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Page 1: Himalayan Cryosphere in a changing climate ClimateChange...Himalayan Cryosphere in a changing climate Parmanand Sharma ESSO-National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (ESSO -NCPOR)

Himalayan Cryosphere in a changing climate

Parmanand Sharma ESSO-National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (ESSO-NCPOR)

Ministry of Earth Sciences Goa India

MAITRI BHARATI

HIMADRI

Himansh

Three Poles The Arctic the Antarctic and the Himalayas

National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research Goa -a transhemispheric research Institute

Presenter
Presentation Notes
We are a trans-hemispheric Organisation Our scientists are present just about everywhere in the Arctic in the Himalaya in research vessels in the Arabian Sea and in the Bay of Bengal Above all that we have our sustained presence in Antarctica- in two research stations Maitri and Bharati

Global distribution of inventoried glaciers ( Zemp et al 2014)

Worldwide glacier monitoring The global distribution of ice on the land surface (blue) is shown with locations of glacier front variation (black circles) and mass balance measurements (red triangles direct

glaciologic yellow squares geodetic) ( Zemp et al 2014)

Mountain glacier mass balance since 1970 excluding the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets (From the

Global Warming Art Project 2017)

Global distribution of glaciers their mass balance

Cumulative mass change relative to 1976 for regional and global means based on data from reference glaciers Cumulative values are given on the y-axis in the unit

meter water equivalent (m we)

Source WGMS(2017 updated and earlier reports

Total number of glaciers worldwide -160000 Total area 741x102 km2 (Valentina R amp Regine H2010)

Total ice volume 241x103 km3

THIRD POLE

The unique geographic region centred around the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau is known as the Third Pole because its ice fields contain the largest reserve of fresh water outside the polar regions This region is the source of the 10 major river systems that form the

lifeline of over 19 billion people in Asia ndash nearly 20 of the worldrsquos population

Third Pole

bull Melting Glaciers bull Extreme events and

Disaster Risk bull Food and Water

Security

Why is it important bull Approximately 19 billion people are depend on snowmelt- or glacier-fed rivers for various socio-industrial activities

bull Glaciers continue to melt as temperature rises

bull Some glaciers will be fragmented in a few decades some within the century

bull Reduction of water availability for irrigation and agriculture

bull Can form catastrophic glacial lakes which threatens lives and infrastructure

Zone 1- westerlies dominated precipitation glaciers grow mainly by winter snow accumulation Lakes growth less glacier disintegration Zone 2- both westerlies and summer monsoon Zone 3-glaciers are highly debris covered and retreat rate is high Zone 4- summer monsoon is dominated and glaciers are growing by summer snow accumulation and are most unstable

Major characteristics of Himalayan Glaciers (Climate zones)

Kargel et al 2010

Indus Ganges Brahmaputra Study

Basin area (km2) 1116086 1001019 528079 Bajracharya and Shrestha 2011

Number of glaciers 18495 7963 11497 Bajracharya and Shrestha 2011

Glacier area (km2) 21193 (19) 9012 (09) 14020 (27) Bajracharya and Shrestha 2011 Nuimura et al 2015

Randolph Glacier Inventory (Pfeffer et al 2014)

Volume(Km3) 2696 794 1303 Bajracharya and Shrestha 2011

Karakoram Western

Himalaya

Central

Himalaya

Eastern

Himalaya

Total

1537 -2965 394-759 345-723 147-283 2453-4731 Frey et al (2014)

2748 611 771 279 4409 Marzeion et al (2012)

1896 584 714 265 3459 Grinsted (2013)

2953 657 828 300 4738 Radić et al (2014 )

Glacier cover and volume estimates for the Indus Ganges and Brahmaputra basins from different Studies

Glacier volume estimates for the whole HKH region from different studies (km3)

On what timescale does Glacier respond to climate warming in HKH region Which one has the most significant control for glacier behavior in both the region - global

or regional or local climates Is micro climate of glaciers effect the dynamics How is glacier response regulated by changes in the rate and mechanism of ice flow If so

what causes these changes

How does the local climate control the glacier health How do monsoon and westerlies effect mass balance of HKH region How do these changes amplify those caused by surface mass balance alone Estimate the impact on local regional community induced by change in glacier regime

Questions to be answer

Retreat of Individual Himalayan glaciers

(Kulkarni and Karyakarte 2014)

Glaciers in different regions of the Himalaya respond differently

Cogley [2011]

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Observed retreat of glaciers in various parts of the Himalaya It shows that retreat is varying from almost 5ma to almost 35ma Major retreat is observed for glaciers in the western Himalaya

Chart1

Average
Name of the glacier
Mean retreat (myr)
-26
-2237
-823
-2397
-12
-382
-1183
-767
-271
-1327
-993
-182
-193
-331
-1727
-443
-21
-413
-943
-1483
-1103
-14
-1403
-1407
-1302

Sheet1

Sheet1

Average
Name of the glacier
Mean retreat (myr)

Sheet2

Sheet3

Vincent et al 2013

Azam et al 2018

Pratap et al 2016

949 01 Glacial retreating Advancing Not retreating

9575 Total Himalayan glaciers (GSI)

5

Himalayan glaciers may vanish in long run

bull Glaciated area 40000 km2

bull loss in glacier area 13 (1960rsquos-2000)

Reported loss in glacier area

(Kulkarni and Karyakarte2014)

bull Almost 4ndash30 overall loss in glacier area in the last 40 years (1960-2000) depending upon terrain and geomorphological parameters

bull Mean loss in glacier mass in the Indian Himalaya has accelerated from ndash9 +-4 to ndash20 +- 4 Gtyear from the decade 1975ndash1985 to 2000ndash2010

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Similarly loss in areal extents were mapped and it suggests that the glaciers in western and eastern Himalaya are losing more mass than glaciers in central Himalayan region Glaciers located in the Karakorum region was showing thickening due to continuous snow accumulation and its high altitude location

Glacier meltrsquos contribution to stream flow in present decade

Lutz et al 2014

Changes in the timing or amount of snowmelt due to increasing temperatures or decreasing winter precipitation may have far-reaching societal consequences

Presenter
Presentation Notes
As a fraction of the total annual discharge snowmelt constitutes up to 50 in the far western (Indus area) catchments ~25 in far eastern (Tsangpo) catchments and lt20 elsewhere Despite these along-strike variations snowmelt in the pre- and early-monsoon season (April to June) is significant and important in all catchments although most pronounced in the western catchments Thus changes in the timing or amount of snowmelt due to increasing temperatures or decreasing winter precipitation may have far-reaching societal consequences

Upstream basins of Indus Ganges Brahmaputra Salween and Mekong

Lutz et al 2014

bullTR Average runoff (1997-2007) bullPTR Mean Projected runoff (2014-2050 ndash RCP 45) bullBF Baseflow bullGM Glacier melt bullSM Snow melt bullRR Rainfall runoff

bullModel is forced with an ensemble of 4 GCMs

Modelled changes in

mass loss conditions

in HKH region under

various scenarios

(Chaturvedi et al 2014)

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Study by Chaturvedi etal 2014 (Climate Change) has suggested that the mass loss is significantly higher for 2080rsquos under RCP85 scenario Whereas observed changes varying from -04 to -08 meters water equivalent under RCP26 Scenario However overall it suggests a significant reduction in mass balance of glaciers which may cause severe threat to downstream communities

Regional temperatures and projected glacier area

Kraaijenbrink et al (2017)

The 15 degC global increase implies a warming of around 21degC for the glacierized areas in HMA

bull Possible explanations for this

elevation-dependent warming in

mountains include the effects of

snow albedo and surface-based

feedback water vapour changes

and latent heat release radiative

flux changes surface heat loss and

temperature change and aerosols

Projected Warming and HKH Glacier mass loss

Kraaijenbrink et al 2017

HMA-High mountains of Asia

Glaciers in most of the HKH region are losing mass in response to climate warming Glaciers in the Karakoram region have been expanding in recent years but the underlying reasons for this anomaly are not yet fully understood Total ice volume measurements vary considerably because of the difficulties in measuring ice volumes in situ or from remote sensing products and uncertainties in volume-area scaling relationships No strong trends have been observed in snow cover minor increases or decreases have been reported for different areas Little is known about the distribution of permafrost in the HKH region and its importance for regional hydrology remains unclear Estimates of future glacier volume and area are uncertain and hampered because thus far modelling of ice flow has been restricted to catchment scale studies However strong decreases in glacier volume and area are projected for the entire HKH region

Key limitations to measure glacier changes snow cover area ice thickness etc Not enough long-term in situ observations and insufficient spatial coverage Insufficient representation of climatic conditions and glacier types No consensus on measuring methods Lack of in situ measurements of glacier volume to validate the widespread use of area-volume parameterizations Shortage of energy balance measurements in the region IceSAT uncertainty about penetration of radiation into the snow and reliance on assumptions of density to determine glacier losses Airborne sensing is efficient but poorly used (LiDar photogrammetry) in Himalaya Lack of relevant input information for example glacier thickness climatic data Precipitation gradients and snowrain transitions affect glacier dynamics Spatial distributions in debris thickness and thermal conductivity are nearly impossible to measure

Objectives

1 To study the Antarctic climate variability and its global linkages during the past 2000 years using ice core records

2 To study the biogeochemical cycling within the supraglacial ecosystems like snow ice etc

3 To study the glaciological processes dynamics and evolution of Antarctic ice shelves and ice rises

4 To study the glacier processes and mass balance in selected glaciers of Svalbard Arctic

5 To study the dynamics and the rate of change of selected Himalayan glaciers to understand its impact on hydrology

CRYOSPHERE amp CLIMATE - ESSO MoES Project

ANTARCTICA

HIMALAYA

ARCTIC

HIMANSH ndash Field Station 4000 m Lahaul-Spiti

Ongoing Major Activities bull Long term monitoring programme for glaciological observations and modelling in Western

Himalaya for better understanding of glacier dynamics and their link with hydrology and climate

bull Mass balance (SMB Ice Flux Glacier Flow) bull EnergyHeat Balance (Energy Budget Degree Day Model) bull Hydrological Balance (discharge measurements and modelling)

bull Mass balance studies ndash field glaciological geodetic geospatial data based Regular monitoring of an extensive stake network for annual spring and summer mass balance are carried out

for all six glaciers (Sutri Dhaka Batal Samudra Tapu Bara Shigri Gepang Gath and Kunzam) Ice thickness measurements by GPR

bull Energy balance studies ndash a network of AWS systems Surface energy fluxes near the glacier areas measured using 4 AWS systems installed at Sutri Dhaka (ELA) Bara

Sigri (4300m) Gepang Gath (4400 m) and the Himansh station

bull Hydrological balance studies ndash a network of water level recorders in Chandra R Five recorders (Waterlog Radar series) at Sutri Dhaka Chatru Chota Dhara Sissu Tandi)

Ablationaccumulation process on the different glaciers

-18

-16

-14

-12

-1

-08

-06

-04

-02

0

Sutri Dhaka Batal Samudra Tapu Bada Shigri Gepang Gath Kunzam

2013-14

2014-15

2015-16

2016-17

2017-18()

Net

mb

(m w

e)

Annual net smb of studied glaciers of Chandra basin

Spatial distribution of Ice density over glacier surface

Specific ablationaccumulation over Chandra basin glaciers

Accumulation measurement Stakes network over glaciers surface

Annual net surface mass balance of Chandra basin glaciers

Glacier retreat observed by satellite monitoring between 1960rsquos and 2014 in Western Himalaya ndash retreat of glaciers and expansion of proglacial lakes

Gaddam et al 2016 Patel et al 2017

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Observed retreat of glaciers in Baspa (small size) and Chandra basin (large) glaciers Western Himalaya In Chandra Basin this is alos leading to enhancement of the proglacial lakes Such lakes pose a a threat to GLOF ndash glacial lake outburst flood

1973 (KH-9 Image) 1979 (LANDSAT MSS Image) 1989 (LANDSAT TM Image)

2000 (LANDSAT ETM+ Image) 2013 (LANDSAT OLI Image) 2013 (IRS2 LISS IV Image)

Development of glaciers lake in Samudra Tapu glacier since 1973

bullGeospatial studies carried out in two major proglacial lakes of Samudra Tapu

and Gepang Gath (Chandra basin Western Himalaya) showed substantial

expansion in their area and volume over the last four decades (1971-2014)

bullThe results show that increased melting of the feeder glaciers over this period is

major contributor to expand the volumes approximately 20 times of both the

lakes Samudra Tapu and Gepang Gath

A geospatial analysis of Samudra Tapu and Gepang Gath glacial lakes in the Chandra basin Western Himalaya Patel et al 2017

Mean Mass Balance of glaciers in Baspa basin (1900 ndash 2010)

(Gaddam et al 2017a)

Temperatures anomalies using ERA20CM data

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Geospatial data based study - The mean mass loss estimated for glaciers in Western Himalaya suggests that the glaciers have experienced positive mass balance conditions during 1900-1914 After 1914 there is a decline in mass balance mainly due to rise in temperatures The mass loss of glaciers was observed more after 1995 due to significant changes occurred in temperature

Chart1

Temperature anomaly on century scale
Temperature anomaly for present decade
Period of observation
Temperature (kelvin)
-07193769468
-0863908496
-15613973259
-02617494627
-0306125676
-09722219435
05724076732
-06669364344
-00664870188
-03904512265
-12408430856
-05993512039
-13766462691
-0223669873
-09986683635
-01809502551
-01994504133
01698655886
-03977940728
00707840659
-10391783663
00955077528
-05826445756
02142847607
10710936474
02344338488
00114539492
-00518004493
-05841700543
-01776528967
-04131609703
08685060637
03036096206
11525054719
03453264044
-00302356258
-01688733873
-04054860931
-05213211321
05103813428
0707263713
-0539845488
06692193495
-04805394076
12494377181
01611494972
-03347152777
-08770284905
01141339682
-08034238806
05077103178
-09183616379
-05037011913
-0408897258
02693921442
-03333103383
-02722429398
05360104128
-03970823536
-04720998802
02158692028
01004466467
04559142735
02251771836
0163676099
00038020854
-04341950997
07796951587
-02815226183
04824159116
-03942986116
-03824880989
-07317624079
-05518681351
-05904683473
-06220110581
00795622036
-02293835255
-03188265547
07183381047
08736031377
-04467092743
-00689622538
-00942597275
09818119029
00879678365
02896330073
-02913513436
0812876232
06016351815
00620986687
-09303626677
-04479955867
-07595689901
04945854203
04078308076
05637604328
07219768353
07937244722
22812730881
-03165058936
07481318505
05357474111
08061588235
05966328562
09959613372
13033899567
07742868652
-01402811199
03776739322
12044868397

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Temperature anomaly on century scale
Temperature anomaly for present decade

Sheet3

Sutri Dhaka Glacier surface ice melts during 2015ndash16 and 2016ndash17 (a c) cumulative winter and summer ablation (m we) (b d) annual ablation circled values are measurements at the stakes installed on the debris-covered parts of the glacier

Comparative plot of observed and modeled surface melting for (ab) Sutri Dhaka Glacier as a function of elevation corresponds to the cumulative positive degree days (CPDD) and degree day factor of ice and debris

