ate2or'3a*! 0:1! %o('5erou4!5ore4t!K'tI !i 0g !3a(o-9 !3*o4ure!a(D!l=0g !3o('5er!3om-o4't'o(M!Cet*a(D4!a(D!Cater !

%ate2or'3a*! 0:1! Cater !a(D!Ket*a(D4!at!a**!e*e at'o(4M!

Ea(N!>'4ta(3e ! %o(t'(uou4! 0_ A 1m! >'4ta(3e !to!Kater]4!eD2e!5rom!botI !D're3t'o(4M!Eur( !>'4ta(3e ! %o(t'(uou4! 0_10 =0m >'4ta(3e!to!a(9 !bur( !o33urr'(2!a5ter!1A 0M!HD2e!>'4ta(3e ! %o(t'(uou4! 0_1 1m! >'4ta(3e !to!bou(Dar9!betKee( !o-e( !a(D!3*o4eD!3a(o-9 !

5rom!e'tIer !D're3t'o(M!WarD!>'4ta(3e ! %o(t'(uou4! 0_ = Om! >'4ta(3e !to!tIe !3*o4e4t!IarD!eD2eM!

>^B! %o(t'(uou4! 0_O= A! Gea( ! >^B!'( !o-e( !Iab'tat4 !\-e( !>'4ta(3e ! %o(t'(uou4! 0_1 =m! J'(2*e!D're3t'o(!D'4ta(3e!to!o-e( !3a(o-9 !Q'MeM! a*ue!K'tI'( !

o-e( !3a(o-9 !'4!0R!"r'mar9 !+oaD!>'4ta(3e !

%o(t'(uou4! 0_ O =m! >'4ta(3e !to!-a eD!roaDM!

Je3o(Dar9!+oaD!>'4ta(3e !

%o(t'(uou4! 0_ 0= m! >'4ta(3e !to!2ra e*!roaDM!

Tra'*!>'4ta(3e ! %o(t'(uou4! 0_ 0A= m! >'4ta(3e !to!tra'*4!'(4'De!tIe !-arN4!a(D!3ut*'(e4!out4'DeM!Cater !>'4ta(3e ! %o(t'(uou4! 0_ A 1m! J'(2*e!D're3t'o(!D'4ta(3e!to!KaterM!


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Figure !6.2. !!Tree!3roK( !3*o4ure!ra4ter!Q 0!meter !-'Xe*!re4o*ut'o(R!Der' eD!u4'(2!remote "4e(4'(2 !metIoDo*o29!a(D!2rou(D"trutI'(2 !a3ro44!4tuD9!areaM!


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Figure !6.3. !!"er3e(t !4(oK!3o er!ra4ter!Q o ember"Ga9:! 00=h! 00!meter !-'Xe*!re4o*ut'o(R!Der' eD!5rom!G\>BJ !remote "4e(4'(2 !'ma2er9!a3ro44!4tuD9!areaM!


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7.0 !PREDATOR!EFFICIENCY!OVER!A!REGIONAL!GRADIENT!OF!HUMAN!DEVELOPMENT!!!7.1 !SCOPE!

!Ce !are!u4'(2!U"J"ba4eD!Ko*5 !mo eme(t !Data!to!aDDre44!IoK !a(tIro-o2e('3 !3Ia(2e4 !to!5ore4t!4tru3ture!a(D!*'(ear!5eature4!a55e3t!Ko*5 !-reDat'o( !e55'3'e(39!a(D!u*t'mate*9!N'**!rate4!'( !a!mu*t'"-re9 !e3o494temM!!7.2 !SCHEDULE!!!! 00=! _!U"J!3o**ar'(2!o5 !Ko* e4!! 00O! _!U"J!3o**ar'(2!o5 !Ko* e4!a(D!N'**"4'te!'(4-e3t'o(4 !! 00A! _!U"J!3o**ar'(2!o5 !Ko* e4!a(D!N'**"4'te!'(4-e3t'o(4 !d !+e4our3e!Je*e3t'o(!d !\ er*a- !$(a*94'4!! 010! _!%oX!"ro-ort'o(a* !Wa arD4! T'me"to"Y'**v!$(a*94'4!a(D!ma(u43r'-t !4ubm'44'o(!!

7.3 !INTRODUCTION!!Wab'tat!5ra2me(tat'o( !'( !tIe !5orm!o5 !*'(ear!3orr'Dor4!QroaD4:!-'-e*'(e4: !a(D!4e'4m'3!*'(e4R!ma9!-romote !Ko*5 !tra e*!QTIurber!et !a*M!1AA :!7ame4!a(D!Jtuart "Jm'tI ! 000R:!'(3rea4'(2 !-reDat'o( !e55'3'e(39!Q4ear3I!rateR!a(D!tIu4 !tIe !Ko*5 !5u(3t'o(a*!re4-o(4e !Q(umber!o5 !-re9 !N'**eD!-er !Ko*5 !-er !Da9R!to!a**!-re9h!7ame4!a(D!Jtuart "Jm'tI ! 000:! eu5e*D! 00 :!G3Ye( 'e!et !a*M! 00ARM!!TI'4!I9-otIe4' eD !re*at'o(4I'- !betKee( !Ko*5 !-reDat'o( !e55'3'e(39!a(D!N'**"rate4!a44ume4!tIat !botIc!1R!Ko* e4!D'4-ro-ort'o(ate*9 !4e*e3t!*'(ear!5eature4!or!area4!3o(ta'('(2 !tIem !KIe( !5ora2'(2:!a(D! R!tIat !tIe4e !5eature4!-ro 'De!'(3rea4eD!-reDat'o( !e55'3'e(39!tIrou2I !'(3rea4e4!'( !4-eeD:!Dete3t'o( !rate4:!a(DPor!atta3N!4u33e44M!!%o(4eZue(t*9:!Ke!a--roa3I !tI'4 !Zue4t'o( !u4'(2!tKo!a(a*94'4!5rameKorN4c!a(a*94'4!o5 !re4our3e!4e*e3t'o(!u4'(2!re4our3e!4e*e3t'o(!5u(3t'o(4!Q+J&4R!to!a44e44!Ko*5 !-atter(4 !o5 !4e*e3t'o(!K'tI !re2arD!to!Iab'tat !a(D!*'(ear!5eature4:!a(D!%oX!"ro-ort'o(a* !Wa arD4!Q%"WR!t'me "to"e e(t !moDe*'(2!o5 !tIe !e55e3t!o5 !*'(ear!5eature4!u-o( !tIe !t'me "to"N'**!a4!Ko* e4!5ora2eM!!7.4 !METHODS!!=M M1!!esource !Pelection ![unctions !!

