high doppler resolution x-band wake-vortex radar : cdg airport
TRANSCRIPT
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Air Systems Division
High Doppler Resolution X-bandWake-Vortex Radar : CDG Airport Trials F. BARBARESCO
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Air Systems Division
Brieve History of Wake Vortex Radar Campaigns
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Air Systems Division3
GEC MARCONI EXPERIMENT (UK) : 1992GEC-MARCONI DX 04 Radar (S Band)Wake Vortex have been clearly detected (measured RCS : -80 dBsm to –90 dBsm) at 2.8 Km by radar (radar beam perpendicular to the aircraft’s flight path)DX Radar Figures :3 GHz (λ=9 cm)PRI = 100 μsτc= 4 μs (B=0.25 MHz, 600 m) to 13 ns (B=77 MHz, 2 m)τ< 400 . τcPc = 10 KWτ/PRI < 2.5 %GEmGRec= 33 dB
Radar Beam Position
HS-748 Plane :
Width : 30.02 m
Weight : 40000 LBS
Speed : 138 kts (69 m/s)
Weather conditions :
Cloud base : 2500 feet
Humidity : 85%Doppler Spectrum(range cells : 15 m)
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Air Systems Division4
CNRS/CRPE, CNET & STNA (France) : 1992PROUST RadarFrequency : 961 MHzWavelength : 31.2 cmPRI = 156.4 μsτ = 1 μsPc = 4.5 KWResrange = 150 m (withoutpulse compression)τ/PRI < 2.5 %Beamwidth : 5°Gant = 29 dBRangeamb = 23.4 Km
Doppler Spectrum(range cells : 30 m)
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Air Systems Division5
CLEAR AIR RADAR REFLECTIVITY OF WAKE VORTEXTests have revealed radar echoes in clear air.
Two mechanisms causing refractive index gradients are :Radial Pressure (and therefore density) gradient in a columnar vortex arising from the rotational flow :
Adiabatic transport of atmospheric fluid within a descending oval surrounding a vortex pair :
Particulates were not involved (not f4 Rayleigh scattering) .The frequency dependence was not the Kolmogorov f1/3
The role of Engine Exhaust :RCS doesn’t change when the engine run at idle or full powerExhaust diameter yields a partial pressure of vapour and a contribution which is much smaller than that due to temperature.
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Air Systems Division
THALES RADAR WAKE VORTEX PROCESSING CHAIN
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Air Systems Division7
CHARACTERISTICS OF THALES X-BAND BOR-A550 RADAR
Main FiguresFrequency : X Band (9.6 GHz for ORLY Campaign)Minimal Range : 400 mMaximal Range : 40 KmRange Resolution : 40 mMechanical Tilt : +/- 24°Beam Width (elevation/azimut): 4°/2.7°Radial Velocity Range : +/- 26 m/sDoppler Resolution (& High Resolution) : 0.2 m/s
(0.04m/s)Mechanical Scan Rate : 8°/s (sur 45° pour ORLY)Peak transmit power: 75 WData Link : RS232 (x2), RS432 (x2), EthernetRecording System : All range cellsexternal link Ethernet 20 Gb/s
PRF = 3348 HzF=9.6 GHz
Vamb = λ.PRF/2Vamb = 52.31 m/s
(+/-26 m/s)
λ=c/F=3.125 cm
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Air Systems Division8
Wake Vortex Detection in All weather Conditions
No Rain
Minimum Temperature 8 °
Maximum Temperature 14 °
Rain Rate 0 mmWind Speed 22 km/hWind Direction : South
Rain
Minimum Temperature 9 °
Maximum Temperature 12 °
Rain Rate 1.19 mmWind Speed 20 km/h
Wind Direction South-East
RCS of Medium Aircraft Wake Vortex : 0.01 m2 S/N ≈ 15 dB (Range = 600 m)
NO RAIN RAIN
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Air Systems Division9
Speed Variance of Rain can measure
EDR & TKE(air turbulence)
Time (s)
0 m/s
+/-26 m/s
0 m/s
Tangential SpeedVersus Radius
SpiralGeometry
Cross-Wind Speed
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ddraer rb δ
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21
WAKE VORTEX PROFILING : RADAR DOPPLER ANALYSIS
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Air Systems Division10
WAKE VORTEX PROFILING : WAKE VORTEX AGEPositive
Time/Dopplerslopes
ZeroTime/Doppler
slopes
NegativeTime/Doppler
slopesLow speedNegative
Time/Dopplerslopes
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Air Systems Division11
Wake Vortex Circulation Computation
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Wake Vortex Doppler Frequencies Extraction(Pre-Processing : CFAR on Doppler axis)
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Air Systems Division12
Wake-Vortex Detection based on Doppler Entropy criteriaIn the framework of Affine Information Geometry, Kähler metric is given by Hessian of Entropy, considered as Kähler Potential Function :
Entropy of Multivariate Gaussian Law of Zero Mean :
Entropy can be parametrized by reflection coefficients of complex AR model
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Doppler Spectrum
shape
Doppler Spectrum
Power
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Air Systems Division13
