HI 112 , US HISTORY I IFALL 2014

WORCESTER STATE UNIVERSITY

Running on Empty(Chapter 30)

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"...I think that the Watergate tragedy is the greatest tragedy this country has ever suffered. I used to think that the Civil War was our country's greatest tragedy, but I do remember that there were some redeeming features in the Civil War in that there was some spirit of sacrifice and heroism displayed on both sides. I see no redeeming features in Watergate."

-- Senator Sam Ervin

Widespread disillusionment and cynicism

Due process of law v. the “imperial” presidency

Church Committee in Congress: systematic administrative power abuses

Press became more vigilant & aggressive

1973 War Powers Act

1974 Fair Campaign Practices Act

1978 strengthened the Federal Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA)

1974 strengthened the Freedom of Information Act

Consequences and Legacies of Watergate

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Manufacturing as Percent of Gross Product

US Oil Production and Imports

OPEC = Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

OPEC Oil Embargo 1973-1974

Americans evacuating from Saigon, 29 April 1975

Gerald Ford & Bob Dole

Jimmy Carter & Walter Mondale

Election of 1976

National “Malaise”

“Crisis of Confidence” ? Low productivity, corporate stagnationDeclining union membershipStagflation = rising unemployment +

inflation in wages and pricesUp to 13% inflation in the 1970sMortgage rates up to 18 – 19% by early

1980sEnergy conservation a hard sell1 in 3 auto worker jobs lost 1978-1982

Carter’s Diplomacy 1977-1980

Effort to use human rights in foreign policy decision-making

Return of canal to PanamaCold War détente with China and USSR (SALT II)Opposition to USSR invasion of AfghanistanCovert CIA support of Afghan mujahideen &

TalibanCamp David accords, but no Palestinian solution

Iran Hostage Crisis Nov 1979 – Jan 1981

1968

1972

1976

1980

Election of 1980

Reagan Revolution

• Steep federal spending & income tax cuts• Hostility towards unions, regulation• Embrace of free-market• Privatization of govt functions• Supply side economic theory• Joined by pieces of old New Deal coalition• Boost in military spending• Return to Cold Warrior mode

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Reagan – Bush Walter Mondale – Geraldine Ferraro

Election of 1984

Rogue Foreign Policy

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Iran-Contra Affair

Lt. Col. Oliver North

Fawn Hall, North’s secretary

NSC Advisor John M. Poindexter

Fawn Hall

Ronald Reagan

Mikhail Gorbachev

Election of 1988

George H. W. Bush & Dan Quayle

Michael Dukakis & Lloyd Bentsen

Berlin, 1989

Fall of the Berlin WallNovember 1989

Operation Desert StormJanuary 1991

America and the Post-Cold War World

New technological, volunteer military forceNow includes womenClose media control, “video game-like”US as police force? Or hired mercenary?Stimulated anti-American feeling across

Islamic worldAccess to oil a major driving force of US

foreign policy