+e4our3e!or!Iab'tat !4e*e3t'o(!b9!a('ma*4!'4!a( !'m-orta(t !Determ'(a(t !o5 !5't(e44!a(D!'4!a!5o3u4!o5 !ma(9 !K'*D*'5e!4tuD'e4!KIere !tIe !2oa*!'4!to!e4t'mate !'m-a3t4 !o5 !Iuma( !a3t' 't9!o( !K'*D*'5e!a(D!De4'2(!m't'2at'o( !4trate2'e4!Q7oI(4o(!et !a*M! 00 RM!!$!3ommo( !a--roa3I !5or!eXam'('(2 !re4our3e!4e*e3t'o(!'( !tIe !K'*D*'5e!*'terature!'4!tIe !u4e!o5 !+e4our3e!Je*e3t'o(!&u(3t'o(4!Q+J&h!%om-to( !et !a*M! 00 :!Ga(*9!et !a*M! 00 :!7o(e4!a(D!To(( ! 00 :!7oI(4o( !et !a*M! 00 RM!!+J&4!are!attra3t' e!to!e3o*o2'4t4!be3au4e!tIe9 !-ro 'De!Zua(t'tat' e: !4-at'a**9"eX-*'3't:!-reD'3t' e!moDe*4!5or!a('ma*!o33urre(3e!QG*aDe(o55 !et !a*M!1AA :!Ga(*9!et !a*M! 00 RM!!BDe(t'5'3at'o(!o5 !'m-orta(t !Iab'tat !K'tI !+J&!moDe*4!ratIer !tIa( !raK!Data!*'Ne!te*emetr9!*o3at'o(4!'4!aD '4eD!be3au4e!o5 !-rob*em4!K'tI !4am-*'(2!a!4ma**!(umber !o5 !'(D' 'Dua*4:!maN'(2!'(5ere(3e4 !ba4eD!o( !4Iort "tem-ora*!K'(DoK4!o5 !4am-*'(2:!a(D!o( !tIeoret'3a*!2rou(D4!tIat !-reD'3teD!-ote(t'a* !Iab'tat !3a( !be!'De(t'5'eD!K'tI !tIe !u4e!o5 !4tat'4t'3a*!a--roa3Ie4 !*'Ne!+J&!moDe*4M!!+J&!moDe*4!Ia e !a*4o!bee( !eXtreme*9!u4e5u*!'( !u(Der4ta(D'(2 !tIe !3umu*at' e!e55e3t4!o5 !Iuma( !De e*o-me(t!o( !4e(4't' e!4-e3'e4!4u3I!a4!3ar'bou!Q7oI(4o(!a(D!Eo93e! 00 :!7oI(4o( !et !a*M! 00 R:!


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De*'(eat'(2 !Iab'tat !5or!3o(4er at'o( !a(D!-rote3t'o( !QJe'-!et !a*M! 00=R:!'De(t'59'(2!*e2a**9!De5'(eD!3r't'3a*!Iab'tat !5or!e(Da(2ereD!4-e3'e4!QJaIer!a(D!J3Im'e2e*oK! 00 R:!'De(t'59'(2!m't'2at'o( !4trate2'e4!5or!De e*o-me(t:!a(D!De e*o-'(2!-o-u*at'o( "*'(NeD!Iab'tat !ma(a2eme(t !moDe*4!5or!2r' *9!bear4!Q 'e*4e(!et !a*M! 00 R!'( !$*bertaM!+J&!moDe*4!are!a*4o!u4e5u*!5or!u(Der4ta(D'(2 !-reDator "-re9 !D9(am'34:!5or!eXam-*e:!betKee( !Ko* e4!a(D!e*N!QWebb*eKI'te!et !a*M! 00 :!Webb*eKI'te!a(D!Gerr'**! 00=R:!a(D!Ia e !re3e(t*9!bee( !a--*'eD!to!u(Der4ta(D'(2 !Ko*5 "3ar'bou!D9(am'34!QJtot9(! 00OR!a(D!o er*a-!betKee( !Ko* e4:!3ar'bou!a(D!moo4e!'( !tIe !L'tt*e!JmoN9!IerD!'( !$*berta!Q eu5e*D! 00 RM!!&or!tIe4e !rea4o(4:!Ke!De e*o-eD!+e4our3e!Je*e3t'o(!&u(3t'o(4!5or!botI !Ko* e4!a(D!3ar'bou!'( !mu*t'-*e!K'(ter !ra(2e4 !a3ro44!our!4tuD9!area !to!a44e44!botI !tIe !K'tI'( "4-e3'e4!-atter(4 !o5 !4e*e3t'o(!re*at' e!to!Iab'tat !a(D!a(tIro-o2e('3 !5eature4!a(D!tIe !amo(2 "4-e3'e4!-atter(4 !o5 !4-at'a*!o er*a-M!!Ce !3o(Du3teD!tIe4e !a(a*94e4!'( !3ar'bou!K'(ter !ra(2e !area4!'( !botI !-rote3teD!QEa(55 !d !7a4-er! "4R!a(D!ma(a2eD!Q$!*a!"e3Ie !d !+eDK'**oKR!*a(D43a-e4M!!B(!tIe !Ea(55:!7a4-er:!a(D!$!*a!"e3Ie !4tuD9!area:!Ke!3o**e3teD! : A!U"J!*o3at'o(4!5rom! 0!3ar'bou:!1 : 0 !U"J!*o3at'o(4!5rom! !Ko* e4!'( !1 !-a3N4:!a(D!1: A! W&!a(D!U"J!*o3at'o(4!5rom! O!moo4e!Dur'(2! 001_ 00A!5or!moDe*!tra'('(2M!!Ce !a*4o!K'tIIe*D!aDD't'o(a*! W&!*o3at'o(!Data!5rom!11=!3ar'bou:! !Ko* e4:!a(D!1 !moo4e!5or!moDe*! a*'Dat'o(M!!B(!tIe !+eDK'**oK!4tuD9!area !Ke!3o**e3teD! :==O!U"J!*o3at'o(4!5rom! !3ar'bou:!a(D! := !U"J!*o3at'o(4!5rom!tKo!Ko* e4!'( !tKo!-a3N4!5or!moDe*!tra'('(2M!!TIou2I !Ke!De5'(eD!tIe4e !a4! K'(ter !ra(2ev !a(a*94e4:!ma(9 !area4!D'D!re3e' e!9ear"rou(D!u4e!b9!3ar'bouh!tIu4 !Ke!3ate2or' eD!a**!Data!K'tI'( !tIe !K'(ter !ra(2e !a33orD'(2!to!4ummer!QGa9_\3toberR!a(D!K'(ter !Q o ember_$-r'*R!4ea4o(4!a(D!5o3u4eD!a(a*94e4!o( !K'(ter !DataM!!To!a44e44!re4our3e!4e*e3t'o(:!Ke!3om-areD!*o3at'o(4! u4eDv!b9!a('ma*4!to!tIo4e ! a a'*ab*ev!to!tIem !b9!3om-ar'(2 !tIe !-ro-ort'o(ate !u4e!o5 !re4our3e4!re*at' e!to!tIe'r !-ro-ort'o(ate !a a'*ab'*'t9!'( !a!m'XeD"e55e3t4!moDe*'(2!5rameKorN!QGa(*9!et !a*M! 00 RM!!&o**oK'(2!Ga(*9!et !a*M!Q 00 c!-100R!Ke!u4e!*o2'4t'3!re2re44'o(!to!Der' e!tIe !3oe55'3'e(t4!5or!a!t9-'3a*!5'XeD"e55e3t4!+J&!u4'(2c!!!