Evaluation of Modeled and Observed Melting

Energy fluxes at the glacier surface and proportional contribution of each flux

Winter2015-16

Summer 2015-16

Winter2016-17

Summer 2016-17

Geospatial observations of topographical control over the glacier retreat Miyar basin Western Himalaya India (Patel et al 2018)

bullIn this study an attempt has been made to understand the role of topographical parameters and debris cover for glacier recession in Miyar basin

bullA total of 29 glaciers covering an area of ~227 km2 were studied

bullObservations revealed that almost 9 km2 plusmn 07 km2 recessions in glacier area (4) for studied glaciers of Miyar basin during 1989-2014

bullIn Miyar basin glaciers with large size having a steep slope with high debris cover and northward aspect showed low retreat than glaciers of small size gentle slope and low debris cover with southward aspect

Mean mass loss for the Chandra basin -067plusmn014 m weyear during last two decades It was much less in nineties(1990-1999) and estimated observed cumulative mass loss was close to zero The mean annual mass balance of Chandra basin is -077plusmn014m we with loss of 505plusmn 060 Gigatons of glacial mass during 2013 ndash 2017 Mean ELA has significantly shifted(gt200m) up during last two decades Some of the glaciers have experienced four positive balance year between 2000-2013 but experienced negative mass balance during last five years(2013-2018) There has been a gradual warming with an apparent stronger trend observed in Himalayan region during the last two decades The temperature trends are much more pronounced for the winter seasons than for the summer seasons Solid precipitation is most dominant factor to control the ablation during peak ablation Most of the glaciers of Chandra basin are in state of instability and their volume may significantly reduce if the climate stabilizes at its present state Increase in number and volume of glacier lakes has increase the threat of GLOFs in Chandra basin region

HiCOM Project (Himalayan Cryospheric Observations and Modeling)

NCAOR coordinated multi-organizational project for study of benchmark Himalayan glaciers to understand the impact on glaciers and hydrology

HiCom Objective Major Questions to be addressed bullWhy there are differential glacier responses across Himalaya and what are the driving forces bullWhat are the dynamics and control of snow cover changes in Himalaya bullWhat is the response of Himalayan cryosphere to climate changevariability and associated hydrological impacts Work Plan [NCAOR IISER(Pune Kolkata) IIT (Bombay Roorke) University (JNU Himachal JampK Jharkhandhellip] bullIntegrated mass balance studies on benchmark glaciers from sub-basins of Western Central and Eastern Himalaya using glaciological geodetic geospatial and modelling approaches bullGlacio-hydrological budgeting and modelling of selected basins bullSnow cover and volume estimation in major basins of Himalaya

Challenges and Way forward bull Himalayan region is consistently warming more than Global average bull Glaciers and permanent snows are melting rapidly in the recent years bull Shrinkage and melting of glaciers Formation and expansion of glacial lakes bull Increased Risks and Hazard Glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) is a serious problem

bull Investigate and Enhanced Monitoring network (in-situ and Remote sensing-satellitesDrone) bull Strengthening Modeling efforts to understand and forecast bull Knowledge generation and understand the possible impacts of cryosphere changes bull Need effective adaptive and mitigation strategy to prevent risks and uncertainties bull Strengthening Capacity building bull Regional collaboration and Data amp Information exchange