Thales Advanced Processing Chain: 3 Patents
Implemented in C language :3 times faster
than real time by“off-line” tests on 4 Threadswith Quadri-
Core PC
PRF = 3348 Hz
Implemented in Matlablanguage
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Air Systems Division14
“Off-Line” Tests on 4-threads quadri-Core PCC-Code Code has been parallelizedon 4 threads by divided 31 Range cells in 4 Domains (1.2 km)Each Range Domain is processed on 1 threadRange Cell resolution : 40 m
C-Code implemented on 4 Threads is 3 time faster
than real time :
1 second processed in 300 ms
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Air Systems Division15
Real-Time Implementation of THALES “Wake Vortex”Algorithms (e.g. : General-Purpose computing on Graphics Processing Units)
In Progress : Real-Time THALES Processing Chain
General PurposeGPU
Ethernet 20Gb/sDATLINK
THALES Processing chain (3 patents)THALES radar
HMI
PRF = 3348 Hz
Multi-CorePC
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Air Systems Division16
LIDAR & RADAR WAKE VORTEX DOPPLER SPECTRUM
AngularRadar resolution
Doppler radarsignature
Doppler Lidarsignature
LIDAR WAKE VORTEX DETECTION
Post-processingNeeded for Wind
Inversion detection
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Air Systems Division
Paris Airport Radar Trials
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Air Systems Division18
Radar Sensor Campaigns funded by THALES
2006 : Paris Orly AirportFrom Mode S site (500 m from runway)Wake Vortex Monitoring during departuresWeather conditions : Winter (clear air, rain)
2007 : Paris Orly AirportFrom Thales Limours Testbed TowerWake Vortex Monitoring during arrivals (ILS Interception)Weather Conditions : Autumn (highly turbulent atmosphere)
2008 : Paris CDG AirportFrom Kbis Tower co-localized with Eurocontrol Lidar (2 mm Windtracer)Wake Vortex Monitoring during arrivals/departures on Closely Spaced Parallel runwaysWeather Conditions : Summer (very hot, rain)
Orly 2006
Orly 2007
CDG 2008
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Air Systems Division19
BOR-A550 Radar View at Paris ORLY Airport Site
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Air Systems Division20
PARIS ORLY WAKE VORTEX RADAR CAMPAIGN (2006)
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Air Systems Division21
Orly Airport 2006 (runway monitoring for departure)
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Air Systems Division22
Orly Airport 2007 (ILS Interception monitoring for arrival)
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Air Systems Division23
Wake Vortex Monitoring based on HR Doppler
Vertical ScanningFrom Limours Tesbed
Tower (Orly ILS Interception : 1500 m)
Highly Turbulent Atmosphere !!
Wake VortexRollups Wake Vortex
Rollups
Color = Doppler Entropy E = - log det(R) (R : covariance matrice)
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Air Systems Division24
CDG Airport 2008 (runway monitoring : departure/arrival)
08L
08R
26L
26R
27L
27R
HorizontalScanning
VerticalScanning
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Air Systems Division25
Scanning strategies
Vertical Scanning
Horizontal Scanning
360° scanning
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Air Systems Division26
Vertical Scanning: Monitoring of Arrival (2nd runway)
Wake Vortex Roll-up(Arrival)
DepartureArrival
East Configuration
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Air Systems Division27
Vertical Scan: Monitoring of Departure (1rst runway)
Wake Vortex Roll-up(Departure)
DepartureArrival
West Configuration
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Air Systems Division28
West Config. Procedure
From scan to scan : Departure
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Air Systems Division29
Vertical Scanning
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Air Systems Division30
Horizontal scanning
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Air Systems Division31
Wake Vortex Position & Circulation (strength in m2/s) along runwayPosition des vortex au cours du temps
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Numéro de balayage
Cas
e di
stan
ce
vortex 1 position
vortex 2 position
Circulation des vortex au cours du temps en m²/s
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
N uméro d e b alayag e
vortex1 circulat ionvortex2 circulat ion
5 s per scan (35 s)Position at 1500 m
Position des vortex au cours du temps
600
700800
9001000
11001200
1300
1 2 3 4 5 6
Numéro de balayage
Cas
e di
stan
ce
vortex 1 position
vortex 2 position
Circulation des vortex au cours du temps en m²/s
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
1 2 3 4 5 6
N uméro d e balayage