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KIere !! !'4!tIe !e4t'mateD!+J&!a4!a!5u(3t'o( !o5 !3o ar'ate4! ; n:!a(D! !'4!tIe !3oe55'3'e(t!e4t'mate !5or!ea3I !3o ar'ate!e4t'mateD!5rom!*o2'4t'3!re2re44'o(!QGa(*9!et !a*M! 00 RM!!Ce !3o(4'DereD!5'XeD"!a(D!m'XeD"e55e3t4!+J&!moDe*4!a(D!e a*uateD!tIe !to- !moDe*!u4'(2!$B%!Q4ee!be*oKRc!5or!more!Deta'*!o( !m'XeD"e55e3t4!+J&!moDe*4:!4ee!U'**'e4!et !a*M!Q 00 RM!!+J&!a(a*94'4!moDe*4!-atter(4 !o5 !-re5ere(3e !a(D!a o'Da(3e!b9!3om-ar'(2 !tIe !Iab'tat !3om-o(e(t4 !u4eD!b9!a('ma*4!to!tIo4e !2e(erateD !b9!ra(Dom!4e*e3t'o(M!!Ce !a44e44eD!4e*e3t'o(!at!mu*t'-*e!43a*e4!Q7oI(4o(!1AO0R!b9! ar9'(2!tIe ! o(e!o5 !a a'*ab'*'t9!5or!ea3I !3ar'bou!a(D!Ko*5 !a33orD'(2!to!botI !'(D' 'Dua*"!a(D!-o-u*at'o( "*e e*!100g !m'('mum !3o( eX!-o*92o(4!QGoIr!1A =h!&'2ure!1RM!!C'tI'( !ea3I !-o*92o(!o5 !a a'*ab'*'t9!Ke!2e(erateD !a!ra(Dom!4am-*e!o5 !a a'*ab*e!-o'(t4 !eZua*!'( !(umber !to!tIe !4et!o5 !u4eD!3ar'bou!U"J!*o3at'o(4M!!+e4our3e! ar'ab*e4c!!Ce !o er*a'D!u4eD!a(D!a a'*ab*e!-o'(t4 !o( !a!4u'te!o5 !ra4ter!*a9er4!Q 0!meter !re4o*ut'o(R!'( !a!2eo2ra-I'3 !'(5ormat'o( !494tem!QUBJR!to!Zua(t'59!tIe !u(Der*9'(2!Iab'tat !a44o3'ateD!K'tI !ea3I !-o'(tM!!Ce !mea4ureD!a!4u'te!o5 !Iab'tat ! ar'ab*e4!3Iara3ter' '(2 !to-o2ra-I9: ! e2etat'o(: !I9Dro2ra-I9: !a(D!Iuma( !5oot-r'(tM!!Ce !u4eD!a!D'2'ta*!e*e at'o(!moDe*!to!Der' e!*a9er4!o5 !e*e at'o(:!4*o-e:!a4-e3t:!a(D!a!to-o2ra-I'3 !-o4't'o( !'(DeX:!KI'3I !3Iara3ter' eD!tIe !2raD'e(t !betKee( !Dra'(a2e4!a(D!r'D2e4!a33orD'(2!to!tIree !u4er"De5'(eD!4-at'a*!43a*e4!Q1:! !a(D! !N'*ometer!raD'u4!43a*e4h!7e((e44! 00 RM!!


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ar'ab*e4!a(D!tIe !-robab'*'t9!o5 !u4e!b9!3ar'bou!a(D!Ko* e4M!Ce !u4eD!a!m'XeD!a--roa3I !to!De e*o-'(2!to- !moDe*4M!&'r4t:!Ke!43ree(eD!a**!Iab'tat !3o ar'ate4!5or!3o**'(ear't9!Q"l0M R:!a(D!remo eD!3o**'(ear! ar'ab*e4!ba4eD!o( !De3'D'(2!KI'3I ! ar'ab*e!Ka4!tIe !mo4t!re*e a(t!to!ma(a2eme(t !Q5or!eXam-*e:!'( !tIe !Ko*5 !+J&!moDe*:!D'4ta(3e!to!Kater !a(D!D'4ta(3e!to!roaD!Kere!3o**'(ear:!4o!Ke!reta'(eD !D'4ta(3e!to!roaD!be3au4e!o5 !'t4!ma(a2eme(t !re*e a(3eRM!!Je3o(D:!Ke!3o(Du3teD!u(' ar'ate !a(a*94'4!to!eXam'(e!'(D' 'Dua*! ar'ab*e!re*at'o(4I'-4 !K'tI !tIe !re*at' e!-robab'*'t9!o5 !3ar'bou!4e*e3t'o(M!&or!3ate2or'3a*! ar'ab*e4!Q*a(D3o er:!3o er!3*a44e4R!Ke!4e*e3teD!a!re5ere(3e!3ate2or9!tIat !Ka4!e'tIer !tIe !mo4t!5reZue(t!Qu-*a(D!5ore4t4RM!&or!3o(t'(uou4 ! ar'ab*e4:!Ke!eX-*oreD!*'(ear!a(D!(o( "*'(ear!re*at'o(4I'-4 !u4'(2!ZuaDrat'3!term4!a(D!tIe !5ra3t'o(a*!-o*9(om'a*!3omma(D!'( !Jtata !tIat !5't4!I'2Ier "orDer!(o( "*'(ear!5u(3t'o(4 !re*at'(2!tIe !3o(t'(uou4 !3o ar'ate!to!tIe !re*at' e!-robab'*'t9!o5 !3ar'bou!u4e!'( !tIe !+J&!moDe*M!!\(3e !tIe !5'(a*!4u'te!o5 !3o ar'ate4!a(D!(o( "*'(ear!5orm4!Kere!4e*e3teD:!Ke!u4eD!Ke!u4eD!ma(ua*!5orKarD!4te--'(2 !moDe*!

4e*e3t'o(!K'tI !$B%!to!4e*e3t!tIe !mo4t!-ar4'mo('ou4 !moDe*!QJte-Ie(4 !et !a*M! 00 RM!Ce !3om-areD!to- !5'XeD"e55e3t4!moDe*4!K'tI !tIe !4ame!5'XeD!e55e3t4!a(D!a!ra(Dom!e55e3t!5or!'(D' 'Dua*!3ar'bou!'( !a!m'XeD!e55e3t!+J&!moDe*!Q4ee!U'**'e4!et !a*M! 00 RM!!&'(a**9:!o(3e !tIe !5'(a*!moDe*!4e*e3teD:!Ke!eXam'(eD!moDe*!2ooD(e44!o5 !5't!u4'(2!tIe !Wo4mer!a(D!Leme4IoK!Q 000R!2ooD(e44!o5 !5't!te4t:!a(D!3*a44'5'3at'o(!D'a2(o4t'34!4u3I!a4!g !3*a44'5'3at'o(!4u33e44:!tIe !+e3e' er!\-erat'(2 !%Iara3ter'4t'3!Q+\%R!3ur e!o5 !tIe !*o2'4t'3!re2re44'o(!moDe*:!a(D!eXam'(eD!re4'Dua*!D'a2(o4t'34!to!43ree(!5or!out*'er4!a(D!'(5*ue(t'a*!Data!-o'(t4M!&'(a**9:!Ke!eXam'(eD!tIe !-reD'3t' e!3a-a3't9 !o5 !+J&!moDe*4!u4'(2!N"5o*D4!3ro44! a*'Dat'o(!a3ro44!tIe !e(t're !Data4et:!a(D!tIe(: !a3ro44!'(D' 'Dua*!a('ma*4!a4!N (!4et4M!GoDe*! a*'Dat'o(!a3ro44!'(D' 'Dua*!a('ma*4!aDDre44e4!tIe !more!a--ro-r'ate !b'o*o2'3a*!Zue4t'o( !o5 !IoK !Ke**!tIe !-o-u*at'o( "a era2eD!+J&!moDe*!-reD'3t4!'(D' 'Dua*!a('ma*4M!!=M M!7re*ation !Lfficienc: !!