The global threat ofPolar ice melting

  • Slide Number 1
  • Slide Number 2
  • Slide Number 3
  • Slide Number 4
  • Why is it important
  • Slide Number 6
  • Slide Number 7
  • Slide Number 8
  • Retreat of Individual Himalayan glaciers
  • Slide Number 10
  • Reported loss in glacier area
  • Slide Number 12
  • Upstream basins of Indus Ganges Brahmaputra Salween and Mekong
  • Slide Number 14
  • Regional temperatures and projected glacier area
  • Slide Number 16
  • Slide Number 17
  • Slide Number 18
  • Slide Number 19
  • Slide Number 20
  • Ongoing Major Activities
  • Slide Number 22
  • Slide Number 23
  • Slide Number 24
  • Slide Number 25
  • Slide Number 26
  • Mean Mass Balance of glaciers in Baspa basin (1900 ndash 2010)
  • Slide Number 28
  • Slide Number 29
  • Slide Number 30
  • Slide Number 31
  • Slide Number 32
  • HiCom Objective
  • Challenges and Way forward
  • Slide Number 35
mean annual temperature mean annual precipitation mean of mean mean of mean tmep anomaly precipitation anomaly tmep anomaly
1900 2745680347294 04397207758 2752874116762 04240141094 -07193769468 -00157066664 -1570666644478
1901 2744235031802 04261576227 2752874116762 04240141094 -0863908496 -00021435134 -214351337819
1902 2737260143503 05015666099 2752874116762 04240141094 -15613973259 -00775525006 -775525005722
1903 2750256622135 04389712635 2752874116762 04240141094 -02617494627 -00149571542 -1495715418829
1904 2749812860002 04712944918 2752874116762 04240141094 -0306125676 -00472803824 -4728038244434
1905 2743151897327 03835583353 2752874116762 04240141094 -09722219435 0040455774 404557740167
1906 2758598193493 03499779703 2752874116762 04240141094 05724076732 00740361391 7403613909804
1907 2746204752418 0483016297 2752874116762 04240141094 -06669364344 -00590021876 -5900218760975
1908 2752209246574 03907366002 2752874116762 04240141094 -00664870188 00332775092 3327750917524
1909 2748969604497 04433523578 2752874116762 04240141094 -03904512265 -00193382485 -1933824847238
1910 2740465685906 04608032745 2752874116762 04240141094 -12408430856 -00367891651 -3678916513289
1911 2746880604723 04141381888 2752874116762 04240141094 -05993512039 00098759206 987592057543
1912 2739107654071 04227553753 2752874116762 04240141094 -13766462691 0001258734 125873401933
1913 2750637418032 04162397012 2752874116762 04240141094 -0223669873 00077744081 777440814247
1914 2742887433127 04101639254 2752874116762 04240141094 -09986683635 0013850184 1385018398561
1915 2751064614211 04824658937 2752874116762 04240141094 -01809502551 -00584517843 -5845178431788
1916 2750879612629 04226883521 2752874116762 04240141094 -01994504133 00013257572 13257572366
1917 2754572772648 04064010604 2752874116762 04240141094 01698655886 0017613049 1761304895816
1918 2748896176034 04446789921 2752874116762 04240141094 -03977940728 -00206648828 -2066488278719
1919 2753581957421 03982009919 2752874116762 04240141094 00707840659 00258131175 2581311745075
1920 2742482333098 04645340528 2752874116762 04240141094 -10391783663 -00405199434 -4051994339143
1921 275382919429 0432572784 2752874116762 04240141094 00955077528 -00085586746 -855867459524
1922 2747047671006 04097069867 2752874116762 04240141094 -05826445756 00143071227 1430712265632
1923 2755016964368 03549312577 2752874116762 04240141094 02142847607 00690828516 6908285163882
1924 2763585053236 04116706236 2752874116762 04240141094 10710936474 00123434858 1234348579096
1925 275521845525 04142291141 2752874116762 04240141094 02344338488 00097849953 978499528899
1926 2752988656254 03558005775 2752874116762 04240141094 00114539492 00682135318 6821353181531
1927 2752356112268 03525072878 2752874116762 04240141094 -00518004493 00715068215 715068215346
1928 2747032416218 03391493785 2752874116762 04240141094 -05841700543 00848647309 8486473085965
1929 2751097587795 04388463474 2752874116762 04240141094 -01776528967 -0014832238 -148322380283
1930 2748742507059 03575893726 2752874116762 04240141094 -04131609703 00664247368 6642473677189
1931 2761559177399 03755285939 2752874116762 04240141094 08685060637 00484855155 4848551545873
1932 2755910212968 04840229046 2752874116762 04240141094 03036096206 -00600087953 -6000879527331
1933 2764399171481 03506986097 2752874116762 04240141094 11525054719 00733154996 7331549961819
1934 2756327380806 037979019 2752874116762 04240141094 03453264044 00442239194 4422391940868
1935 2752571760504 04433830515 2752874116762 04240141094 -00302356258 -00193689421 -1936894212525
1936 2751185382888 03808367814 2752874116762 04240141094 -01688733873 0043177328 4317732795158
1937 2748819255831 0505989695 2752874116762 04240141094 -04054860931 -00819755857 -8197558566271
1938 2747660905441 04324668942 2752874116762 04240141094 -05213211321 -00084527848 -84527848286
1939 275797793019 02865944353 2752874116762 04240141094 05103813428 0137419674 13741967402749
1940 2759946753892 03479765729 2752874116762 04240141094 0707263713 00760375364 7603753642571
1941 2747475661882 04632338276 2752874116762 04240141094 -0539845488 -00392197182 -3921971823735
1942 2759566310257 03630157694 2752874116762 04240141094 06692193495 006099834 6099833996496
1943 2748068722686 04492628013 2752874116762 04240141094 -04805394076 -00252486919 -2524869190757
1944 2765368493942 04495821565 2752874116762 04240141094 12494377181 -00255680472 -2556804716961
1945 2754485611734 04336792495 2752874116762 04240141094 01611494972 -00096651401 -9665140117
1946 2749526963985 04742330097 2752874116762 04240141094 -03347152777 -00502189003 -5021890033014
1947 2744103831857 04080435778 2752874116762 04240141094 -08770284905 00159705316 1597053155178
1948 2754015456443 03960564959 2752874116762 04240141094 01141339682 00279576135 2795761347956
1949 2744839877956 0421387531 2752874116762 04240141094 -08034238806 00026265783 262657831909
1950 275795121994 03722505304 2752874116762 04240141094 05077103178 00517635789 517635789334
1951 2743690500383 04611635203 2752874116762 04240141094 -09183616379 -00371494109 -3714941091993
1952 2747837104849 04429897374 2752874116762 04240141094 -05037011913 -00189756281 -1897562805262
1953 2748785144182 03898812884 2752874116762 04240141094 -0408897258 0034132821 3413282098725
1954 2755568038203 04445863039 2752874116762 04240141094 02693921442 -00205721945 -2057219450129
1955 2749541013379 04346169044 2752874116762 04240141094 -03333103383 -0010602795 -1060279502768
1956 2750151687363 04233893135 2752874116762 04240141094 -02722429398 00006247959 62479590886
1957 275823422089 03983009853 2752874116762 04240141094 05360104128 0025713124 2571312402655
1958 2748903293226 04194257644 2752874116762 04240141094 -03970823536 0004588345 458834496566
1959 274815311796 03993458071 2752874116762 04240141094 -04720998802 00246683023 2466830225426
1960 275503280879 0340497273 2752874116762 04240141094 02158692028 00835168363 8351683631462
1961 2753878583228 04254456789 2752874116762 04240141094 01004466467 -00014315695 -143156953544
1962 2757433259497 03601285085 2752874116762 04240141094 04559142735 00638856009 6388560090028
1963 2755125888597 04422237061 2752874116762 04240141094 02251771836 -00182095967 -182095966915
1964 2754510877752 04211319503 2752874116762 04240141094 0163676099 0002882159 288215903034
1965 2752912137616 04142563147 2752874116762 04240141094 00038020854 00097577947 975779469529
1966 2748532165765 03845099771 2752874116762 04240141094 -04341950997 00395041323 3950413228664
1967 2760671068349 04041794635 2752874116762 04240141094 07796951587 00198346459 1983464585155
1968 2750058890579 05020580979 2752874116762 04240141094 -02815226183 -00780439886 -7804398858702
1969 2757698275878 03486033601 2752874116762 04240141094 04824159116 00754107492 7541074921111
1970 2748931130646 04585861674 2752874116762 04240141094 -03942986116 -00345720581 -3457205807452
1971 2749049235772 04169442628 2752874116762 04240141094 -03824880989 00070698466 706984659712
1972 2745556492683 04266570574 2752874116762 04240141094 -07317624079 -00026429481 -264294807274
1973 2747355435411 05024067761 2752874116762 04240141094 -05518681351 -00783926667 -7839266672453
1974 2746969433289 05525416601 2752874116762 04240141094 -05904683473 -01285275507 -12852755069953
1975 2746654006181 0382601217 2752874116762 04240141094 -06220110581 00414128924 4141289238365
1976 2753669738797 04139139858 2752874116762 04240141094 00795622036 00101001236 1010012355619
1977 2750580281507 04864467478 2752874116762 04240141094 -02293835255 -00624326384 -6243263844048
1978 2749685851215 03902876434 2752874116762 04240141094 -03188265547 0033726466 3372646596755
1979 2760057497808 03862810312 2752874116762 04240141094 07183381047 00377330781 3773307812879
1980 2761610148139 03917713749 2752874116762 04240141094 08736031377 00322427345 3224273448989
1981 2748407024018 05197394963 2752874116762 04240141094 -04467092743 -00957253869 -957253869245
1982 2752184494223 03778351949 2752874116762 04240141094 -00689622538 00461789144 4617891443614
1983 2751931519487 03688719413 2752874116762 04240141094 -00942597275 0055142168 5514216803257
1984 2762692235791 03987151317 2752874116762 04240141094 09818119029 00252989777 2529897769122
1985 2753753795127 03644056903 2752874116762 04240141094 00879678365 00596084191 5960841909613
1986 2755770446835 04468759153 2752874116762 04240141094 02896330073 -00228618059 -2286180590033
1987 2749960603326 0420021872 2752874116762 04240141094 -02913513436 00039922373 399223732142
1988 2761002879082 04548841692 2752874116762 04240141094 0812876232 -00308700599 -3087005987977
1989 2758890468577 0320182463 2752874116762 04240141094 06016351815 01038316464 10383164640571
1990 2753495103448 04419420571 2752874116762 04240141094 00620986687 -00179279478 -1792794777444
1991 2743570490085 05080265373 2752874116762 04240141094 -09303626677 -0084012428 -8401242795514
1992 2748394160895 04891179108 2752874116762 04240141094 -04479955867 -00651038015 -6510380146998
1993 2745278426861 04597990717 2752874116762 04240141094 -07595689901 -00357849623 -3578496234378
1994 2757819970965 04067628957 2752874116762 04240141094 04945854203 00172512136 172512136351 04945854203
1995 2756952424838 04410312772 2752874116762 04240141094 04078308076 -00170171678 -170171678436 04078308076
1996 275851172109 04385862518 2752874116762 04240141094 05637604328 -00145721425 -1457214248469 05637604328
1997 2760093885115 04701612154 2752874116762 04240141094 07219768353 -00461471061 -4614710608035 07219768353
1998 2760811361483 04426284766 2752874116762 04240141094 07937244722 -00186143672 -1861436719262 07937244722
1999 2775686847643 04587752138 2752874116762 04240141094 22812730881 -00347611045 -3476110448967 22812730881
2000 2749709057826 04731987826 2752874116762 04240141094 -03165058936 -00491846732 -4918467321606 -03165058936
2001 2760355435267 04036562791 2752874116762 04240141094 07481318505 00203578303 203578302683 07481318505
2002 2758231590873 04079123785 2752874116762 04240141094 05357474111 00161017309 1610173086459 05357474111
2003 2760935704997 04730694079 2752874116762 04240141094 08061588235 -00490552985 -490552984935 08061588235
2004 2758840445324 04724105752 2752874116762 04240141094 05966328562 -00483964659 -4839646585839 05966328562
2005 2762833730134 04775793766 2752874116762 04240141094 09959613372 -00535652673 -5356526728525 09959613372
2006 2765908016328 04584896482 2752874116762 04240141094 13033899567 -00344755388 -3447553883621 13033899567
2007 2760616985414 04697657688 2752874116762 04240141094 07742868652 -00457516594 -4575165943303 07742868652
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2009 2756650856084 04309322391 2752874116762 04240141094 03776739322 -00069181297 -69181297306 03776739322
2010 2764918985159 04837434852 2752874116762 04240141094 12044868397 -00597293758 -5972937584235 12044868397
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26427978305 1301042606982E-16 12176 2753669738797 04139139858
263315353865 03846700368 1177
265572602101 01719137473 2177
270280675756 06340659296 3177
274214440675 04653926291 4177
278383263603 01639316684 5177
284223418112 0469679045 6177
285868824177 10943355753 7177
285585371871 13258885315 8177
283328123636 05984280215 9177
277885493702 0141452402 10177
267831578704 01240699059 11177
264207191606 02635334812 12177 2750580281507 04864467478
260632927172 01459004461 1178
266500735564 00815264853 2178
270667830124 02661356719 3178
274708753842 04289547527 4178
277745495917 03423477579 5178
28268171411 04373053381 6178
285035750938 10385153693 7178
285256982006 13224425952 8178
282320485258 02130212756 9178
276395640731 01262069409 10178
27240311131 1301042606982E-16 11178
265273594486 02810950876 12178 2749685851215 03902876434
260983785818 02923097065 1179
262124508509 01036240361 2179
270800914438 01369466192 3179
277306490517 01136477599 4179
282183944209 00247936055 5179
285422905306 04994603286 6179
285694259037 10962543148 7179
285799689468 1234740231 8179
283136274819 08262570062 9179
278402275648 02631323991 10179
271691023811 00086116881 11179
26852292579 00355946798 12179 2760057497808 03862810312
266371107985 00848948996 1180
269601427244 03661866327 2180
270902888133 01933293506 3180
277475870553 01148870612 4180
280723473489 04307980054 5180
283585650425 05597799888 6180
285486854912 12126587467 7180
285659691683 11159089011 8180
282958252945 02532256413 9180
275280843555 02071715605 10180
270904616501 00405578857 11180
264981500342 01218578248 12180 2761610148139 03917713749
264720426659 03993232194 1181
265060013084 04756845859 2181
269280832234 0675481171 3181
272616668581 05128682999 4181
277796219103 00941313541 5181
283236462234 03443396264 6181
285440343831 10745710847 7181
285273980784 12476617671 8181
283670378222 077252678 9181
275871896028 03374143346 10181
270841557723 01133248072 11181
264279650339 0189546925 12181 2748407024018 05197394963
263115109013 01803408188 1182
267387380653 04007714967 2182
270786675068 02497571072 3182
272928813678 0292750056 4182
278087783205 02175524883 5182
284927534027 02425236062 6182
285695891191 1079122742 7182
285644438702 12076711423 8182
283649797226 03411005313 9182
27670885651 01413326362 10182
271880897993 01810997141 11182
261808215802 -1301042606982E-16 12182 2752184494223 03778351949
261978009014 01719054536 1183
264243633597 0425762954 2183
270748943243 00239166916 3183
275887331775 03250788668 4183
280727295872 -1301042606982E-16 5183
285416332669 04510400176 6183
28585196374 11671299462 7183
284587947602 10567588268 8183
282898590892 02211685687 9183
275901052438 00740832543 10183
269541524843 0286759899 11183
264535197699 02228588174 12183 2751931519487 03688719413
26533099619 03259658948 1184
268601659384 00388468443 2184
272669836152 00486062924 3184
276746588335 -1301042606982E-16 4184
282037619249 01977243335 5184
2842963835 06225003318 6184
285577550467 12234578057 7184
285452349411 12797031369 8184
283138702506 05516022357 9184
277677878379 02118920539 10184
269714748222 01446570003 11184
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263832013688 01759068481 2185
27168194837 02542907171 3185
274479248669 0127301166 4185
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285111047903 04523572389 6185
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285059595415 10106929576 8185
281854105373 0316432908 9185
275830734037 01128832912 10185
27343476315 -1301042606982E-16 11185
266185107502 02432068864 12185 2753753795127 03644056903
261662433751 02767250566 1186
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271875752744 02679264285 3186
277286839465 00864042494 4186
283054663441 -1301042606982E-16 5186
284948115023 0928827385 6186
285255114871 1395019761 7186
285169360724 09321566189 8186
282617317288 07059390224 9186
275811868125 00799201394 10186
271054228009 02033205283 11186
26320600841 01795911515 12186 2755770446835 04468759153
263969220325 04414486826 1187
265890113233 01625533716 2187
272006099049 02104690643 3187
274024751686 05064308028 4187
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283114691344 01321171402 6187
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285997745791 10824987079 8187
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275292197989 00550123594 10187
269172782008 01020179619 11187
265077163913 01127413975 12187 2749960603326 0420021872
262365617762 01086007175 1188
265682588196 0190844012 2188
270649468432 03289362475 3188
27333014309 02850125141 4188
28056950824 00959102795 5188
284294668417 06200059802 6188
286016611703 14315337318 7188
285049304917 17658653637 8188
284641115174 05265916605 9188
280236782147 00349388914 10188
273728042335 0030118678 11188
266639604485 00402519546 12188 2761002879082 04548841692
265763197095 -1301042606982E-16 1189
266173101921 01873767833 2189
270241278689 00171586431 3189
274902874159 03579967477 4189
282080496323 00727431187 5189
285136774148 07843478005 6189
285725047601 10479408622 7189
285001282594 10237892728 8189
281288127998 01960843324 9189
278681201907 00410952631 10189
270474529971 01078758789 11189
265200649886 00057808529 12189 2758890468577 0320182463
265065158332 00227206734 1190
266865995434 03844209764 2190
270095496638 04137802475 3190
27343476315 03251113583 4190
278550855603 01895127661 5190
28349543976 06194670807 6190
285280841116 11616320595 7190
285476360573 10363220485 8190
281936429355 0327645785 9190
277456632678 01176949718 10190
270448803726 01071390184 11190
266087347773 05978577002 12190 2753495103448 04419420571
259496283979 02642719206 1191
265337856522 02891315763 2191
268212335554 03309283538 3191
272609808249 03576401096 4191
278185542933 04687105978 5191
284186618191 04618479506 6191
285548394057 13785253414 7191
286122946846 09755836406 8191
284594807934 04277276614 9191
275146415938 07077598804 10191
268992698298 01920402406 11191
263850879601 02421511747 12191 2743570490085 05080265373
262140941895 04785035201 1192
263962359993 02703549852 2192
269869105688 04830117563 3192
273196366619 02498982943 4192
278480537202 02010327863 5192
28422091985 03412915746 6192
285196802051 11568153565 7192
285397466757 11015166135 8192
283066669022 09192280246 9192
277809939766 01683672415 10192
270409356818 02312392053 11192
264322527413 02681555717 12192 2748394160895 04891179108
262442796495 01864093951 1193
266883146264 04285099483 2193
269219089248 03930019313 3193
273017997992 05853786554 4193
278471961787 02527852671 5193
283215881239 04917186656 6193
284370132067 06715389167 7193
285188226636 12191687661 8193
282101077318 05823230946 9193
275249320916 0052847035 10193
270714641584 00446799839 11193
263459840687 06092272011 12193 2745278426861 04597990717
261671009166 0122906072 1194
266193682916 -1301042606982E-16 2194
273201511868 00222781907 3194
27645330915 02382889549 4194
282521272642 02534203241 5194
284263796924 07750894355 6194
286133237344 11526743951 7194
285923997224 11820697485 8194
283183294663 04766890768 9194
276875219556 01214697769 10194
269212228916 01433722675 11194
263751404789 03928965068 12194 2757819970965 04067628957
262415355168 03808627215 1195
264806180806 04373911505 2195
269949714586 05583289189 3195
27236112122 04973219051 4195
277725900702 01197090685 5195
283545177166 01225243989 6195
285733623016 09972311459 7195
285227673544 11935685473 8195
28348343418 03500304303 9195
279826877321 00759557399 10195
2765287728 00641645428 11195
266739079296 0495286757 12195 2756952424838 04410312772
265125186236 06448714774 1196
264672404336 -1301042606982E-16 2196
268534771149 02428941839 3196
273467349726 03822424937 4196
279063665406 03191296389 5196
283423406276 06116159413 6196
285963444132 098283829 7196
285870829652 13201356252 8196
28437184715 06071496042 9196
279173430715 00814060489 10196
273532522878 -1301042606982E-16 11196
267015207652 00707517186 12196 275851172109 04385862518
267450838722 02165753889 1197
265085739328 05427088825 2197
270949607949 00644739589 3197
276473890145 02409260531 4197
278288447911 04406925112 5197
28363436148 04113912 6197
286104080934 13504286863 7197
28616582392 12662863581 8197
282742518343 06362963532 9197
278454810957 00223025564 10197
272824193618 01610289243 11197
263938348831 02888237122 12197 2760093885115 04701612154
260930093329 04017800408 1198
265156057729 08240848384 2198
269625563908 04085874038 3198
275520304022 00459489299 4198
278753235391 0355665518 5198
283176434331 01954066839 6198
285565544886 11095553161 7198
286234427238 09180916299 8198
285258545037 08758221176 9198
280729010955 00677928928 10198
273517087132 -1301042606982E-16 11198
268507329822 01088063473 12198 2760811361483 04426284766
26537730343 04191253202 1199
268797178841 -1301042606982E-16 2199
27421855606 -1301042606982E-16 3199
276991845197 01459101376 4199
282337758766 01306631963 5199
285421477918 0752705333 6199
28568388561 15883505385 7199
285802226334 14394455061 8199
284231210348 03800715673 9199
278346760731 01661282561 10199
275324784566 -1301042606982E-16 11199
26829122937 04829027111 12199 2775686847643 04587752138
261600690765 01249823668 1100
267366799657 02479503882 2100
268550206896 03912426368 3100
274623315637 02900510939 4100
27973940809 00694679535 5100
285165930558 0796069085 6100
285707896771 15566036476 7100
285095612157 10277563516 8100
28258987596 02685005857 9100
277201085318 01857714911 10100
27059630086 02939788827 11100
261413746722 04260109079 12100 2749709057826 04731987826
261804785636 01117555749 1101
268262072959 01514515721 2101
271747121523 01744152594 3101
275166996934 04222553205 4101
279701676265 03248720406 5101
28422091985 07116231365 6101
285553539306 12478130923 7101
285891410648 07441618579 8101
284485042625 0469073751 9101
277804794518 01897546629 10101
271308060286 00186343582 11101
26648010177 02780647229 12101 2760355435267 04036562791
264125292873 01312985031 1102
266502397848 06373623904 2102
267941352447 07424845217 3102
274480963752 02414930006 4102
278343330565 02084774882 5102
284869221207 03330482318 6102
285922282141 10563244561 7102
285483220904 10865523996 8102
28253156314 03395315341 9102
278338185316 00420054079 10102
271539596485 00763706085 11102
269800502369 -1301042606982E-16 12102 2758231590873 04079123785
265238381711 01851723806 1103
264284795588 03921047238 2103
271011350935 01925404377 3103
274954326647 02208467696 4103
279825162238 01019598645 5103
284653120754 07302350209 6103
286277304312 15862799842 7103
286423086363 12892239367 8103
28458108727 0608408868 9103
278197548514 00164980425 10103
272410858626 00979778721 11103
265265823038 02555849937 12103 2760935704997 04730694079
26305508111 02342067637 1104
26509259966 02132739867 2104
272153596183 01894602431 3104
274378058775 03079664388 4104
280176754244 00742865768 5104
284304958915 0822146875 6104
286028617284 11631449013 7104
285798796168 12167367584 8104
282912311556 10264630369 9104
277909414578 00648210831 10104
271342361945 00087659037 11104
267455983971 03476543352 12104 2758840445324 04724105752
262391344006 03099162735 1105
265346431937 03727481903 2105
271448697089 00610540601 3105
278377632224 01734420026 4105
284591377768 00619267454 5105
284942969774 07873620691 6105
286565438249 14666360765 7105
285802226334 12005345582 8105
282401216835 03327611756 9105
277242247309 01655059068 10105
269649575069 02997536171 11105
266641319567 04993118446 12105 2762833730134 04775793766
265404744757 02059049829 1106
268793748675 01947958372 2106
270860423635 04288245508 3106
277888833582 -1301042606982E-16 4106
283209020907 -1301042606982E-16 5106
28548665107 06209745293 6106
286081784855 12801602419 7106
286330471884 13539702697 8106
284997852428 03283369789 9106
275326499648 06959115291 10106
269713033139 01621886058 11106
264996555014 02308082528 12106 2765908016328 04584896482
266231414741 00053059561 1107
266306878391 03105455959 2107
269400888041 03689989434 3107
273877254552 02403081479 4107
279545603716 0208934798 5107
286160678671 02964798406 6107
286037192699 1748892288 7107
285592986213 09223160106 8107
284208914269 05703852752 9107
277386314277 06185038478 10107
272668121069 00406307638 11107
265324135858 03058877581 12107 2760616985414 04697657688
25854441294 03010639436 1108
263729108711 02563931003 2108
271073093922 03541980586 3108
275796432378 01309946545 4108
279945218045 01828042083 5108
283975662987 03924969604 6108
285039014419 11460237408 7108
285733623016 13517204289 8108
284461031464 06546982659 9108
275973085922 06670677143 10108
271524160739 -1301042606982E-16 11108
265970722132 01403188938 12108 2751471305562 04648149974
265704884274 02465003666 1109
265987872962 00991458453 2109
272055836454 02356512508 3109
274383204024 03134405326 4109
279639933279 01966315602 5109
284934394359 0410716423 6109
286196695413 12525743633 7109
286318466303 11915552451 8109
282799116081 09896967017 9109
274784533435 00192651233 10109
268363262854 01870834029 11109
266812827863 00289260543 12109 2756650856084 04309322391
264540342948 0408973102 1110
266497252599 0241477499 2110
271860316998 0186677284 3110
275434549875 04435583413 4110
278339900399 03140059035 5110
285013288175 01983461231 6110
285464354992 14376095662 7110
286162393754 13240870531 8110
284546785611 08193883272 9110
278826983958 03299480333 10110
271371518356 01008505898 11110
269845094526 -1301042606982E-16 12110 2764918985159 04837434852
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1994 04945854203
1995 04078308076
1996 05637604328
1997 07219768353
1998 07937244722
1999 22812730881
2000 -03165058936
2001 07481318505
2002 05357474111
2003 08061588235
2004 05966328562
2005 09959613372
2006 13033899567
2007 07742868652
2008 -01402811199
2009 03776739322
2010 12044868397
SNo Name Area Total Average 1976-2005
1 Changme 545 -78 -26
2 Changsang 924 -671 -2237
3 Chuma 394 -247 -823
4 E Lango 494 -719 -2397
5 Gyamtang 257 -360 -12
6 Jongsang 1023 -1146 -382
7 Jumthul 797 -355 -1183
8 KangKyong 2331 -230 -767
9 Lohank 545 -813 -271
10 N Lohank 543 -398 -1327
11 Onglaktang 79 -298 -993
12 Rathong 523 -546 -182
13 Rula 385 -58 -193
14 SLhonak 10 -993 -331
15 S Simpu 738 -518 -1727
16 Talung 2551 -133 -443
17 Tasha 401 -63 -21
19 Tenbawa 659 -124 -413
20 Theukang 22 -283 -943
21 Tista 82 -445 -1483
22 Toklung 274 -331 -1103
23 Tongshong 593 -420 -14
24 Umaram 614 -421 -1403
26 Zemu 9094 -422 -1407
Average 0 -1302
Changme
Changsang
Chuma
E Lango
Gyamtang
Jongsang
Jumthul
KangKyong
Lohank
N Lohank
Onglaktang
Rathong
Rula
SLhonak
S Simpu
Talung
Tasha
Tenbawa
Theukang
Tista
Toklung
Tongshong
Umaram
Zemu
Average
Page 2: Himalayan Cryosphere in a changing climate ClimateChange...Himalayan Cryosphere in a changing climate Parmanand Sharma ESSO-National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (ESSO -NCPOR)