vortex1 circulat ionvortex2 circulat ion
5 s per scan (30 s)Position at 1000 m
With Cross-Wind Without Cross-Wind
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Air Systems Division32
Thales Radar Trials SynthesisParis ORLY AIRPORT Campaign has proved that X-band Radar can :
Detect Wake Vortex (RCS of 0.01 m2 on medium aircraft) :In all weather conditions (wet & dry at short range < 2 Km)In Staring & Scanning ModeIn real Time / Update Rate of 11 s on 60° scan sector
Localize Wake Vortexin range/azimuthWith resolution : 40 m x 1°
Characterize Wake VortexGeometry (Spiral)Age (Young, mature, old, decaying)Strength : Circulation (m2/s)
Characterize ambient air (in Rain Conditions)Wind (based on Doppler & post-processing)Ambient Air Turbulence (EDR & TKE)
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Air Systems Division33
X-band Radar PerformancesWake Vortex Monitoring in All Weather Conditions (light to heavy
rain, fog, turbulent atmosphere,…)Operational Use to track Wake Vortex (transport, decay, rebound) in extreme weather conditions :
Wind burst (wind under Cb, turbulent atmosphere, wind shear…)No Wind (foggy weather,…)
Non Operational Use for « Safety Case » by Data Collection :Risks Assessment according to extreme wind conditions and not only on mean wind conditions (extreme values statistics)Need for Wake Vortex Data in exhaustive cases of airport climatology(good/bad weather)
Fast Monitoring of very large volume (radar scanning) with high update rate (e.g. : 8°/s with mechanical scanning of BOR-A radar and faster with Electronic scanning)
Highly sensitivity of Radar : monitoring of Wake Vortex for « medium » (high % of A320) aircrafts and not only « heavy / super heavy » (requested for traffic mix of « very light jets »)
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Air Systems Division34
Radar/Lidar Sensors
Radar & Lidar are complementary sensors in all weather operationsTHALES has proved by derisking campaign (Paris CDG-2008) that X-band Radar & Lidar are complementary for Wake Vortex Monitoring :
Lockheed Martin has proved by derisking Campaign (Westheimer Aiport) that X-band & Lidar are compementary for Wind Monitoring (& Wind-shear)
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Air Systems Division
WAKE-VORTEX & WIND SENSORS BENCHMARK
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Air Systems Division36
Suite of Sensors benchmarking THALES will supervise benchmarking of :
Wake Vortex Monitoring Sensors
Wind Monitoring Sensors
Others
In All Weather Conditions
EUROCONTROL
M-Scan & E-scan X-band Radars
2 μm Lidar
Polar X-band Radar
1.5 μm LidarWind Profiler
UHF Radar Wind Profiler
Ultrasonic Anemometers
Sodar
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Air Systems Division37
Threshold
Touch-Down Area
Runway 3000 m / 60 m (typically)
Wind
Final Approach Fix (FAF)
ILS Interception Area
Altitude between 2000 and 6000 ft (typically)
H = 400 ft
400 m2500 m
25 000 m (13.6 NM)
ILS Glide Slope
ILS Glide Slope : 3° (5.2%) – 4°
Max course deviation : 2° Ie horizontal deviation at FAF : +/- 800m
5 500 m (3 NM)
Final Approach
Landing
Lidar Windprofiler
Sodar/RassT° Profiler
UHF Windprofiler
Anemometers
Lidar 3D Wind Tracer
X-bandRadar 3D
Wind Mnitoring
One Instance of Weather Sensors Deployment
Wind info
Fusion
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Air Systems Division38
CDG : Surveillance Area
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Air Systems Division39
WV Predictor
Approach/Departure : Ground wake detection, tracking & alert
WIMS(in TMA)
Data Broadcast
Data Broadcast
Pilot
WV Alarm
Approach & TowerController
WV controller HMI
Ground RadarHorizontal/Vertical scanning
of Runways
Ground RadarVertical scanning
of ILS interception Area(Entering of glide slope)
Data-Link(WV Alerts)
Limours trials 2007
Orly trials 2006 & CDG 2008
crosswind
crosswind
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Air Systems Division40
Wake Vortex Alerts in THALES EUROCAT-T
WVAS enables Air Traffic Control to:Separate all aircraft down to radar separation minima without jeopardizing flight safetyIncrease the airports/runways capacityAddress Arrivals and/or Departures
WVAS will ingest Wake Vortex Monitoring Sensors data for Safety Net
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Air Systems Division41
Acknowledgements
ADP Radar Team Jean-Paul LecorreJean-Marc ReceveauDaniel DuongGilbert Herbulot
DSNA Radar TeamAndré SimonettiAlfred HarterJean Jezequel
Direction des Aires Aéronautiques (ADP CDG) : Gérard BatistellaGuillaume Auquier
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Air Systems Division42
Questions
HORIZONTAL SCANNING VERTICAL SCANNING