>ata !3o**e3t'o(!Ia4 !o(*9!re3e(t*9!bee( !3om-*eteD!5or!tI'4 !-ort'o( !o5 !our!4tuD9!QJe-:! 00ARM!!B(!tI'4 !re-ort !Ke!-re4e(t !-re*'m'(ar9 !De43r'-t' e!re4u*t4:!but!moDe*'(2!o5 !tIe !e55e3t4!o5 !*'(ear!5eature4!o5 !-reDat'o( !e55'3'e(39!QDe43r'beD!be*oKR!'4!(ot !9et!3om-*eteDM!!Ce !Ia e!3o**e3teD!Ko*5 !U"J!Data!to!e4t'mate !-arameter4 !o5 !tIe !5u(3t'o(a*!re4-o(4e !5or!te4t'(2 !tIe !e55e3t4!o5 !*'(ear!5eature4!o( !-reDator !e55'3'e(39M!!Ce !'De(t'59!-utat' e !N'**"4'te4!K'tI'( !U"J"ba4eD!


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mo eme(t !-atI4 !u4'(2!4o5tKare!or'2'(a**9!De e*o-eD!5or!Dete3t'o( !o5 !D'4ea4e!outbreaN4!'( !4-at'otem-ora* !Iea*tI !Data!Q"ro2ram!JaTJ3a(h!Yu**Dor55 !et !a*M! 00 R!but!aDa-teD!5or!'De(t'59'(2!Ko*5 !N'**"4'te4!u4'(2!U"J!Data!QCebb!et !a*M! 00ORM!!!Ce !Ia e !5'e*D" a*'DateD!a!4am-*e!Q l 00R!o5 !-utat' e !N'**"4'te4!to!a44e44!3Iara3ter'4t'34!a44o3'ateD!K'tI !N'**!a(D!(o( "N'**!-o'(t !3*u4ter4!QCebb!et !a*M! 00ORM!!CIe( !3o(Du3t'(2!t'me "to"N'**!a(a*94e4:!Ke!K'**!Zua(t'59!tIe !(umber !o5 !*o3at'o(4:!t'me !4-e(t: !4te- !*e(2tI: !tur( "a(2*e4:!a(D!(eare4t "(e'2Ibor !D'4ta(3e4!a44o3'ateD!K'tI !ea3I !-o'(t !3*u4terM!Ce !K'**!tIe( !u4e!*o2'4t'3!re2re44'o(!to!a44e44!KI'3I !3*u4ter!-arameter4 !are!mo4t!-reD'3t' e!o5 !N'**"4'te4!QWo4mer!d !Leme4IoK!

000RM!!GetIoD4!5or!'De(t'59'(2!3*u4ter4!Dur'(2!(omaD'3!Q5a**PK'(terR!4ea4o(4!5or!Ko* e4!are!-re 'ou4*9!re-orteD !QCebb!et !a*M! 00OR:!but!Dur'(2!De(('(2 !a(D!re(De ou4!4ea4o(4!tIe !D'4-er4eD:!3e(tra*"-*a3e!5ora2'(2!o5 !Ko* e4!a(D!-ote(t'a* !5or! Vu e('*e!-re9 !-re4e(t !(eK !3Ia**e(2e4!QJa(D!et !a*M! 00ORM!!Ce !5o3u4eD!'('t'a* !4am-*'(2!'( !tIe !K'(ter: !KIe( !Ko*5 "3ar'bou!o er*a-!'4!I'2I: !but!Ia e !re3e(t*9!QJummer! 00AR!eXte(DeD!tI'4 !a--roa3I !to!tIe !4ummer!to!De e*o-!4ea4o("4-e3'5'3!moDe*4M!!Ce !K'**!u4e!3ro44! a*'Dat'o(!o5 !tra'('(2 !a(D!K'tIIe*D!te4t'(2 !Data!to!e4t'mate !moDe*4]!-reD'3t' e!5't!QEo93e!et !a*M! 00 RM!!!!Y'**"4'te!moDe*4!K'**!a**oK!u4!to!3ate2or' e!Ko*5 !U"J!Data!'(to !beIa 'ora*!4eZue(3e4!3orre4-o(D'(2 !to!-arameter4 !o5 !Ko*5 !-reDat'o( !e55'3'e(39!or!5u(3t'o(a*!re4-o(4eM!!TIe !5u(3t'o(a*!re4-o(4e: !or!N'**"rate !o5 !Ko* e4!QN'**4P-reDatorPt'meR:!'4!a!5u(3t'o( !o5 !4ear3I!rate !QaR:!Ia(D*'(2 !t'me !QhR:!a(D!-re9 !De(4't9!QAR!a(D!t'me !QTh!Wo**'(2!1A AbRM!!$!t9-e !BB!5orm!o5 !tIe !5u(3t'o(a*!re4-o(4e !QtIou2I!B!K'**!3o(4'Der!otIer !5u(3t'o(a*!5orm4R:!or!N'**"rate !5Q R:!to!tIe4e !-arameter4 !'4!Zua(t'5'eD!K'tI !Wo**'(2]4!>'43!HZuat'o(!QWo**'(2!1A Aa:bRc!!

f QAR! !aA3 !PQ!1!s !ahA R! ! ! ! QeZuat'o(!=M R!!

J'mu*at'o( !moDe*4!4IoK!tIat !4ear3I!rate !3om-o(e(t: !a :!'4!tIe !mo4t!4e(4't' e!to!Iuma( !De e*o-me(t!a(D!Ia4 !tIe !*ar2e4t!'m-a3t !o( !5u(3t'o(a*!re4-o(4e: !KIerea4 !tIe !e55e3t!o5 !I: !Ia(D*'(2 !t'me: !'4!re*at' e*9!3o(4ta(t !QLe44arD! 00 RM!!C'tI !U"J!Data:!Ia(D*'(2!t'me !QIR!3a( !be!e4t'mateD!b9!tIe !Durat'o( !o5 !t'me !4-e(t !at !ea3I !N'**"4'te!Q&'2ure!=RM!!TIe!'(ter "N'**!5ora2'(2!t'me !Q3 R R:!or!t'me "to"N'**:!'4!-ro-ort'o(a* !to!tIe !'( er4e!o5 !Wo**'(2]4!Q1A AbR!N'**"rate:!a(D!'4!a!5u(3t'o( !o5 !-re9 !De(4't9!QAR!a(D!'(4ta(ta(eou4 !4ear3I!rate !QaRM!!Ce !u4e!-reD'3t' e!moDe*4!o5 !Ko*5 !N'**4!to!D' 'De!mo eme(t !-atI4 !'(to !beIa 'ora*!4eZue(3e4!o5 !