MAITRI BHARATI

HIMADRI

Himansh

Three Poles The Arctic the Antarctic and the Himalayas

National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research Goa -a transhemispheric research Institute

Presenter
Presentation Notes
We are a trans-hemispheric Organisation Our scientists are present just about everywhere in the Arctic in the Himalaya in research vessels in the Arabian Sea and in the Bay of Bengal Above all that we have our sustained presence in Antarctica- in two research stations Maitri and Bharati

Global distribution of inventoried glaciers ( Zemp et al 2014)

Worldwide glacier monitoring The global distribution of ice on the land surface (blue) is shown with locations of glacier front variation (black circles) and mass balance measurements (red triangles direct

glaciologic yellow squares geodetic) ( Zemp et al 2014)

Mountain glacier mass balance since 1970 excluding the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets (From the

Global Warming Art Project 2017)

Global distribution of glaciers their mass balance

Cumulative mass change relative to 1976 for regional and global means based on data from reference glaciers Cumulative values are given on the y-axis in the unit

meter water equivalent (m we)

Source WGMS(2017 updated and earlier reports

Total number of glaciers worldwide -160000 Total area 741x102 km2 (Valentina R amp Regine H2010)

Total ice volume 241x103 km3

THIRD POLE

The unique geographic region centred around the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau is known as the Third Pole because its ice fields contain the largest reserve of fresh water outside the polar regions This region is the source of the 10 major river systems that form the

lifeline of over 19 billion people in Asia ndash nearly 20 of the worldrsquos population

Third Pole

bull Melting Glaciers bull Extreme events and

Disaster Risk bull Food and Water

Security

Why is it important bull Approximately 19 billion people are depend on snowmelt- or glacier-fed rivers for various socio-industrial activities

bull Glaciers continue to melt as temperature rises

bull Some glaciers will be fragmented in a few decades some within the century

bull Reduction of water availability for irrigation and agriculture

bull Can form catastrophic glacial lakes which threatens lives and infrastructure

Zone 1- westerlies dominated precipitation glaciers grow mainly by winter snow accumulation Lakes growth less glacier disintegration Zone 2- both westerlies and summer monsoon Zone 3-glaciers are highly debris covered and retreat rate is high Zone 4- summer monsoon is dominated and glaciers are growing by summer snow accumulation and are most unstable

Major characteristics of Himalayan Glaciers (Climate zones)

Kargel et al 2010

Indus Ganges Brahmaputra Study

Basin area (km2) 1116086 1001019 528079 Bajracharya and Shrestha 2011

Number of glaciers 18495 7963 11497 Bajracharya and Shrestha 2011

Glacier area (km2) 21193 (19) 9012 (09) 14020 (27) Bajracharya and Shrestha 2011 Nuimura et al 2015

Randolph Glacier Inventory (Pfeffer et al 2014)

Volume(Km3) 2696 794 1303 Bajracharya and Shrestha 2011

Karakoram Western

Himalaya

Central

Himalaya

Eastern

Himalaya

Total

1537 -2965 394-759 345-723 147-283 2453-4731 Frey et al (2014)

2748 611 771 279 4409 Marzeion et al (2012)

1896 584 714 265 3459 Grinsted (2013)

2953 657 828 300 4738 Radić et al (2014 )

Glacier cover and volume estimates for the Indus Ganges and Brahmaputra basins from different Studies

Glacier volume estimates for the whole HKH region from different studies (km3)

On what timescale does Glacier respond to climate warming in HKH region Which one has the most significant control for glacier behavior in both the region - global

or regional or local climates Is micro climate of glaciers effect the dynamics How is glacier response regulated by changes in the rate and mechanism of ice flow If so

what causes these changes

How does the local climate control the glacier health How do monsoon and westerlies effect mass balance of HKH region How do these changes amplify those caused by surface mass balance alone Estimate the impact on local regional community induced by change in glacier regime

Questions to be answer

Retreat of Individual Himalayan glaciers

(Kulkarni and Karyakarte 2014)

Glaciers in different regions of the Himalaya respond differently

Cogley [2011]

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Observed retreat of glaciers in various parts of the Himalaya It shows that retreat is varying from almost 5ma to almost 35ma Major retreat is observed for glaciers in the western Himalaya

Chart1

Average
Name of the glacier
Mean retreat (myr)
-26
-2237
-823
-2397
-12
-382
-1183
-767
-271
-1327
-993
-182
-193
-331
-1727
-443
-21
-413
-943
-1483
-1103
-14
-1403
-1407
-1302

Sheet1

Sheet1

Average
Name of the glacier
Mean retreat (myr)

Sheet2

Sheet3

Vincent et al 2013

Azam et al 2018

Pratap et al 2016

949 01 Glacial retreating Advancing Not retreating

9575 Total Himalayan glaciers (GSI)

5

Himalayan glaciers may vanish in long run

bull Glaciated area 40000 km2

bull loss in glacier area 13 (1960rsquos-2000)

Reported loss in glacier area

(Kulkarni and Karyakarte2014)

bull Almost 4ndash30 overall loss in glacier area in the last 40 years (1960-2000) depending upon terrain and geomorphological parameters

bull Mean loss in glacier mass in the Indian Himalaya has accelerated from ndash9 +-4 to ndash20 +- 4 Gtyear from the decade 1975ndash1985 to 2000ndash2010

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Similarly loss in areal extents were mapped and it suggests that the glaciers in western and eastern Himalaya are losing more mass than glaciers in central Himalayan region Glaciers located in the Karakorum region was showing thickening due to continuous snow accumulation and its high altitude location

Glacier meltrsquos contribution to stream flow in present decade

Lutz et al 2014

Changes in the timing or amount of snowmelt due to increasing temperatures or decreasing winter precipitation may have far-reaching societal consequences

Presenter
Presentation Notes
As a fraction of the total annual discharge snowmelt constitutes up to 50 in the far western (Indus area) catchments ~25 in far eastern (Tsangpo) catchments and lt20 elsewhere Despite these along-strike variations snowmelt in the pre- and early-monsoon season (April to June) is significant and important in all catchments although most pronounced in the western catchments Thus changes in the timing or amount of snowmelt due to increasing temperatures or decreasing winter precipitation may have far-reaching societal consequences

Upstream basins of Indus Ganges Brahmaputra Salween and Mekong

Lutz et al 2014

bullTR Average runoff (1997-2007) bullPTR Mean Projected runoff (2014-2050 ndash RCP 45) bullBF Baseflow bullGM Glacier melt bullSM Snow melt bullRR Rainfall runoff

bullModel is forced with an ensemble of 4 GCMs

Modelled changes in

mass loss conditions

in HKH region under

various scenarios

(Chaturvedi et al 2014)

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Study by Chaturvedi etal 2014 (Climate Change) has suggested that the mass loss is significantly higher for 2080rsquos under RCP85 scenario Whereas observed changes varying from -04 to -08 meters water equivalent under RCP26 Scenario However overall it suggests a significant reduction in mass balance of glaciers which may cause severe threat to downstream communities

Regional temperatures and projected glacier area

Kraaijenbrink et al (2017)

The 15 degC global increase implies a warming of around 21degC for the glacierized areas in HMA

bull Possible explanations for this

elevation-dependent warming in

mountains include the effects of

snow albedo and surface-based

feedback water vapour changes

and latent heat release radiative

flux changes surface heat loss and

temperature change and aerosols

Projected Warming and HKH Glacier mass loss

Kraaijenbrink et al 2017

HMA-High mountains of Asia

Glaciers in most of the HKH region are losing mass in response to climate warming Glaciers in the Karakoram region have been expanding in recent years but the underlying reasons for this anomaly are not yet fully understood Total ice volume measurements vary considerably because of the difficulties in measuring ice volumes in situ or from remote sensing products and uncertainties in volume-area scaling relationships No strong trends have been observed in snow cover minor increases or decreases have been reported for different areas Little is known about the distribution of permafrost in the HKH region and its importance for regional hydrology remains unclear Estimates of future glacier volume and area are uncertain and hampered because thus far modelling of ice flow has been restricted to catchment scale studies However strong decreases in glacier volume and area are projected for the entire HKH region

Key limitations to measure glacier changes snow cover area ice thickness etc Not enough long-term in situ observations and insufficient spatial coverage Insufficient representation of climatic conditions and glacier types No consensus on measuring methods Lack of in situ measurements of glacier volume to validate the widespread use of area-volume parameterizations Shortage of energy balance measurements in the region IceSAT uncertainty about penetration of radiation into the snow and reliance on assumptions of density to determine glacier losses Airborne sensing is efficient but poorly used (LiDar photogrammetry) in Himalaya Lack of relevant input information for example glacier thickness climatic data Precipitation gradients and snowrain transitions affect glacier dynamics Spatial distributions in debris thickness and thermal conductivity are nearly impossible to measure

Objectives

1 To study the Antarctic climate variability and its global linkages during the past 2000 years using ice core records

2 To study the biogeochemical cycling within the supraglacial ecosystems like snow ice etc

3 To study the glaciological processes dynamics and evolution of Antarctic ice shelves and ice rises

4 To study the glacier processes and mass balance in selected glaciers of Svalbard Arctic

5 To study the dynamics and the rate of change of selected Himalayan glaciers to understand its impact on hydrology

CRYOSPHERE amp CLIMATE - ESSO MoES Project

ANTARCTICA

HIMALAYA

ARCTIC

HIMANSH ndash Field Station 4000 m Lahaul-Spiti

Ongoing Major Activities bull Long term monitoring programme for glaciological observations and modelling in Western

Himalaya for better understanding of glacier dynamics and their link with hydrology and climate

bull Mass balance (SMB Ice Flux Glacier Flow) bull EnergyHeat Balance (Energy Budget Degree Day Model) bull Hydrological Balance (discharge measurements and modelling)

bull Mass balance studies ndash field glaciological geodetic geospatial data based Regular monitoring of an extensive stake network for annual spring and summer mass balance are carried out

for all six glaciers (Sutri Dhaka Batal Samudra Tapu Bara Shigri Gepang Gath and Kunzam) Ice thickness measurements by GPR

bull Energy balance studies ndash a network of AWS systems Surface energy fluxes near the glacier areas measured using 4 AWS systems installed at Sutri Dhaka (ELA) Bara

Sigri (4300m) Gepang Gath (4400 m) and the Himansh station

bull Hydrological balance studies ndash a network of water level recorders in Chandra R Five recorders (Waterlog Radar series) at Sutri Dhaka Chatru Chota Dhara Sissu Tandi)

Ablationaccumulation process on the different glaciers

-18

-16

-14

-12

-1

-08

-06

-04

-02

0

Sutri Dhaka Batal Samudra Tapu Bada Shigri Gepang Gath Kunzam

2013-14

2014-15

2015-16

2016-17

2017-18()

Net

mb

(m w

e)

Annual net smb of studied glaciers of Chandra basin

Spatial distribution of Ice density over glacier surface

Specific ablationaccumulation over Chandra basin glaciers

Accumulation measurement Stakes network over glaciers surface

Annual net surface mass balance of Chandra basin glaciers

Glacier retreat observed by satellite monitoring between 1960rsquos and 2014 in Western Himalaya ndash retreat of glaciers and expansion of proglacial lakes

Gaddam et al 2016 Patel et al 2017

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Observed retreat of glaciers in Baspa (small size) and Chandra basin (large) glaciers Western Himalaya In Chandra Basin this is alos leading to enhancement of the proglacial lakes Such lakes pose a a threat to GLOF ndash glacial lake outburst flood

1973 (KH-9 Image) 1979 (LANDSAT MSS Image) 1989 (LANDSAT TM Image)

2000 (LANDSAT ETM+ Image) 2013 (LANDSAT OLI Image) 2013 (IRS2 LISS IV Image)

Development of glaciers lake in Samudra Tapu glacier since 1973

bullGeospatial studies carried out in two major proglacial lakes of Samudra Tapu

and Gepang Gath (Chandra basin Western Himalaya) showed substantial

expansion in their area and volume over the last four decades (1971-2014)

bullThe results show that increased melting of the feeder glaciers over this period is

major contributor to expand the volumes approximately 20 times of both the

lakes Samudra Tapu and Gepang Gath

A geospatial analysis of Samudra Tapu and Gepang Gath glacial lakes in the Chandra basin Western Himalaya Patel et al 2017

Mean Mass Balance of glaciers in Baspa basin (1900 ndash 2010)

(Gaddam et al 2017a)

Temperatures anomalies using ERA20CM data

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Geospatial data based study - The mean mass loss estimated for glaciers in Western Himalaya suggests that the glaciers have experienced positive mass balance conditions during 1900-1914 After 1914 there is a decline in mass balance mainly due to rise in temperatures The mass loss of glaciers was observed more after 1995 due to significant changes occurred in temperature

Chart1

Temperature anomaly on century scale
Temperature anomaly for present decade
Period of observation
Temperature (kelvin)
-07193769468
-0863908496
-15613973259
-02617494627
-0306125676
-09722219435
05724076732
-06669364344
-00664870188
-03904512265
-12408430856
-05993512039
-13766462691
-0223669873
-09986683635
-01809502551
-01994504133
01698655886
-03977940728
00707840659
-10391783663
00955077528
-05826445756
02142847607
10710936474
02344338488
00114539492
-00518004493
-05841700543
-01776528967
-04131609703
08685060637
03036096206
11525054719
03453264044
-00302356258
-01688733873
-04054860931
-05213211321
05103813428
0707263713
-0539845488
06692193495
-04805394076
12494377181
01611494972
-03347152777
-08770284905
01141339682
-08034238806
05077103178
-09183616379
-05037011913
-0408897258
02693921442
-03333103383
-02722429398
05360104128
-03970823536
-04720998802
02158692028
01004466467
04559142735
02251771836
0163676099
00038020854
-04341950997
07796951587
-02815226183
04824159116
-03942986116
-03824880989
-07317624079
-05518681351
-05904683473
-06220110581
00795622036
-02293835255
-03188265547
07183381047
08736031377
-04467092743
-00689622538
-00942597275
09818119029
00879678365
02896330073
-02913513436
0812876232
06016351815
00620986687
-09303626677
-04479955867
-07595689901
04945854203
04078308076
05637604328
07219768353
07937244722
22812730881
-03165058936
07481318505
05357474111
08061588235
05966328562
09959613372
13033899567
07742868652
-01402811199
03776739322
12044868397

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Temperature anomaly on century scale
Temperature anomaly for present decade

Sheet3

Sutri Dhaka Glacier surface ice melts during 2015ndash16 and 2016ndash17 (a c) cumulative winter and summer ablation (m we) (b d) annual ablation circled values are measurements at the stakes installed on the debris-covered parts of the glacier