Ia(D*'(2 !QN'**"4'te4R!a(D!'(ter "N'**!5ora2'(2!e e(t4M!!Ce !tIe( !u4e!%oX!"ro-ort'o(a* !Wa arD4!Q%oX"WR!moDe*'(2!'( !a!re-eateD "e e(t: !t'me "to"e e(t !moDe*'(2!5rameKorN!to!te4t!tIe !e55e3t4!o5 !*'(ear!5eature4!o( !Ko*5 !t'me "to"N'**:!KI'*e!3o(tro**'(2!5or!-re9 !De(4't9:!to-o2ra-I'3 !a(D! e2etat'o( !3o ar'ate4!Q%oX!1A= :!$(Der4o( !a(D!U'**!1AO :!TIer(eau !a(D!Uramb43I! 000:!Wo4mer!et !a*M! 00ORM!!!!J-at'a* !+J&4!De e*o-eD!5or!3ar'bou!Q4ee!abo e:!!esource !Pelection ![unctions R!a(D!moo4e!QDe e*o-eD!'( !Je3t'o( !O!be*oKR!-ro 'De!a!re*at' e!'(DeX!o5 !-re9 !De(4't9!Q R!a44o3'ateD!K'tI !Ko*5 !mo eme(t4!QEo93e!a(D!G3>o(a*D!1AAA:!%'ar('e**o!et !a*M! 00=:!Je'- !et !a*M! 00=RM!!Ce !a*4o!3o(tro*!5or!tIe !e55e3t4!o5 !otIer !

e2etat'o( !a(D!to-o2ra-I'3 !3o ar'ate4!o( !3 R !Q4ee!$--e(D'X !E!5or!a!3om-*ete!*'4tRM!!La4t*9:!Ke!K'**!'(3*uDe!4e era*!mea4ure4!o5 !*'(ear!5eature!e55e3t4!Qmea(!D'4ta(3e!to!*'(ear!5eature:!(umber !o5 !*'(ear!5eature!3ro44'(24:!*'(ear!5eature!De(4't9R!to!a44e44!3orre*at'o(4!betKee( !*'(ear!5eature4!a(D!Ko*5 !-reDat'o( !e55'3'e(39M!!To!te4t!a!re*ateD!a44um-t'o( !o5 !Wo**'(2]4!D'43!eZuat'o( !a4!'t !a--*'e4!to!Ko*5 !-reDat'o(: !Ke!K'**!Do!a!3om-*'me(tar9 !a(a*94'4!o5 !5a3tor4!'(5*ue(3'(2!Ia(D*'(2 !t'me !QWo**'(2!1A AbRM!!$( !a*ter(at' e!I9-otIe4'4 !about !tIe !e55e3t4!o5 !*'(ear!5eature4!o( !-reDat'o( !e55'3'e(39!m'2It !be!tIat !*'(ear!5eature4!Do!'(3rea4e !e55'3'e(39:!but!tIat !tI'4 !'(3rea4e !'4!3om-e(4ateD !5or!b9!aDD't'o(a*!Ia(D*'(2 !or!re4t'(2 !t'me: !re4u*t'(2!'( !(o !(et !'(3rea4e !'( !-er "3a-'ta !N'**"rate !Q4e(4u!&ort'(!et !a*M! 00 RM!!TIu4:!'(3rea4eD!e55'3'e(39!3ou*D!De3rea4e!t'me "to"N'**!QDe3rea4e!a R:!or!'(3rea4e !Ia(D*'(2 !t'me !QhRM!!Ce !K'**!u4e!*'(ear!re2re44'o(!a(D!4'm'*ar!moDe*!De e*o-me(t!-ro3eDure4!a4!abo e!to!a44e44!tIe !re*at' e!e55e3t4!o5 !tIe !4ame!3o ar'ate4!o( !Ia(D*'(2 !t'me !at!ea3I !N'**"4'teM!!


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!7.5 !RESULTS!!

=M M1!!esource !Pelection ![unctions !!%ar'bou!+e4our3e!Je*e3t'o(M!!%ar'bou!4e*e3teD!5or!I'2Ier !e*e at'o(4:!a o'DeD!4tee- !4*o-e4:!2e(era**9!4e*e3teD!(ortI "5a3'(2!a4-e3t4:!a(D!-re5erreD!5ore4teD!Iab'tat4 !a3ro44!a!ra(2e !o5 !3a(o-9 !3*o4ure! a*ue4!QTab*e4!=M1:!=M RM!B(!term4!o5 !D'4ta(3e! ar'ab*e4:!3ar'bou!a o'DeD!area4!(ear !roaD4!a(D!4e'4m'3!*'(e4!Q-o4't' e!3oe55'3'e(t!4u22e4t4!'(3rea4eD!u4e!K'tI !'(3rea4'(2 !D'4ta(3e!5rom!*'(ear!5eature4R:!tIou2I !ZuaDrat'3!term4!4u22e4teD!tIe9 !ma9!Ia e !-re5erreD!area4!o5 !'(termeD'ate !D'4ta(3e4!5rom!roaD4!'( !botI !4tuD9!area4!Q&'2ure4!=M1:!=M :!=M :!=M RM!!%ar'bou!'( !tIe !Ea(55:!7a4-er!a(D!$!*a!"e3Ie !4tuD9!area !a*4o!4IoKeD!a!-re5ere(3e !5or!area4!3*o4e!to!tra'*4!Dur'(2!K'(terM!! TIe!to- !+eDK'**oK!moDe*!4at'45'eD!tIe !Wo4mer!Leme4IoK!UooD(e44!o5 !&'t!te4t!Q" 0M0O:!5a'*eD!to!reVe3t!I9-otIe4'4 !tIat !moDe*!5't!Ka4!'(3orre3tR:!a(D!IaD!aDeZuate:!but!(ot !eX3e-t'o(a*!D'43r'm'(ator9!ab'*'t9!to!D'4t'(2u'4I!betKee( !u4eD!a(D!u(u4eD!Qa a'*ab*eR!3ar'bou!Iab'tat !K'tI !a!+\%!43ore!o5 !0M= M!CI'*e !u4e!a a'*ab'*'t9!De4'2(4!maNe!tIe !u4e!o5 !+\%!43ore4!-ote(t'a**9!'( a*'D!QEo93e!et !a*M! 00 R:!a( !+\%!43ore!o5 !0M!mea(4 !e44e(t'a**9!ra(Dom!-reD'3t' e!3a-a3't9:!KIerea4 !a!+\%!43ore!o5 !1M0!mea(4 !-er5e3t!3*a44'5'3at'o(M!TIere5ore:!moDe*4!K'tI !+\%4!o5 !0M=_0M0O:!0MO_0MA:!a(D!0MA_1M0!Kou*D!'(D'3ate !a33e-tab*e:!eX3e**e(t:!a(D!out4ta(D'(2 !D'43r'm'(at'o( !o5 !u4eDPa a'*ab*e!Data:!re4-e3t' e*9!QWo4mer!a(D!Leme4IoK!

000RM!!&'(a**9:!N"5o*D4!3ro44! a*'Dat'o(!a3ro44!tIe !+eDK'**oK!Data!4et!4u22e4teD!moDe*4!-reD'3teD!Ke**!QJ-earma( !ra(N!3orre*at'o(:!!rIo ! !0MA :!JH! !0M01RM!Eut!N"5o*D4!3ro44! a*'Dat'o(!a3ro44!'(D' 'Dua*!3ar'bou!re ea*eD!4ub4ta(t'a*!K'tI'( "'(D' 'Dua*! ar'at'o( !KIe( !3om-areD!to!tIe !(aw e!-o-u*at'o( "a era2eD!moDe*!K'tI !a!-reD'3t' e!3a-a3't9 !mu3I !be*oK!tIat !a3ro44!tIe !e(t're !Data4et!Qr4! s0M 1:!JH! !0M0 RM!!B(!tIe !Ea(55:!7a4-er!a(D!$!*a!"e3Ie !4tuD9!area:!tIe !to- !K'(ter !3ar'bou!moDe*!IaD!a( !'m-ro eD!+\%!o5 !0MOO :!Demo(4trat'(2 !eX3e**e(t!to!out4ta(D'(2 !D'43r'm'(at'o(M!!Y"5o*D4!3ro44! a*'Dat'o(!re ea*eD!eX3e**e(t!-reD'3t' e!3a-a3't9 !to!botI !moDe*!tra'('(2 !Data!QJ-earma( !ra(N!3orre*at'o(!rIo 0MAA R!a(D!K'tIIe*D!moDe*! a*'Dat'o(! W&!Data!QJ-earma(!ra(N!3orre*at'o(!rIo 0MAO RM!