Comparative plot of observed and modeled surface melting for (ab) Sutri Dhaka Glacier as a function of elevation corresponds to the cumulative positive degree days (CPDD) and degree day factor of ice and debris

Evaluation of Modeled and Observed Melting

Energy fluxes at the glacier surface and proportional contribution of each flux

Winter2015-16

Summer 2015-16

Winter2016-17

Summer 2016-17

Geospatial observations of topographical control over the glacier retreat Miyar basin Western Himalaya India (Patel et al 2018)

bullIn this study an attempt has been made to understand the role of topographical parameters and debris cover for glacier recession in Miyar basin

bullA total of 29 glaciers covering an area of ~227 km2 were studied

bullObservations revealed that almost 9 km2 plusmn 07 km2 recessions in glacier area (4) for studied glaciers of Miyar basin during 1989-2014

bullIn Miyar basin glaciers with large size having a steep slope with high debris cover and northward aspect showed low retreat than glaciers of small size gentle slope and low debris cover with southward aspect

Mean mass loss for the Chandra basin -067plusmn014 m weyear during last two decades It was much less in nineties(1990-1999) and estimated observed cumulative mass loss was close to zero The mean annual mass balance of Chandra basin is -077plusmn014m we with loss of 505plusmn 060 Gigatons of glacial mass during 2013 ndash 2017 Mean ELA has significantly shifted(gt200m) up during last two decades Some of the glaciers have experienced four positive balance year between 2000-2013 but experienced negative mass balance during last five years(2013-2018) There has been a gradual warming with an apparent stronger trend observed in Himalayan region during the last two decades The temperature trends are much more pronounced for the winter seasons than for the summer seasons Solid precipitation is most dominant factor to control the ablation during peak ablation Most of the glaciers of Chandra basin are in state of instability and their volume may significantly reduce if the climate stabilizes at its present state Increase in number and volume of glacier lakes has increase the threat of GLOFs in Chandra basin region

HiCOM Project (Himalayan Cryospheric Observations and Modeling)

NCAOR coordinated multi-organizational project for study of benchmark Himalayan glaciers to understand the impact on glaciers and hydrology

HiCom Objective Major Questions to be addressed bullWhy there are differential glacier responses across Himalaya and what are the driving forces bullWhat are the dynamics and control of snow cover changes in Himalaya bullWhat is the response of Himalayan cryosphere to climate changevariability and associated hydrological impacts Work Plan [NCAOR IISER(Pune Kolkata) IIT (Bombay Roorke) University (JNU Himachal JampK Jharkhandhellip] bullIntegrated mass balance studies on benchmark glaciers from sub-basins of Western Central and Eastern Himalaya using glaciological geodetic geospatial and modelling approaches bullGlacio-hydrological budgeting and modelling of selected basins bullSnow cover and volume estimation in major basins of Himalaya

Challenges and Way forward bull Himalayan region is consistently warming more than Global average bull Glaciers and permanent snows are melting rapidly in the recent years bull Shrinkage and melting of glaciers Formation and expansion of glacial lakes bull Increased Risks and Hazard Glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) is a serious problem

bull Investigate and Enhanced Monitoring network (in-situ and Remote sensing-satellitesDrone) bull Strengthening Modeling efforts to understand and forecast bull Knowledge generation and understand the possible impacts of cryosphere changes bull Need effective adaptive and mitigation strategy to prevent risks and uncertainties bull Strengthening Capacity building bull Regional collaboration and Data amp Information exchange

The global threat ofPolar ice melting

  • Slide Number 1
  • Slide Number 2
  • Slide Number 3
  • Slide Number 4
  • Why is it important
  • Slide Number 6
  • Slide Number 7
  • Slide Number 8
  • Retreat of Individual Himalayan glaciers
  • Slide Number 10
  • Reported loss in glacier area
  • Slide Number 12
  • Upstream basins of Indus Ganges Brahmaputra Salween and Mekong
  • Slide Number 14
  • Regional temperatures and projected glacier area
  • Slide Number 16
  • Slide Number 17
  • Slide Number 18
  • Slide Number 19
  • Slide Number 20
  • Ongoing Major Activities
  • Slide Number 22
  • Slide Number 23
  • Slide Number 24
  • Slide Number 25
  • Slide Number 26
  • Mean Mass Balance of glaciers in Baspa basin (1900 ndash 2010)
  • Slide Number 28
  • Slide Number 29
  • Slide Number 30
  • Slide Number 31
  • Slide Number 32
  • HiCom Objective
  • Challenges and Way forward
  • Slide Number 35
mean annual temperature mean annual precipitation mean of mean mean of mean tmep anomaly precipitation anomaly tmep anomaly
1900 2745680347294 04397207758 2752874116762 04240141094 -07193769468 -00157066664 -1570666644478
1901 2744235031802 04261576227 2752874116762 04240141094 -0863908496 -00021435134 -214351337819
1902 2737260143503 05015666099 2752874116762 04240141094 -15613973259 -00775525006 -775525005722
1903 2750256622135 04389712635 2752874116762 04240141094 -02617494627 -00149571542 -1495715418829
1904 2749812860002 04712944918 2752874116762 04240141094 -0306125676 -00472803824 -4728038244434
1905 2743151897327 03835583353 2752874116762 04240141094 -09722219435 0040455774 404557740167
1906 2758598193493 03499779703 2752874116762 04240141094 05724076732 00740361391 7403613909804
1907 2746204752418 0483016297 2752874116762 04240141094 -06669364344 -00590021876 -5900218760975
1908 2752209246574 03907366002 2752874116762 04240141094 -00664870188 00332775092 3327750917524
1909 2748969604497 04433523578 2752874116762 04240141094 -03904512265 -00193382485 -1933824847238
1910 2740465685906 04608032745 2752874116762 04240141094 -12408430856 -00367891651 -3678916513289
1911 2746880604723 04141381888 2752874116762 04240141094 -05993512039 00098759206 987592057543
1912 2739107654071 04227553753 2752874116762 04240141094 -13766462691 0001258734 125873401933
1913 2750637418032 04162397012 2752874116762 04240141094 -0223669873 00077744081 777440814247
1914 2742887433127 04101639254 2752874116762 04240141094 -09986683635 0013850184 1385018398561
1915 2751064614211 04824658937 2752874116762 04240141094 -01809502551 -00584517843 -5845178431788
1916 2750879612629 04226883521 2752874116762 04240141094 -01994504133 00013257572 13257572366
1917 2754572772648 04064010604 2752874116762 04240141094 01698655886 0017613049 1761304895816
1918 2748896176034 04446789921 2752874116762 04240141094 -03977940728 -00206648828 -2066488278719
1919 2753581957421 03982009919 2752874116762 04240141094 00707840659 00258131175 2581311745075
1920 2742482333098 04645340528 2752874116762 04240141094 -10391783663 -00405199434 -4051994339143
1921 275382919429 0432572784 2752874116762 04240141094 00955077528 -00085586746 -855867459524
1922 2747047671006 04097069867 2752874116762 04240141094 -05826445756 00143071227 1430712265632
1923 2755016964368 03549312577 2752874116762 04240141094 02142847607 00690828516 6908285163882
1924 2763585053236 04116706236 2752874116762 04240141094 10710936474 00123434858 1234348579096
1925 275521845525 04142291141 2752874116762 04240141094 02344338488 00097849953 978499528899
1926 2752988656254 03558005775 2752874116762 04240141094 00114539492 00682135318 6821353181531
1927 2752356112268 03525072878 2752874116762 04240141094 -00518004493 00715068215 715068215346
1928 2747032416218 03391493785 2752874116762 04240141094 -05841700543 00848647309 8486473085965
1929 2751097587795 04388463474 2752874116762 04240141094 -01776528967 -0014832238 -148322380283
1930 2748742507059 03575893726 2752874116762 04240141094 -04131609703 00664247368 6642473677189
1931 2761559177399 03755285939 2752874116762 04240141094 08685060637 00484855155 4848551545873
1932 2755910212968 04840229046 2752874116762 04240141094 03036096206 -00600087953 -6000879527331
1933 2764399171481 03506986097 2752874116762 04240141094 11525054719 00733154996 7331549961819
1934 2756327380806 037979019 2752874116762 04240141094 03453264044 00442239194 4422391940868
1935 2752571760504 04433830515 2752874116762 04240141094 -00302356258 -00193689421 -1936894212525
1936 2751185382888 03808367814 2752874116762 04240141094 -01688733873 0043177328 4317732795158
1937 2748819255831 0505989695 2752874116762 04240141094 -04054860931 -00819755857 -8197558566271
1938 2747660905441 04324668942 2752874116762 04240141094 -05213211321 -00084527848 -84527848286
1939 275797793019 02865944353 2752874116762 04240141094 05103813428 0137419674 13741967402749
1940 2759946753892 03479765729 2752874116762 04240141094 0707263713 00760375364 7603753642571
1941 2747475661882 04632338276 2752874116762 04240141094 -0539845488 -00392197182 -3921971823735
1942 2759566310257 03630157694 2752874116762 04240141094 06692193495 006099834 6099833996496
1943 2748068722686 04492628013 2752874116762 04240141094 -04805394076 -00252486919 -2524869190757
1944 2765368493942 04495821565 2752874116762 04240141094 12494377181 -00255680472 -2556804716961
1945 2754485611734 04336792495 2752874116762 04240141094 01611494972 -00096651401 -9665140117
1946 2749526963985 04742330097 2752874116762 04240141094 -03347152777 -00502189003 -5021890033014
1947 2744103831857 04080435778 2752874116762 04240141094 -08770284905 00159705316 1597053155178
1948 2754015456443 03960564959 2752874116762 04240141094 01141339682 00279576135 2795761347956
1949 2744839877956 0421387531 2752874116762 04240141094 -08034238806 00026265783 262657831909
1950 275795121994 03722505304 2752874116762 04240141094 05077103178 00517635789 517635789334
1951 2743690500383 04611635203 2752874116762 04240141094 -09183616379 -00371494109 -3714941091993
1952 2747837104849 04429897374 2752874116762 04240141094 -05037011913 -00189756281 -1897562805262
1953 2748785144182 03898812884 2752874116762 04240141094 -0408897258 0034132821 3413282098725
1954 2755568038203 04445863039 2752874116762 04240141094 02693921442 -00205721945 -2057219450129
1955 2749541013379 04346169044 2752874116762 04240141094 -03333103383 -0010602795 -1060279502768
1956 2750151687363 04233893135 2752874116762 04240141094 -02722429398 00006247959 62479590886
1957 275823422089 03983009853 2752874116762 04240141094 05360104128 0025713124 2571312402655
1958 2748903293226 04194257644 2752874116762 04240141094 -03970823536 0004588345 458834496566
1959 274815311796 03993458071 2752874116762 04240141094 -04720998802 00246683023 2466830225426
1960 275503280879 0340497273 2752874116762 04240141094 02158692028 00835168363 8351683631462
1961 2753878583228 04254456789 2752874116762 04240141094 01004466467 -00014315695 -143156953544
1962 2757433259497 03601285085 2752874116762 04240141094 04559142735 00638856009 6388560090028
1963 2755125888597 04422237061 2752874116762 04240141094 02251771836 -00182095967 -182095966915
1964 2754510877752 04211319503 2752874116762 04240141094 0163676099 0002882159 288215903034
1965 2752912137616 04142563147 2752874116762 04240141094 00038020854 00097577947 975779469529
1966 2748532165765 03845099771 2752874116762 04240141094 -04341950997 00395041323 3950413228664
1967 2760671068349 04041794635 2752874116762 04240141094 07796951587 00198346459 1983464585155
1968 2750058890579 05020580979 2752874116762 04240141094 -02815226183 -00780439886 -7804398858702
1969 2757698275878 03486033601 2752874116762 04240141094 04824159116 00754107492 7541074921111
1970 2748931130646 04585861674 2752874116762 04240141094 -03942986116 -00345720581 -3457205807452
1971 2749049235772 04169442628 2752874116762 04240141094 -03824880989 00070698466 706984659712
1972 2745556492683 04266570574 2752874116762 04240141094 -07317624079 -00026429481 -264294807274
1973 2747355435411 05024067761 2752874116762 04240141094 -05518681351 -00783926667 -7839266672453
1974 2746969433289 05525416601 2752874116762 04240141094 -05904683473 -01285275507 -12852755069953
1975 2746654006181 0382601217 2752874116762 04240141094 -06220110581 00414128924 4141289238365
1976 2753669738797 04139139858 2752874116762 04240141094 00795622036 00101001236 1010012355619
1977 2750580281507 04864467478 2752874116762 04240141094 -02293835255 -00624326384 -6243263844048
1978 2749685851215 03902876434 2752874116762 04240141094 -03188265547 0033726466 3372646596755
1979 2760057497808 03862810312 2752874116762 04240141094 07183381047 00377330781 3773307812879
1980 2761610148139 03917713749 2752874116762 04240141094 08736031377 00322427345 3224273448989
1981 2748407024018 05197394963 2752874116762 04240141094 -04467092743 -00957253869 -957253869245
1982 2752184494223 03778351949 2752874116762 04240141094 -00689622538 00461789144 4617891443614
1983 2751931519487 03688719413 2752874116762 04240141094 -00942597275 0055142168 5514216803257
1984 2762692235791 03987151317 2752874116762 04240141094 09818119029 00252989777 2529897769122
1985 2753753795127 03644056903 2752874116762 04240141094 00879678365 00596084191 5960841909613
1986 2755770446835 04468759153 2752874116762 04240141094 02896330073 -00228618059 -2286180590033
1987 2749960603326 0420021872 2752874116762 04240141094 -02913513436 00039922373 399223732142
1988 2761002879082 04548841692 2752874116762 04240141094 0812876232 -00308700599 -3087005987977
1989 2758890468577 0320182463 2752874116762 04240141094 06016351815 01038316464 10383164640571
1990 2753495103448 04419420571 2752874116762 04240141094 00620986687 -00179279478 -1792794777444
1991 2743570490085 05080265373 2752874116762 04240141094 -09303626677 -0084012428 -8401242795514
1992 2748394160895 04891179108 2752874116762 04240141094 -04479955867 -00651038015 -6510380146998
1993 2745278426861 04597990717 2752874116762 04240141094 -07595689901 -00357849623 -3578496234378
1994 2757819970965 04067628957 2752874116762 04240141094 04945854203 00172512136 172512136351 04945854203
1995 2756952424838 04410312772 2752874116762 04240141094 04078308076 -00170171678 -170171678436 04078308076
1996 275851172109 04385862518 2752874116762 04240141094 05637604328 -00145721425 -1457214248469 05637604328
1997 2760093885115 04701612154 2752874116762 04240141094 07219768353 -00461471061 -4614710608035 07219768353
1998 2760811361483 04426284766 2752874116762 04240141094 07937244722 -00186143672 -1861436719262 07937244722
1999 2775686847643 04587752138 2752874116762 04240141094 22812730881 -00347611045 -3476110448967 22812730881
2000 2749709057826 04731987826 2752874116762 04240141094 -03165058936 -00491846732 -4918467321606 -03165058936
2001 2760355435267 04036562791 2752874116762 04240141094 07481318505 00203578303 203578302683 07481318505
2002 2758231590873 04079123785 2752874116762 04240141094 05357474111 00161017309 1610173086459 05357474111
2003 2760935704997 04730694079 2752874116762 04240141094 08061588235 -00490552985 -490552984935 08061588235
2004 2758840445324 04724105752 2752874116762 04240141094 05966328562 -00483964659 -4839646585839 05966328562
2005 2762833730134 04775793766 2752874116762 04240141094 09959613372 -00535652673 -5356526728525 09959613372
2006 2765908016328 04584896482 2752874116762 04240141094 13033899567 -00344755388 -3447553883621 13033899567
2007 2760616985414 04697657688 2752874116762 04240141094 07742868652 -00457516594 -4575165943303 07742868652
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2009 2756650856084 04309322391 2752874116762 04240141094 03776739322 -00069181297 -69181297306 03776739322
2010 2764918985159 04837434852 2752874116762 04240141094 12044868397 -00597293758 -5972937584235 12044868397
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285416332669 04510400176 6183
28585196374 11671299462 7183
284587947602 10567588268 8183
282898590892 02211685687 9183
275901052438 00740832543 10183
269541524843 0286759899 11183
264535197699 02228588174 12183 2751931519487 03688719413
26533099619 03259658948 1184
268601659384 00388468443 2184
272669836152 00486062924 3184
276746588335 -1301042606982E-16 4184
282037619249 01977243335 5184
2842963835 06225003318 6184
285577550467 12234578057 7184
285452349411 12797031369 8184
283138702506 05516022357 9184
277677878379 02118920539 10184
269714748222 01446570003 11184
263986371154 01396256508 12184 2762692235791 03987151317
260525333752 0128713587 1185
263832013688 01759068481 2185
27168194837 02542907171 3185
274479248669 0127301166 4185
281233245343 0235890787 5185
285111047903 04523572389 6185
28527741095 13151918958 7185
285059595415 10106929576 8185
281854105373 0316432908 9185
275830734037 01128832912 10185
27343476315 -1301042606982E-16 11185
266185107502 02432068864 12185 2753753795127 03644056903
261662433751 02767250566 1186
264982834351 0306680642 2186
271875752744 02679264285 3186
277286839465 00864042494 4186
283054663441 -1301042606982E-16 5186
284948115023 0928827385 6186
285255114871 1395019761 7186
285169360724 09321566189 8186
282617317288 07059390224 9186
275811868125 00799201394 10186
271054228009 02033205283 11186
26320600841 01795911515 12186 2755770446835 04468759153
263969220325 04414486826 1187
265890113233 01625533716 2187
272006099049 02104690643 3187
274024751686 05064308028 4187
277607559978 0303183741 5187
283114691344 01321171402 6187
285301422111 08031965906 7187
285997745791 10824987079 8187
282498976564 11285926448 9187
275292197989 00550123594 10187
269172782008 01020179619 11187
265077163913 01127413975 12187 2749960603326 0420021872
262365617762 01086007175 1188
265682588196 0190844012 2188
270649468432 03289362475 3188
27333014309 02850125141 4188
28056950824 00959102795 5188
284294668417 06200059802 6188
286016611703 14315337318 7188
285049304917 17658653637 8188
284641115174 05265916605 9188
280236782147 00349388914 10188
273728042335 0030118678 11188
266639604485 00402519546 12188 2761002879082 04548841692
265763197095 -1301042606982E-16 1189
266173101921 01873767833 2189
270241278689 00171586431 3189
274902874159 03579967477 4189
282080496323 00727431187 5189
285136774148 07843478005 6189
285725047601 10479408622 7189
285001282594 10237892728 8189
281288127998 01960843324 9189
278681201907 00410952631 10189
270474529971 01078758789 11189
265200649886 00057808529 12189 2758890468577 0320182463
265065158332 00227206734 1190
266865995434 03844209764 2190
270095496638 04137802475 3190
27343476315 03251113583 4190
278550855603 01895127661 5190
28349543976 06194670807 6190
285280841116 11616320595 7190
285476360573 10363220485 8190
281936429355 0327645785 9190
277456632678 01176949718 10190
270448803726 01071390184 11190
266087347773 05978577002 12190 2753495103448 04419420571
259496283979 02642719206 1191
265337856522 02891315763 2191
268212335554 03309283538 3191
272609808249 03576401096 4191
278185542933 04687105978 5191
284186618191 04618479506 6191
285548394057 13785253414 7191
286122946846 09755836406 8191
284594807934 04277276614 9191
275146415938 07077598804 10191
268992698298 01920402406 11191
263850879601 02421511747 12191 2743570490085 05080265373
262140941895 04785035201 1192
263962359993 02703549852 2192
269869105688 04830117563 3192
273196366619 02498982943 4192
278480537202 02010327863 5192
28422091985 03412915746 6192
285196802051 11568153565 7192
285397466757 11015166135 8192
283066669022 09192280246 9192
277809939766 01683672415 10192
270409356818 02312392053 11192
264322527413 02681555717 12192 2748394160895 04891179108
262442796495 01864093951 1193
266883146264 04285099483 2193
269219089248 03930019313 3193
273017997992 05853786554 4193
278471961787 02527852671 5193
283215881239 04917186656 6193
284370132067 06715389167 7193
285188226636 12191687661 8193
282101077318 05823230946 9193
275249320916 0052847035 10193
270714641584 00446799839 11193
263459840687 06092272011 12193 2745278426861 04597990717
261671009166 0122906072 1194
266193682916 -1301042606982E-16 2194
273201511868 00222781907 3194
27645330915 02382889549 4194
282521272642 02534203241 5194
284263796924 07750894355 6194
286133237344 11526743951 7194
285923997224 11820697485 8194
283183294663 04766890768 9194
276875219556 01214697769 10194
269212228916 01433722675 11194
263751404789 03928965068 12194 2757819970965 04067628957
262415355168 03808627215 1195
264806180806 04373911505 2195
269949714586 05583289189 3195
27236112122 04973219051 4195
277725900702 01197090685 5195
283545177166 01225243989 6195
285733623016 09972311459 7195
285227673544 11935685473 8195
28348343418 03500304303 9195
279826877321 00759557399 10195
2765287728 00641645428 11195
266739079296 0495286757 12195 2756952424838 04410312772
265125186236 06448714774 1196
264672404336 -1301042606982E-16 2196
268534771149 02428941839 3196
273467349726 03822424937 4196
279063665406 03191296389 5196
283423406276 06116159413 6196
285963444132 098283829 7196
285870829652 13201356252 8196
28437184715 06071496042 9196
279173430715 00814060489 10196
273532522878 -1301042606982E-16 11196
267015207652 00707517186 12196 275851172109 04385862518
267450838722 02165753889 1197
265085739328 05427088825 2197
270949607949 00644739589 3197
276473890145 02409260531 4197
278288447911 04406925112 5197
28363436148 04113912 6197
286104080934 13504286863 7197
28616582392 12662863581 8197
282742518343 06362963532 9197
278454810957 00223025564 10197
272824193618 01610289243 11197
263938348831 02888237122 12197 2760093885115 04701612154
260930093329 04017800408 1198
265156057729 08240848384 2198
269625563908 04085874038 3198
275520304022 00459489299 4198
278753235391 0355665518 5198
283176434331 01954066839 6198
285565544886 11095553161 7198
286234427238 09180916299 8198
285258545037 08758221176 9198
280729010955 00677928928 10198
273517087132 -1301042606982E-16 11198
268507329822 01088063473 12198 2760811361483 04426284766
26537730343 04191253202 1199
268797178841 -1301042606982E-16 2199
27421855606 -1301042606982E-16 3199
276991845197 01459101376 4199
282337758766 01306631963 5199
285421477918 0752705333 6199
28568388561 15883505385 7199
285802226334 14394455061 8199
284231210348 03800715673 9199
278346760731 01661282561 10199
275324784566 -1301042606982E-16 11199
26829122937 04829027111 12199 2775686847643 04587752138
261600690765 01249823668 1100
267366799657 02479503882 2100
268550206896 03912426368 3100
274623315637 02900510939 4100
27973940809 00694679535 5100
285165930558 0796069085 6100
285707896771 15566036476 7100
285095612157 10277563516 8100
28258987596 02685005857 9100
277201085318 01857714911 10100
27059630086 02939788827 11100
261413746722 04260109079 12100 2749709057826 04731987826
261804785636 01117555749 1101
268262072959 01514515721 2101
271747121523 01744152594 3101
275166996934 04222553205 4101
279701676265 03248720406 5101
28422091985 07116231365 6101
285553539306 12478130923 7101
285891410648 07441618579 8101
284485042625 0469073751 9101
277804794518 01897546629 10101
271308060286 00186343582 11101
26648010177 02780647229 12101 2760355435267 04036562791
264125292873 01312985031 1102
266502397848 06373623904 2102
267941352447 07424845217 3102
274480963752 02414930006 4102
278343330565 02084774882 5102
284869221207 03330482318 6102
285922282141 10563244561 7102
285483220904 10865523996 8102
28253156314 03395315341 9102
278338185316 00420054079 10102
271539596485 00763706085 11102
269800502369 -1301042606982E-16 12102 2758231590873 04079123785
265238381711 01851723806 1103
264284795588 03921047238 2103
271011350935 01925404377 3103
274954326647 02208467696 4103
279825162238 01019598645 5103
284653120754 07302350209 6103
286277304312 15862799842 7103
286423086363 12892239367 8103
28458108727 0608408868 9103
278197548514 00164980425 10103
272410858626 00979778721 11103
265265823038 02555849937 12103 2760935704997 04730694079
26305508111 02342067637 1104
26509259966 02132739867 2104
272153596183 01894602431 3104
274378058775 03079664388 4104
280176754244 00742865768 5104
284304958915 0822146875 6104
286028617284 11631449013 7104
285798796168 12167367584 8104
282912311556 10264630369 9104
277909414578 00648210831 10104
271342361945 00087659037 11104
267455983971 03476543352 12104 2758840445324 04724105752
262391344006 03099162735 1105
265346431937 03727481903 2105
271448697089 00610540601 3105
278377632224 01734420026 4105
284591377768 00619267454 5105
284942969774 07873620691 6105
286565438249 14666360765 7105
285802226334 12005345582 8105
282401216835 03327611756 9105
277242247309 01655059068 10105
269649575069 02997536171 11105
266641319567 04993118446 12105 2762833730134 04775793766
265404744757 02059049829 1106
268793748675 01947958372 2106
270860423635 04288245508 3106
277888833582 -1301042606982E-16 4106
283209020907 -1301042606982E-16 5106
28548665107 06209745293 6106
286081784855 12801602419 7106
286330471884 13539702697 8106
284997852428 03283369789 9106
275326499648 06959115291 10106
269713033139 01621886058 11106
264996555014 02308082528 12106 2765908016328 04584896482
266231414741 00053059561 1107
266306878391 03105455959 2107
269400888041 03689989434 3107
273877254552 02403081479 4107
279545603716 0208934798 5107
286160678671 02964798406 6107
286037192699 1748892288 7107
285592986213 09223160106 8107
284208914269 05703852752 9107
277386314277 06185038478 10107
272668121069 00406307638 11107
265324135858 03058877581 12107 2760616985414 04697657688
25854441294 03010639436 1108
263729108711 02563931003 2108
271073093922 03541980586 3108
275796432378 01309946545 4108
279945218045 01828042083 5108
283975662987 03924969604 6108
285039014419 11460237408 7108
285733623016 13517204289 8108
284461031464 06546982659 9108
275973085922 06670677143 10108
271524160739 -1301042606982E-16 11108
265970722132 01403188938 12108 2751471305562 04648149974
265704884274 02465003666 1109
265987872962 00991458453 2109
272055836454 02356512508 3109
274383204024 03134405326 4109
279639933279 01966315602 5109
284934394359 0410716423 6109
286196695413 12525743633 7109
286318466303 11915552451 8109
282799116081 09896967017 9109
274784533435 00192651233 10109
268363262854 01870834029 11109
266812827863 00289260543 12109 2756650856084 04309322391
264540342948 0408973102 1110
266497252599 0241477499 2110
271860316998 0186677284 3110
275434549875 04435583413 4110
278339900399 03140059035 5110
285013288175 01983461231 6110
285464354992 14376095662 7110
286162393754 13240870531 8110
284546785611 08193883272 9110
278826983958 03299480333 10110
271371518356 01008505898 11110
269845094526 -1301042606982E-16 12110 2764918985159 04837434852
1900
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1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994 04945854203
1995 04078308076
1996 05637604328
1997 07219768353
1998 07937244722
1999 22812730881
2000 -03165058936
2001 07481318505
2002 05357474111
2003 08061588235
2004 05966328562
2005 09959613372
2006 13033899567
2007 07742868652
2008 -01402811199
2009 03776739322
2010 12044868397
SNo Name Area Total Average 1976-2005
1 Changme 545 -78 -26
2 Changsang 924 -671 -2237
3 Chuma 394 -247 -823
4 E Lango 494 -719 -2397
5 Gyamtang 257 -360 -12
6 Jongsang 1023 -1146 -382
7 Jumthul 797 -355 -1183
8 KangKyong 2331 -230 -767
9 Lohank 545 -813 -271
10 N Lohank 543 -398 -1327
11 Onglaktang 79 -298 -993
12 Rathong 523 -546 -182
13 Rula 385 -58 -193
14 SLhonak 10 -993 -331
15 S Simpu 738 -518 -1727
16 Talung 2551 -133 -443
17 Tasha 401 -63 -21
19 Tenbawa 659 -124 -413
20 Theukang 22 -283 -943
21 Tista 82 -445 -1483
22 Toklung 274 -331 -1103
23 Tongshong 593 -420 -14
24 Umaram 614 -421 -1403
26 Zemu 9094 -422 -1407
Average 0 -1302
Changme
Changsang
Chuma
E Lango
Gyamtang
Jongsang
Jumthul
KangKyong
Lohank
N Lohank
Onglaktang
Rathong
Rula
SLhonak
S Simpu
Talung
Tasha
Tenbawa
Theukang
Tista
Toklung
Tongshong
Umaram
Zemu
Average
Page 3: Himalayan Cryosphere in a changing climate ClimateChange...Himalayan Cryosphere in a changing climate Parmanand Sharma ESSO-National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (ESSO -NCPOR)

Global distribution of inventoried glaciers ( Zemp et al 2014)

Worldwide glacier monitoring The global distribution of ice on the land surface (blue) is shown with locations of glacier front variation (black circles) and mass balance measurements (red triangles direct

glaciologic yellow squares geodetic) ( Zemp et al 2014)

Mountain glacier mass balance since 1970 excluding the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets (From the

Global Warming Art Project 2017)

Global distribution of glaciers their mass balance

Cumulative mass change relative to 1976 for regional and global means based on data from reference glaciers Cumulative values are given on the y-axis in the unit

meter water equivalent (m we)

Source WGMS(2017 updated and earlier reports

Total number of glaciers worldwide -160000 Total area 741x102 km2 (Valentina R amp Regine H2010)

Total ice volume 241x103 km3

THIRD POLE

The unique geographic region centred around the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau is known as the Third Pole because its ice fields contain the largest reserve of fresh water outside the polar regions This region is the source of the 10 major river systems that form the

lifeline of over 19 billion people in Asia ndash nearly 20 of the worldrsquos population