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!!!Co*5 !+e4our3e!Je*e3t'o(M!!Co* e4!a o'DeD!4tee- !4*o-e4!a(D!IaD!m'XeD!4e*e3t'o(!o5 !a4-e3t4!betKee( !4tuD9!area4!Dur'(2!K'(ter: !4e*e3teD!5or!4Irub !Iab'tat4 !a(D!*oK!a(D!I'2I !3a(o-9 !5ore4t4!QTab*e4!=M :!=M RM!%om-areD!to!3ar'bou:!Ko* e4!4e*e3teD!to!be!re*at' e*9!3*o4e!to!roaD4!K'tI !(e2at' e !3oe55'3'e(t4!at!3*o4e!D'4ta(3e4!5or!D'4ta(3e!to!-r'mar9 !roaD4!'( !botI !4tuD9!area4!Q&'2ure4!=M :!=M :!=M=:!=MORM!!WoKe er:!'( !tIe !+eDK'**oK!tIe !ZuaDrat'3!term !5or!D'4ta(3e!to!roaD4!4u22e4teD!tIat !tIe9 !4e*e3teD!5or!area4!botI !3*o4e!to!a(D!5ar!5rom!roaD4:!a(D!a o'DeD!'(termeD'ate !area4M!!Je*e3t'o(!'( !tIe !+eDK'**oK!5or!4e'4m'3!*'(e4!Ka4!a*4o!5't!'( !a!(o( "*'(ear!5a4I'o(: !K'tI !u4e!-eaN'(2 !about ! 00m!5rom!4e'4m'3!*'(e4M!TIe9!-re5erreD!area4!3*o4e!to!Kater:!a(D!a*4o!-re5erreD!to!be!3*o4er!to!tra'*4!'( !tIe !Ea(55:!7a4-er:!a(D!$!*a!"e3Ie !4tuD9!areaM!!TIe9!a*4o!4e*e3teD!5or!bur(4!a(D!otIer !o-e( !Iab'tat4 !a(D!a o'DeD!I'2I !e*e at'o(Pa*-'(e!area4M!!!! GoDe*!-er5orma(3e !5or!tIe !+eDK'**oK!Ko*5 !+J&!bu'*t!K'tI !o(*9!( !Ko* e4!Ka4!Zu'te!-oorM!+\%!43ore4!3o(5'rmeD!KeaN!D'43r'm'(ator9!-oKer !K'tI !a( !+\%! !0M=1M!%*a44'5'3at'o(!4u33e44!Ka4!a*4o!Zu'te!-oor: !K'tI !o(*9! g!o5 !*o3at'o(4!be'(2 !3*a44'5'eD!3orre3t*9M!&'(a**9:!4'm'*ar!to!tIe !3ar'bou!moDe*! a*'Dat'o(:!tIe !moDe*! a*'DateD!Ke**!a3ro44!tIe !e(t're !4et!at!ra(Dom!Qr4! !s0MA :!JH! !0M0 R:!but!-oor*9!3om-ar'(2 !o(e !Ko*5 !to!tIe !otIer !Qr4! !s0M :!JH! !0M10R:!I'2I*'2It'(2 !tIe !'m-orta(3e !o5 !'(3rea4'(2 !4am-*'(2!a3ro44!a!2reater !(umber !o5 !-a3N4M!!B(!tIe !Ea(55:!7a4-er!a(D!$!*a!"e3Ie !4tuD9!area:!tIe !to- !K'(ter !Ko*5 !moDe*!IaD!a!4tro(2 !+\%!o5 !0MOA :!Demo(4trat'(2 !eX3e**e(t!to!out4ta(D'(2 !D'43r'm'(at'o(M!!Y"5o*D4!3ro44! a*'Dat'o(!

re ea*eD!eX3e**e(t!-reD'3t' e!3a-a3't9 !to!botI !moDe*!tra'('(2 !Data!QJ-earma( !ra(N!3orre*at'o(!rIo 0MAA=R!a(D!K'tIIe*D!moDe*! a*'Dat'o(! W&!Data!QJ-earma( !ra(N!3orre*at'o(!rIo 0MAO RM!!!

Figure !7.2. !B(!tIe !Ea(55:!7a4-er:!a(D!$!*a!"e3Ie !4tuD9!area:!aR!%ar'bou!4e*e3teD!5or!area4!3*o4e!to!tra'*4!'( !K'(ter !re4our3e!4e*e3t'o(!a(a*94e4M!!!bR!!!%ar'bou!a o'DeD!area4!3*o4e!to!4e3o(Dar9!roaD4!'( !re4our3e!4e*e3t'o(!a(a*94e4M!Je*e3t' 't9!5or!tra'*4!a(D!4e3o(Dar9!roaD4!are!4IoK( !'( !2ree( !5rom!tIe !re4our3e!4e*e3t'o(!5u(3t'o( !Q+J&RM!$*4o!4IoK( !are!tIe !-er3e(t !a a'*ab'*'t9!o5 !tIe !*a(D43a-e!'( !D'55ere(t!3*a44e4!QKI'teR!3om-areD!to!tIe !-er3e(t !u4eD!b9!3ar'bou!Q2o*DRM!

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Figure !7.3. !B(!tIe !+eDK'**oK!4tuD9!area:!aR!Co* e4!4e*e3teD!area4!about ! 00m!5rom!*'(ear!5eature4:!a o'D'(2!tIem !4*'2It*9!3*o4er!tIa( !tI'4 !D'4ta(3e:!but!4tro(2*9!a o'D'(2!D'4ta(3e4!2reater !tIa( !about !1000m!5rom!roaD4M!WoKe er:!Ko* e4!bR!4tro(2*9!a o'DeD!area4!3*o4e!to!roaD4M!Je*e3t' 't9!5or!D'4ta(3e!to!a3t' e!roaD4!a(D!*'(ear!5eature4!are!4IoK( !'( !b*ue!5rom!tIe !re4our3e!4e*e3t'o(!5u(3t'o( !Q+J&RM!$*4o!4IoK( !are!tIe !-er3e(t !a a'*ab'*'t9!o5 !tIe !*a(D43a-e!'( !D'55ere(t!D'4ta(3e!to!roaDP*'(ear!5eature!3*a44e4!Qta(R!3om-areD!to!tIe !-er3e(t !u4eD!b9!Ko* e4!Q2o*DR:!KI'3I !4IoK4!aR!more!u4e!b9!Ko* e4!at!5artIer !D'4ta(3e4!tIa( !a a'*ab*e!'( !tIe !*a(D43a-e!a(D!bR!I'2Ie4t !3ar'bou!u4e!at!'(termeD'ate !D'4ta(3e4!5rom!roaD4!tIa( !a a'*ab*e!'( !tIe !*a(D43a-eM!!!