Third Pole

bull Melting Glaciers bull Extreme events and

Disaster Risk bull Food and Water

Security

Why is it important bull Approximately 19 billion people are depend on snowmelt- or glacier-fed rivers for various socio-industrial activities

bull Glaciers continue to melt as temperature rises

bull Some glaciers will be fragmented in a few decades some within the century

bull Reduction of water availability for irrigation and agriculture

bull Can form catastrophic glacial lakes which threatens lives and infrastructure

Zone 1- westerlies dominated precipitation glaciers grow mainly by winter snow accumulation Lakes growth less glacier disintegration Zone 2- both westerlies and summer monsoon Zone 3-glaciers are highly debris covered and retreat rate is high Zone 4- summer monsoon is dominated and glaciers are growing by summer snow accumulation and are most unstable

Major characteristics of Himalayan Glaciers (Climate zones)

Kargel et al 2010

Indus Ganges Brahmaputra Study

Basin area (km2) 1116086 1001019 528079 Bajracharya and Shrestha 2011

Number of glaciers 18495 7963 11497 Bajracharya and Shrestha 2011

Glacier area (km2) 21193 (19) 9012 (09) 14020 (27) Bajracharya and Shrestha 2011 Nuimura et al 2015

Randolph Glacier Inventory (Pfeffer et al 2014)

Volume(Km3) 2696 794 1303 Bajracharya and Shrestha 2011

Karakoram Western

Himalaya

Central

Himalaya

Eastern

Himalaya

Total

1537 -2965 394-759 345-723 147-283 2453-4731 Frey et al (2014)

2748 611 771 279 4409 Marzeion et al (2012)

1896 584 714 265 3459 Grinsted (2013)

2953 657 828 300 4738 Radić et al (2014 )

Glacier cover and volume estimates for the Indus Ganges and Brahmaputra basins from different Studies

Glacier volume estimates for the whole HKH region from different studies (km3)

On what timescale does Glacier respond to climate warming in HKH region Which one has the most significant control for glacier behavior in both the region - global

or regional or local climates Is micro climate of glaciers effect the dynamics How is glacier response regulated by changes in the rate and mechanism of ice flow If so

what causes these changes

How does the local climate control the glacier health How do monsoon and westerlies effect mass balance of HKH region How do these changes amplify those caused by surface mass balance alone Estimate the impact on local regional community induced by change in glacier regime

Questions to be answer

Retreat of Individual Himalayan glaciers

(Kulkarni and Karyakarte 2014)

Glaciers in different regions of the Himalaya respond differently

Cogley [2011]

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Observed retreat of glaciers in various parts of the Himalaya It shows that retreat is varying from almost 5ma to almost 35ma Major retreat is observed for glaciers in the western Himalaya

Chart1

Average
Name of the glacier
Mean retreat (myr)
-26
-2237
-823
-2397
-12
-382
-1183
-767
-271
-1327
-993
-182
-193
-331
-1727
-443
-21
-413
-943
-1483
-1103
-14
-1403
-1407
-1302

Sheet1

Sheet1

Average
Name of the glacier
Mean retreat (myr)

Sheet2

Sheet3

Vincent et al 2013

Azam et al 2018

Pratap et al 2016

949 01 Glacial retreating Advancing Not retreating

9575 Total Himalayan glaciers (GSI)

5

Himalayan glaciers may vanish in long run

bull Glaciated area 40000 km2

bull loss in glacier area 13 (1960rsquos-2000)

Reported loss in glacier area

(Kulkarni and Karyakarte2014)

bull Almost 4ndash30 overall loss in glacier area in the last 40 years (1960-2000) depending upon terrain and geomorphological parameters

bull Mean loss in glacier mass in the Indian Himalaya has accelerated from ndash9 +-4 to ndash20 +- 4 Gtyear from the decade 1975ndash1985 to 2000ndash2010

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Similarly loss in areal extents were mapped and it suggests that the glaciers in western and eastern Himalaya are losing more mass than glaciers in central Himalayan region Glaciers located in the Karakorum region was showing thickening due to continuous snow accumulation and its high altitude location

Glacier meltrsquos contribution to stream flow in present decade

Lutz et al 2014

Changes in the timing or amount of snowmelt due to increasing temperatures or decreasing winter precipitation may have far-reaching societal consequences

Presenter
Presentation Notes
As a fraction of the total annual discharge snowmelt constitutes up to 50 in the far western (Indus area) catchments ~25 in far eastern (Tsangpo) catchments and lt20 elsewhere Despite these along-strike variations snowmelt in the pre- and early-monsoon season (April to June) is significant and important in all catchments although most pronounced in the western catchments Thus changes in the timing or amount of snowmelt due to increasing temperatures or decreasing winter precipitation may have far-reaching societal consequences

Upstream basins of Indus Ganges Brahmaputra Salween and Mekong

Lutz et al 2014

bullTR Average runoff (1997-2007) bullPTR Mean Projected runoff (2014-2050 ndash RCP 45) bullBF Baseflow bullGM Glacier melt bullSM Snow melt bullRR Rainfall runoff

bullModel is forced with an ensemble of 4 GCMs

Modelled changes in

mass loss conditions

in HKH region under

various scenarios

(Chaturvedi et al 2014)

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Study by Chaturvedi etal 2014 (Climate Change) has suggested that the mass loss is significantly higher for 2080rsquos under RCP85 scenario Whereas observed changes varying from -04 to -08 meters water equivalent under RCP26 Scenario However overall it suggests a significant reduction in mass balance of glaciers which may cause severe threat to downstream communities

Regional temperatures and projected glacier area

Kraaijenbrink et al (2017)

The 15 degC global increase implies a warming of around 21degC for the glacierized areas in HMA

bull Possible explanations for this

elevation-dependent warming in

mountains include the effects of

snow albedo and surface-based

feedback water vapour changes

and latent heat release radiative

flux changes surface heat loss and

temperature change and aerosols

Projected Warming and HKH Glacier mass loss

Kraaijenbrink et al 2017

HMA-High mountains of Asia

Glaciers in most of the HKH region are losing mass in response to climate warming Glaciers in the Karakoram region have been expanding in recent years but the underlying reasons for this anomaly are not yet fully understood Total ice volume measurements vary considerably because of the difficulties in measuring ice volumes in situ or from remote sensing products and uncertainties in volume-area scaling relationships No strong trends have been observed in snow cover minor increases or decreases have been reported for different areas Little is known about the distribution of permafrost in the HKH region and its importance for regional hydrology remains unclear Estimates of future glacier volume and area are uncertain and hampered because thus far modelling of ice flow has been restricted to catchment scale studies However strong decreases in glacier volume and area are projected for the entire HKH region

Key limitations to measure glacier changes snow cover area ice thickness etc Not enough long-term in situ observations and insufficient spatial coverage Insufficient representation of climatic conditions and glacier types No consensus on measuring methods Lack of in situ measurements of glacier volume to validate the widespread use of area-volume parameterizations Shortage of energy balance measurements in the region IceSAT uncertainty about penetration of radiation into the snow and reliance on assumptions of density to determine glacier losses Airborne sensing is efficient but poorly used (LiDar photogrammetry) in Himalaya Lack of relevant input information for example glacier thickness climatic data Precipitation gradients and snowrain transitions affect glacier dynamics Spatial distributions in debris thickness and thermal conductivity are nearly impossible to measure

Objectives

1 To study the Antarctic climate variability and its global linkages during the past 2000 years using ice core records

2 To study the biogeochemical cycling within the supraglacial ecosystems like snow ice etc

3 To study the glaciological processes dynamics and evolution of Antarctic ice shelves and ice rises

4 To study the glacier processes and mass balance in selected glaciers of Svalbard Arctic

5 To study the dynamics and the rate of change of selected Himalayan glaciers to understand its impact on hydrology

CRYOSPHERE amp CLIMATE - ESSO MoES Project

ANTARCTICA

HIMALAYA

ARCTIC

HIMANSH ndash Field Station 4000 m Lahaul-Spiti

Ongoing Major Activities bull Long term monitoring programme for glaciological observations and modelling in Western

Himalaya for better understanding of glacier dynamics and their link with hydrology and climate

bull Mass balance (SMB Ice Flux Glacier Flow) bull EnergyHeat Balance (Energy Budget Degree Day Model) bull Hydrological Balance (discharge measurements and modelling)

bull Mass balance studies ndash field glaciological geodetic geospatial data based Regular monitoring of an extensive stake network for annual spring and summer mass balance are carried out

for all six glaciers (Sutri Dhaka Batal Samudra Tapu Bara Shigri Gepang Gath and Kunzam) Ice thickness measurements by GPR

bull Energy balance studies ndash a network of AWS systems Surface energy fluxes near the glacier areas measured using 4 AWS systems installed at Sutri Dhaka (ELA) Bara

Sigri (4300m) Gepang Gath (4400 m) and the Himansh station

bull Hydrological balance studies ndash a network of water level recorders in Chandra R Five recorders (Waterlog Radar series) at Sutri Dhaka Chatru Chota Dhara Sissu Tandi)

Ablationaccumulation process on the different glaciers

-18

-16

-14

-12

-1

-08

-06

-04

-02

0

Sutri Dhaka Batal Samudra Tapu Bada Shigri Gepang Gath Kunzam

2013-14

2014-15

2015-16

2016-17

2017-18()

Net

mb

(m w

e)

Annual net smb of studied glaciers of Chandra basin

Spatial distribution of Ice density over glacier surface

Specific ablationaccumulation over Chandra basin glaciers

Accumulation measurement Stakes network over glaciers surface

Annual net surface mass balance of Chandra basin glaciers

Glacier retreat observed by satellite monitoring between 1960rsquos and 2014 in Western Himalaya ndash retreat of glaciers and expansion of proglacial lakes

Gaddam et al 2016 Patel et al 2017

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Observed retreat of glaciers in Baspa (small size) and Chandra basin (large) glaciers Western Himalaya In Chandra Basin this is alos leading to enhancement of the proglacial lakes Such lakes pose a a threat to GLOF ndash glacial lake outburst flood

1973 (KH-9 Image) 1979 (LANDSAT MSS Image) 1989 (LANDSAT TM Image)

2000 (LANDSAT ETM+ Image) 2013 (LANDSAT OLI Image) 2013 (IRS2 LISS IV Image)

Development of glaciers lake in Samudra Tapu glacier since 1973

bullGeospatial studies carried out in two major proglacial lakes of Samudra Tapu

and Gepang Gath (Chandra basin Western Himalaya) showed substantial

expansion in their area and volume over the last four decades (1971-2014)

bullThe results show that increased melting of the feeder glaciers over this period is

major contributor to expand the volumes approximately 20 times of both the

lakes Samudra Tapu and Gepang Gath

A geospatial analysis of Samudra Tapu and Gepang Gath glacial lakes in the Chandra basin Western Himalaya Patel et al 2017

Mean Mass Balance of glaciers in Baspa basin (1900 ndash 2010)

(Gaddam et al 2017a)

Temperatures anomalies using ERA20CM data

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Geospatial data based study - The mean mass loss estimated for glaciers in Western Himalaya suggests that the glaciers have experienced positive mass balance conditions during 1900-1914 After 1914 there is a decline in mass balance mainly due to rise in temperatures The mass loss of glaciers was observed more after 1995 due to significant changes occurred in temperature

Chart1

Temperature anomaly on century scale
Temperature anomaly for present decade
Period of observation
Temperature (kelvin)
-07193769468
-0863908496
-15613973259
-02617494627
-0306125676
-09722219435
05724076732
-06669364344
-00664870188
-03904512265
-12408430856
-05993512039
-13766462691
-0223669873
-09986683635
-01809502551
-01994504133
01698655886
-03977940728
00707840659
-10391783663
00955077528
-05826445756
02142847607
10710936474
02344338488
00114539492
-00518004493
-05841700543
-01776528967
-04131609703
08685060637
03036096206
11525054719
03453264044
-00302356258
-01688733873
-04054860931
-05213211321
05103813428
0707263713
-0539845488
06692193495
-04805394076
12494377181
01611494972
-03347152777
-08770284905
01141339682
-08034238806
05077103178
-09183616379
-05037011913
-0408897258
02693921442
-03333103383
-02722429398
05360104128
-03970823536
-04720998802
02158692028
01004466467
04559142735
02251771836
0163676099
00038020854
-04341950997
07796951587
-02815226183
04824159116
-03942986116
-03824880989
-07317624079
-05518681351
-05904683473
-06220110581
00795622036
-02293835255
-03188265547
07183381047
08736031377
-04467092743
-00689622538
-00942597275
09818119029
00879678365
02896330073
-02913513436
0812876232
06016351815
00620986687
-09303626677
-04479955867
-07595689901
04945854203
04078308076
05637604328
07219768353
07937244722
22812730881
-03165058936
07481318505
05357474111
08061588235
05966328562
09959613372
13033899567
07742868652
-01402811199
03776739322
12044868397

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Temperature anomaly on century scale
Temperature anomaly for present decade

Sheet3

Sutri Dhaka Glacier surface ice melts during 2015ndash16 and 2016ndash17 (a c) cumulative winter and summer ablation (m we) (b d) annual ablation circled values are measurements at the stakes installed on the debris-covered parts of the glacier

Comparative plot of observed and modeled surface melting for (ab) Sutri Dhaka Glacier as a function of elevation corresponds to the cumulative positive degree days (CPDD) and degree day factor of ice and debris

Evaluation of Modeled and Observed Melting

Energy fluxes at the glacier surface and proportional contribution of each flux

Winter2015-16

Summer 2015-16

Winter2016-17

Summer 2016-17

Geospatial observations of topographical control over the glacier retreat Miyar basin Western Himalaya India (Patel et al 2018)

bullIn this study an attempt has been made to understand the role of topographical parameters and debris cover for glacier recession in Miyar basin

bullA total of 29 glaciers covering an area of ~227 km2 were studied

bullObservations revealed that almost 9 km2 plusmn 07 km2 recessions in glacier area (4) for studied glaciers of Miyar basin during 1989-2014

bullIn Miyar basin glaciers with large size having a steep slope with high debris cover and northward aspect showed low retreat than glaciers of small size gentle slope and low debris cover with southward aspect

Mean mass loss for the Chandra basin -067plusmn014 m weyear during last two decades It was much less in nineties(1990-1999) and estimated observed cumulative mass loss was close to zero The mean annual mass balance of Chandra basin is -077plusmn014m we with loss of 505plusmn 060 Gigatons of glacial mass during 2013 ndash 2017 Mean ELA has significantly shifted(gt200m) up during last two decades Some of the glaciers have experienced four positive balance year between 2000-2013 but experienced negative mass balance during last five years(2013-2018) There has been a gradual warming with an apparent stronger trend observed in Himalayan region during the last two decades The temperature trends are much more pronounced for the winter seasons than for the summer seasons Solid precipitation is most dominant factor to control the ablation during peak ablation Most of the glaciers of Chandra basin are in state of instability and their volume may significantly reduce if the climate stabilizes at its present state Increase in number and volume of glacier lakes has increase the threat of GLOFs in Chandra basin region

HiCOM Project (Himalayan Cryospheric Observations and Modeling)

NCAOR coordinated multi-organizational project for study of benchmark Himalayan glaciers to understand the impact on glaciers and hydrology