Figure !7.4. !B(!tIe !Ea(55:!7a4-er!a(D!$!*a!"e3Ie !4tuD9!area:!aR!Co* e4!4tro(2*9!4e*e3teD!area4!3*o4e!to!tra'*4:!a(D!bR!a o'DeD!area4!3*o4e!to!4e3o(Dar9!roaD4M!Je*e3t' 't9!5or!D'4ta(3e!to!tra'*4!a(D!4e3o(Dar9!roaD4!are!4IoK( !'( !2ree( !5rom!tIe !re4our3e!4e*e3t'o(!5u(3t'o( !Q+J&RM!$*4o!4IoK( !are!tIe !-er3e(t !a a'*ab'*'t9!o5 !tIe !*a(D43a-e!'( !D'55ere(t!3*a44e4!QKI'teR!3om-areD!to!tIe !-er3e(t !u4eD!b9!Ko* e4!Q2o*DRM


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Goo4e!+e4our3e!Je*e3t'o(M!!Goo4e!'( !tIe !Ea(55:!7a4-er:!a(D!$!*a!"e3Ie !4tuD9!area !-re5erreD!4Irub*a(D4:!2ra44*a(D4:!o-e( !3o('5er!5ore4t4:!a(D!area4!3*o4e!to!o-e('(24: !a(D!a o'DeD!a*-'(e !Iab'tat4 !QTab*e!=M :!&'2ure!=MARM!!TIe9!4e*e3teD!5or!'(termeD'ate !e*e at'o(4:!reDu3eD!4*o-e4:!area4!3*o4e!to!Kater:!a(D!4outIer( !a(D!ea4ter( !a4-e3t4M!!Goo4e!a*4o!-re5erreD!area4!3*o4e!to!-r'mar9 !roaD4!a(D!tra'*4:!KI'*e!be'(2 !5artIer !5rom!4e3o(Dar9!roaD4!K'tI'( !tIe !4tuD9!areaM!!TIe!to- !K'(ter !moo4e!moDe*!IaD!a!4tro(2 !+\%!o5 !0MA0 :!Demo(4trat'(2 !out4ta(D'(2 !D'43r'm'(at'o(M!!Y"5o*D4!3ro44! a*'Dat'o(!re ea*eD!2ooD!-reD'3t' e!3a-a3't9 !to!botI !moDe*!tra'('(2 !Data!QJ-earma(!ra(N!3orre*at'o(!rIo 0MA1 R!a(D!K'tIIe*D!moDe*!

a*'Dat'o(! W&!Data!QJ-earma( !ra(N!3orre*at'o(!rIo 0MAOORM!!!

=M M!7re*ation !Lfficienc: !!>ur'(2 ! 00O_ 00A:!Ke! '4'teD!l 00!U"J"ba4eD!4-at'o "tem-ora*!3*u4ter4:!Do3ume(t'(2 !N'**"4'te4!o5 !A!mamma*'a(!-re9 !4-e3'e4:!'(3*uD'(2!3ar'bou:!moo4e:!e*N:!KI'te "ta'*eD!Deer:!mu*e!Deer:!b'2Ior( !4Iee-: !mou(ta'( !2oat4:!bea er:!a(D!marmot4M!!C'(ter !Data!Kere!3o**e3teD!Dur'(2!K'(ter4 ! 00=" 00O!a(D! 00O"

00A:!a(D!a!4'(2*e!4ummer!4e44'o(!Ka4!3o(Du3teD!Dur'(2!Ga9"Je-tember ! 00AM!!U"J"ba4eD!N'**!4am-*'(2!metIoD4!Kere!De e*o-eD!'( !K'(ter !4tuD'e4!QCebb!et !a*M! 00OR:!but!botI !Ko*5 !beIa 'or !Q3e(tra*"-*a3e!De(('(2 !a3t' 't9R!a(D!-re9 !a2e!4tru3ture!Q(eo(ate4!bor( !'( !7u(eR!are!D'55ere(t!'( !4ummerM!!To!3o(4er at' e*9!a44e44!tIe !e55e3t' e(e44!o5 !tIe4e !metIoD4!Dur'(2!4ummer:!Ke!reDu3eD!our!U"J!5'X!'(ter a*!to! 0!m'(ute4 !a(D! '4'teD!e er9!4'(2*e!*o3at'o(!5or!a!4ub4et!o5 !Ko* e4"mo(tI4 !to!3e(4u4!N'**"rate4!Q&'2ure!=M10RM!!$(a*94e4!are!o(2o'(2 !5or!tI'4 !3om-o(e(t !o5 !our!re4ear3IM!!"re*'m'(ar9 !re4u*t4!4u22e4t!a! ar'et9!o5 !N'**!a(D!(o( "N'**!re*ateD!beIa 'or4!at!3*u4ter!4'te4!QTab*e!=M R!a4!Ke**!a4!4ome!De2ree!o5 !-re9 !4-e3'a*' at'o(!K'tI'( !-a3N4!QTab*e!=M=RM!!>e%e4are!et !a*M!Q 010R!4u22e4teD!tIat !a!2e(era*'4t!-reDator !3a( !4t'**!5a3'*'tate!a--are(t !3om-et't'o( !amo(2 !-re9 !e e( !'5 !-reDator !'(D' 'Dua*4!eXI'b't!4ome!De2ree!o5 !4-e3'a*' at'o(M!!$4!4ee( !'( !our!-re*'m'(ar9 !Data:!4ome!-a3N4!a--ear !to!3o(3e(trate !-reDat'o( !e55ort!o( !a*-'(e !u(2u*ate4!4u3I!a4!b'2Ior( !4Iee- !a(D!mou(ta'( !2oat4!QU*a3'er!"a44!-a3NR:!4ome!o( !Deer!4-e3'e4!QTKo!LaNe4!-a3NR:!4ome!o( !

moo4e!QJu(Ka-taR:!tIou2I !e er9!-a3N!eXI'b'teD!4ome!De2ree!o5 ! ar'ab'*'t9!a(D!2e(era*'4t!5ora2'(2!QTab*e!=M=RM!!WoKe er:!boD9!4' e!o5 !-re9 !4Iou*D!be!taNe(!'(to !3o(4'Derat'o( !KIe( ! 'eK'(2 !tIe4e !Data!KIe( !tIe !o era**!b'oma44!2a'(eD!5rom!ea3I !-re9 !4-e3'e4!'4!D'43u44eDM!!TIe!"I> !4tuDe(t!Q '3N!>e%e4areR!'4!43IeDu*eD!to!3om-*ete!tI'4 !KorN!a4!-art !o5 !I'4 !D'44ertat'o(!at!tIe !F(' er4't9 !o5 !Go(ta(a !Dur'(2!5a**! 011:!K'tI !ma(u43r'-t4 !-re-areD !a(D!4ubm'tteD!at !or!be5ore!tIe !t'me !o5 !De5e(4eM!!


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Table !7.1. !+eDK'**oK!K'(ter !3ar'bou!re4our3e!4e*e3t'o(!5u(3t'o( !moDe*!3oe55'3'e(t4!5or!tIe !to- !moDe*!4IoK'(2 ! ar'ab*e:!De43r'-t'o(: !beta !3oe55'3'e(t!Q5or!*'(ear!e55e3t4!-o4't' e !mea(4 !4e*e3teD!5or:!(e2at' e !mea(4 !4e*e3teD!a2a'(4tR!a(D!JHM!!&or! o( "*'(ear!e55e3t4:!ZuaDrat'3!term4!'(3*uDe!a!4ZuareD!termM!!!Variable ! Description ! Beta ! SE! P!>!|z| !

LANDCOVER! ! ! ! !Ket*a(DkIerb! ! 1MA= 0=! 0M1 ! i0M0001!31to 0! %a(o-9!3o era2e!1!"! 0g ! 0M =! 1M1 00! 0M1!3 0to 0! %a(o-9!3o era2e! 0!"! 0g ! 1M1= A! 0M A O 1! i0M0001!3 0to 0! %a(o-9!3o era2e! 0" 0g ! 1M=A AO! 0M1 O! i0M0001!3 0toO0! %a(o-9!3o era2e! 0!"!O0g! 1M0O ! 0M1 A=! i0M0001!3O0to100! %a(o-9!3o era2e!O0!"!100g ! 1MA O O! 0MO 0=! i0M0001!eD2ekD'4t! D'4ta(3e!to!5ore4t!eD2e! "0M000OA A! AM OH"0 ! i0M0001!TOPOGRAPHY! ! ! ! !e*e at'o(! ! 0M00 O=0=! 0M000 ! i0M00!

4*o-e! ! "0M111 1A! 0M00 O O!i0M0001!

KaterkD'4t! >'4ta(3e !to!Kater ! 0M001 1! 0M000101! i0M0001!KaterkD'4t ! uaDrat'3!Q arx R! " M H"0=! M =H"0O! i0M0001!(ortI ! a4-e3tc! 1 j!to! j! 0M 0 O0! 0M0 =! i0M0001!4outI ! a4-e3tc!1 j!to! j! 0M 01 =! 0M0 O00! i0M0001!Ke4t! a4-e3tc! j!to! 1 j! 0M =! 0M0 0 AA! i0M0001!HUMAN!USE! ! ! ! !D'4tk*'(ear! >'4ta(3e !to!*'(ear!5eature4! 0M000 O! M1 H"0 ! i0M0001!D'4tkroaD! >'4ta(3e !to!+oaD! 0M000A=! M1OH"0 ! i0M0001!D'4troaD ! uaDrat'3!Q>+x R! "1MA H"0=! 1M1 H"0O! i0M0001! k3o(4ta(t ! QmoDe*!'(ter3e-tR ! "=MAO0111! 0M 00 1! i0M0001!


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Table !7.2. !Ea(55:!7a4-er!a(D!$!*a!"e3Ie !K'(ter !3ar'bou!re4our3e!4e*e3t'o(!5u(3t'o( !moDe*!3oe55'3'e(t4!5or!tIe !to- !moDe*!4IoK'(2 ! ar'ab*e:!De43r'-t'o(: !beta !3oe55'3'e(t!Q5or!*'(ear!e55e3t4!-o4't' e !mea(4 !4e*e3teD!5or:!(e2at' e !mea(4 !4e*e3teD!a2a'(4tR!a(D!JHM!!&or! o( "*'(ear!e55e3t4:!ZuaDrat'3!term4!'(3*uDe!a!4ZuareD!termM!

Variable ! Description ! Beta ! SE! P!>!|z| !

LANDCOVER!

!! !

!3*o4eDk3o('5er! 3*o4eD!3a(o-9 !3o('5er! 0M == 0=! 0M0 =1! i0M0001!o-e(k3o('5er ! o-e( !3a(o-9 !3o('5er! 0MOA1==! 0M0 1 0! i0M0001!a*-'(ekbarre( ! a*-'(e !barre( ! "0M ! 0M0 11 1! i0M0001!a*-'(ekIerb ! a*-'(e !Ierba3eou4 ! 1M01 0! 0M0 A0! i0M0001!a*-'(ek4Irub ! a*-'(e !4Irub4! 1M1 00 0! 0M0 O 1! i0M0001!*oKke*e kbarre(! *oK!e*e at'o(!barre( ! "1M0 = A0! 0M0 0! i0M0001!'3ekro3N! ro3N!d !'3e! " M1 = 0! 0M 0 ! i0M0001!eD2ekD'4t! D'4ta(3e!to!5ore4t!eD2e! 0M00 ! AMO H"0 ! i0M0001!eD2ekD'4t! ! uaDrat'3!Q arx R! "0M00000 ! 1M10H"0=! i0M0001!bur(kD'4t! D'4ta(3e!to!bur( ! 0M000 ! M H"0 ! i0M0001!bur(kD'4t ! uaDrat'3!Q arx R! "0M00000001! M H"10! i0M0001!TOPOGRAPHY! ! ! ! !e*e at'o(! e*e at'o(! 0M00AOO0! 0M0001=! i0M0001!e*e at'o( ! uaDrat'3!Q arx R! "0M00000 ! M0 H"0O! i0M0001!4*o-e! J*o-e! "0M0 OA1 =! 0M000 O! i0M0001!ea4t! a4-e3tc! j!to!1 j! "0M =! 0M0 0 ! i0M0001!4outI ! a4-e3tc!1 j!to! j! "0M 1 A =! 0M0 O! i0M0001!5*at! a4-e3tc!5*at!4*o-e4! 0M1A A =! 0M0 AO! i0M0001!HUMAN!USE! ! ! ! !

jkroaD4kD'4t! D'4ta(3e!to!4e3o(Dar9!roaD4! 0M000 1 O! M= H"0 ! i0M0001!jkroaD4kD'4t! uaDrat'3!Q arx R! "0M00000000! MA0H"11! i0M0001!

tra'*4kD'4t! D'4ta(3e!to!tra'*4! "0M00010 ! M H"0 ! i0M0001! k3o(4ta(t ! QmoDe*!'(ter3e-tR ! "1 M A0 A0! 0M1 ! i0M0001!


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Table !7.3. !+eDK'**oK!K'(ter !Ko*5 !re4our3e!4e*e3t'o(!5u(3t'o( !moDe*!3oe55'3'e(t4!5or!tIe !to- !moDe*!4IoK'(2 ! ar'ab*e:!De43r'-t'o(: !beta !3oe55'3'e(t!Q5or!*'(ear!e55e3t4!-o4't' e !mea(4 !4e*e3teD!5or:!(e2at' e !mea(4 !4e*e3teD!a2a'(4tR!a(D!JHM!!&or! o( "*'(ear!e55e3t4:!ZuaDrat'3!term4!'(3*uDe!a!4ZuareD!termM!Covariate ! Description ! Coef. ! SE! P>|z| !

LANDCOVER! ! ! ! !4Irub ! 4Irub !*a(D3o er! 1M A! 0M 00! 0!3 0to 0! %a(o-9!3o era2e! 0!"! 0g ! 1M ! 0M 1! 0!3 0toO0! %a(o-9!3o era2e! 0!"!O0g! 1M1= ! 0M =! 0!3O0to100! %a(o-9!3o era2e!O0!"!100g ! M=1 A! 1M1A=0! 0M0 !eD2ekD'4t! D'4ta(3e!to!5ore4t!eD2e! "0M001=! 0M0001A! 0!TOPOGRAPHY! ! ! ! !4*o-e! 4*o-e! "0M01 10! 0M00O0! 0M0 !4outI ! a4-e3tc!1 j!to! j! "0M O =0! 0M0O1A! 0!Ke4t! a4-e3tc! j!to! 1 j! "0M A O! 0M0O 0! 0!

KaterkD'4t! D'4ta(3e!to!Kater ! "0M000 O! 0M0000! 0!HUMAN!USE! ! ! ! !roaD4kD'4t! D'4ta(3e!to!roaD4! "0M000 ! 0M0000=! 0!roaD4kD'4t! uaDrat'3!Q arx R! 1M01H"0=! 1M AH"0O! 0!*'(earkD'4t! D'4ta(3e!to!4e'4m'3!*'(e4! 0M00100! 0M000 ! 0!*'(earkD'4t ! D'4ta(3e!to!4e'4m'3!*'(e4! "=M OH"0=! 1MO1H"0=! 0! k3o(4ta(t ! QmoDe*!'(ter3e-tR ! "0M ! 0M A! 0M00!


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