HiCom Objective Major Questions to be addressed bullWhy there are differential glacier responses across Himalaya and what are the driving forces bullWhat are the dynamics and control of snow cover changes in Himalaya bullWhat is the response of Himalayan cryosphere to climate changevariability and associated hydrological impacts Work Plan [NCAOR IISER(Pune Kolkata) IIT (Bombay Roorke) University (JNU Himachal JampK Jharkhandhellip] bullIntegrated mass balance studies on benchmark glaciers from sub-basins of Western Central and Eastern Himalaya using glaciological geodetic geospatial and modelling approaches bullGlacio-hydrological budgeting and modelling of selected basins bullSnow cover and volume estimation in major basins of Himalaya

Challenges and Way forward bull Himalayan region is consistently warming more than Global average bull Glaciers and permanent snows are melting rapidly in the recent years bull Shrinkage and melting of glaciers Formation and expansion of glacial lakes bull Increased Risks and Hazard Glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) is a serious problem

bull Investigate and Enhanced Monitoring network (in-situ and Remote sensing-satellitesDrone) bull Strengthening Modeling efforts to understand and forecast bull Knowledge generation and understand the possible impacts of cryosphere changes bull Need effective adaptive and mitigation strategy to prevent risks and uncertainties bull Strengthening Capacity building bull Regional collaboration and Data amp Information exchange

The global threat ofPolar ice melting

  • Slide Number 1
  • Slide Number 2
  • Slide Number 3
  • Slide Number 4
  • Why is it important
  • Slide Number 6
  • Slide Number 7
  • Slide Number 8
  • Retreat of Individual Himalayan glaciers
  • Slide Number 10
  • Reported loss in glacier area
  • Slide Number 12
  • Upstream basins of Indus Ganges Brahmaputra Salween and Mekong
  • Slide Number 14
  • Regional temperatures and projected glacier area
  • Slide Number 16
  • Slide Number 17
  • Slide Number 18
  • Slide Number 19
  • Slide Number 20
  • Ongoing Major Activities
  • Slide Number 22
  • Slide Number 23
  • Slide Number 24
  • Slide Number 25
  • Slide Number 26
  • Mean Mass Balance of glaciers in Baspa basin (1900 ndash 2010)
  • Slide Number 28
  • Slide Number 29
  • Slide Number 30
  • Slide Number 31
  • Slide Number 32
  • HiCom Objective
  • Challenges and Way forward
  • Slide Number 35
mean annual temperature mean annual precipitation mean of mean mean of mean tmep anomaly precipitation anomaly tmep anomaly
1900 2745680347294 04397207758 2752874116762 04240141094 -07193769468 -00157066664 -1570666644478
1901 2744235031802 04261576227 2752874116762 04240141094 -0863908496 -00021435134 -214351337819
1902 2737260143503 05015666099 2752874116762 04240141094 -15613973259 -00775525006 -775525005722
1903 2750256622135 04389712635 2752874116762 04240141094 -02617494627 -00149571542 -1495715418829
1904 2749812860002 04712944918 2752874116762 04240141094 -0306125676 -00472803824 -4728038244434
1905 2743151897327 03835583353 2752874116762 04240141094 -09722219435 0040455774 404557740167
1906 2758598193493 03499779703 2752874116762 04240141094 05724076732 00740361391 7403613909804
1907 2746204752418 0483016297 2752874116762 04240141094 -06669364344 -00590021876 -5900218760975
1908 2752209246574 03907366002 2752874116762 04240141094 -00664870188 00332775092 3327750917524
1909 2748969604497 04433523578 2752874116762 04240141094 -03904512265 -00193382485 -1933824847238
1910 2740465685906 04608032745 2752874116762 04240141094 -12408430856 -00367891651 -3678916513289
1911 2746880604723 04141381888 2752874116762 04240141094 -05993512039 00098759206 987592057543
1912 2739107654071 04227553753 2752874116762 04240141094 -13766462691 0001258734 125873401933
1913 2750637418032 04162397012 2752874116762 04240141094 -0223669873 00077744081 777440814247
1914 2742887433127 04101639254 2752874116762 04240141094 -09986683635 0013850184 1385018398561
1915 2751064614211 04824658937 2752874116762 04240141094 -01809502551 -00584517843 -5845178431788
1916 2750879612629 04226883521 2752874116762 04240141094 -01994504133 00013257572 13257572366
1917 2754572772648 04064010604 2752874116762 04240141094 01698655886 0017613049 1761304895816
1918 2748896176034 04446789921 2752874116762 04240141094 -03977940728 -00206648828 -2066488278719
1919 2753581957421 03982009919 2752874116762 04240141094 00707840659 00258131175 2581311745075
1920 2742482333098 04645340528 2752874116762 04240141094 -10391783663 -00405199434 -4051994339143
1921 275382919429 0432572784 2752874116762 04240141094 00955077528 -00085586746 -855867459524
1922 2747047671006 04097069867 2752874116762 04240141094 -05826445756 00143071227 1430712265632
1923 2755016964368 03549312577 2752874116762 04240141094 02142847607 00690828516 6908285163882
1924 2763585053236 04116706236 2752874116762 04240141094 10710936474 00123434858 1234348579096
1925 275521845525 04142291141 2752874116762 04240141094 02344338488 00097849953 978499528899
1926 2752988656254 03558005775 2752874116762 04240141094 00114539492 00682135318 6821353181531
1927 2752356112268 03525072878 2752874116762 04240141094 -00518004493 00715068215 715068215346
1928 2747032416218 03391493785 2752874116762 04240141094 -05841700543 00848647309 8486473085965
1929 2751097587795 04388463474 2752874116762 04240141094 -01776528967 -0014832238 -148322380283
1930 2748742507059 03575893726 2752874116762 04240141094 -04131609703 00664247368 6642473677189
1931 2761559177399 03755285939 2752874116762 04240141094 08685060637 00484855155 4848551545873
1932 2755910212968 04840229046 2752874116762 04240141094 03036096206 -00600087953 -6000879527331
1933 2764399171481 03506986097 2752874116762 04240141094 11525054719 00733154996 7331549961819
1934 2756327380806 037979019 2752874116762 04240141094 03453264044 00442239194 4422391940868
1935 2752571760504 04433830515 2752874116762 04240141094 -00302356258 -00193689421 -1936894212525
1936 2751185382888 03808367814 2752874116762 04240141094 -01688733873 0043177328 4317732795158
1937 2748819255831 0505989695 2752874116762 04240141094 -04054860931 -00819755857 -8197558566271
1938 2747660905441 04324668942 2752874116762 04240141094 -05213211321 -00084527848 -84527848286
1939 275797793019 02865944353 2752874116762 04240141094 05103813428 0137419674 13741967402749
1940 2759946753892 03479765729 2752874116762 04240141094 0707263713 00760375364 7603753642571
1941 2747475661882 04632338276 2752874116762 04240141094 -0539845488 -00392197182 -3921971823735
1942 2759566310257 03630157694 2752874116762 04240141094 06692193495 006099834 6099833996496
1943 2748068722686 04492628013 2752874116762 04240141094 -04805394076 -00252486919 -2524869190757
1944 2765368493942 04495821565 2752874116762 04240141094 12494377181 -00255680472 -2556804716961
1945 2754485611734 04336792495 2752874116762 04240141094 01611494972 -00096651401 -9665140117
1946 2749526963985 04742330097 2752874116762 04240141094 -03347152777 -00502189003 -5021890033014
1947 2744103831857 04080435778 2752874116762 04240141094 -08770284905 00159705316 1597053155178
1948 2754015456443 03960564959 2752874116762 04240141094 01141339682 00279576135 2795761347956
1949 2744839877956 0421387531 2752874116762 04240141094 -08034238806 00026265783 262657831909
1950 275795121994 03722505304 2752874116762 04240141094 05077103178 00517635789 517635789334
1951 2743690500383 04611635203 2752874116762 04240141094 -09183616379 -00371494109 -3714941091993
1952 2747837104849 04429897374 2752874116762 04240141094 -05037011913 -00189756281 -1897562805262
1953 2748785144182 03898812884 2752874116762 04240141094 -0408897258 0034132821 3413282098725
1954 2755568038203 04445863039 2752874116762 04240141094 02693921442 -00205721945 -2057219450129
1955 2749541013379 04346169044 2752874116762 04240141094 -03333103383 -0010602795 -1060279502768
1956 2750151687363 04233893135 2752874116762 04240141094 -02722429398 00006247959 62479590886
1957 275823422089 03983009853 2752874116762 04240141094 05360104128 0025713124 2571312402655
1958 2748903293226 04194257644 2752874116762 04240141094 -03970823536 0004588345 458834496566
1959 274815311796 03993458071 2752874116762 04240141094 -04720998802 00246683023 2466830225426
1960 275503280879 0340497273 2752874116762 04240141094 02158692028 00835168363 8351683631462
1961 2753878583228 04254456789 2752874116762 04240141094 01004466467 -00014315695 -143156953544
1962 2757433259497 03601285085 2752874116762 04240141094 04559142735 00638856009 6388560090028
1963 2755125888597 04422237061 2752874116762 04240141094 02251771836 -00182095967 -182095966915
1964 2754510877752 04211319503 2752874116762 04240141094 0163676099 0002882159 288215903034
1965 2752912137616 04142563147 2752874116762 04240141094 00038020854 00097577947 975779469529
1966 2748532165765 03845099771 2752874116762 04240141094 -04341950997 00395041323 3950413228664
1967 2760671068349 04041794635 2752874116762 04240141094 07796951587 00198346459 1983464585155
1968 2750058890579 05020580979 2752874116762 04240141094 -02815226183 -00780439886 -7804398858702
1969 2757698275878 03486033601 2752874116762 04240141094 04824159116 00754107492 7541074921111
1970 2748931130646 04585861674 2752874116762 04240141094 -03942986116 -00345720581 -3457205807452
1971 2749049235772 04169442628 2752874116762 04240141094 -03824880989 00070698466 706984659712
1972 2745556492683 04266570574 2752874116762 04240141094 -07317624079 -00026429481 -264294807274
1973 2747355435411 05024067761 2752874116762 04240141094 -05518681351 -00783926667 -7839266672453
1974 2746969433289 05525416601 2752874116762 04240141094 -05904683473 -01285275507 -12852755069953
1975 2746654006181 0382601217 2752874116762 04240141094 -06220110581 00414128924 4141289238365
1976 2753669738797 04139139858 2752874116762 04240141094 00795622036 00101001236 1010012355619
1977 2750580281507 04864467478 2752874116762 04240141094 -02293835255 -00624326384 -6243263844048
1978 2749685851215 03902876434 2752874116762 04240141094 -03188265547 0033726466 3372646596755
1979 2760057497808 03862810312 2752874116762 04240141094 07183381047 00377330781 3773307812879
1980 2761610148139 03917713749 2752874116762 04240141094 08736031377 00322427345 3224273448989
1981 2748407024018 05197394963 2752874116762 04240141094 -04467092743 -00957253869 -957253869245
1982 2752184494223 03778351949 2752874116762 04240141094 -00689622538 00461789144 4617891443614
1983 2751931519487 03688719413 2752874116762 04240141094 -00942597275 0055142168 5514216803257
1984 2762692235791 03987151317 2752874116762 04240141094 09818119029 00252989777 2529897769122
1985 2753753795127 03644056903 2752874116762 04240141094 00879678365 00596084191 5960841909613
1986 2755770446835 04468759153 2752874116762 04240141094 02896330073 -00228618059 -2286180590033
1987 2749960603326 0420021872 2752874116762 04240141094 -02913513436 00039922373 399223732142
1988 2761002879082 04548841692 2752874116762 04240141094 0812876232 -00308700599 -3087005987977
1989 2758890468577 0320182463 2752874116762 04240141094 06016351815 01038316464 10383164640571
1990 2753495103448 04419420571 2752874116762 04240141094 00620986687 -00179279478 -1792794777444
1991 2743570490085 05080265373 2752874116762 04240141094 -09303626677 -0084012428 -8401242795514
1992 2748394160895 04891179108 2752874116762 04240141094 -04479955867 -00651038015 -6510380146998
1993 2745278426861 04597990717 2752874116762 04240141094 -07595689901 -00357849623 -3578496234378
1994 2757819970965 04067628957 2752874116762 04240141094 04945854203 00172512136 172512136351 04945854203
1995 2756952424838 04410312772 2752874116762 04240141094 04078308076 -00170171678 -170171678436 04078308076
1996 275851172109 04385862518 2752874116762 04240141094 05637604328 -00145721425 -1457214248469 05637604328
1997 2760093885115 04701612154 2752874116762 04240141094 07219768353 -00461471061 -4614710608035 07219768353
1998 2760811361483 04426284766 2752874116762 04240141094 07937244722 -00186143672 -1861436719262 07937244722
1999 2775686847643 04587752138 2752874116762 04240141094 22812730881 -00347611045 -3476110448967 22812730881
2000 2749709057826 04731987826 2752874116762 04240141094 -03165058936 -00491846732 -4918467321606 -03165058936
2001 2760355435267 04036562791 2752874116762 04240141094 07481318505 00203578303 203578302683 07481318505
2002 2758231590873 04079123785 2752874116762 04240141094 05357474111 00161017309 1610173086459 05357474111
2003 2760935704997 04730694079 2752874116762 04240141094 08061588235 -00490552985 -490552984935 08061588235
2004 2758840445324 04724105752 2752874116762 04240141094 05966328562 -00483964659 -4839646585839 05966328562
2005 2762833730134 04775793766 2752874116762 04240141094 09959613372 -00535652673 -5356526728525 09959613372
2006 2765908016328 04584896482 2752874116762 04240141094 13033899567 -00344755388 -3447553883621 13033899567
2007 2760616985414 04697657688 2752874116762 04240141094 07742868652 -00457516594 -4575165943303 07742868652
2008 2751471305562 04648149974 2752874116762 04240141094 -01402811199 -00408008881 -4080088808488 -01402811199
2009 2756650856084 04309322391 2752874116762 04240141094 03776739322 -00069181297 -69181297306 03776739322
2010 2764918985159 04837434852 2752874116762 04240141094 12044868397 -00597293758 -5972937584235 12044868397
tk Pk
262599315346 01640380166 1100
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27343476315 03251113583 4190
278550855603 01895127661 5190
28349543976 06194670807 6190
285280841116 11616320595 7190
285476360573 10363220485 8190
281936429355 0327645785 9190
277456632678 01176949718 10190
270448803726 01071390184 11190
266087347773 05978577002 12190 2753495103448 04419420571
259496283979 02642719206 1191
265337856522 02891315763 2191
268212335554 03309283538 3191
272609808249 03576401096 4191
278185542933 04687105978 5191
284186618191 04618479506 6191
285548394057 13785253414 7191
286122946846 09755836406 8191
284594807934 04277276614 9191
275146415938 07077598804 10191
268992698298 01920402406 11191
263850879601 02421511747 12191 2743570490085 05080265373
262140941895 04785035201 1192
263962359993 02703549852 2192
269869105688 04830117563 3192
273196366619 02498982943 4192
278480537202 02010327863 5192
28422091985 03412915746 6192
285196802051 11568153565 7192
285397466757 11015166135 8192
283066669022 09192280246 9192
277809939766 01683672415 10192
270409356818 02312392053 11192
264322527413 02681555717 12192 2748394160895 04891179108
262442796495 01864093951 1193
266883146264 04285099483 2193
269219089248 03930019313 3193
273017997992 05853786554 4193
278471961787 02527852671 5193
283215881239 04917186656 6193
284370132067 06715389167 7193
285188226636 12191687661 8193
282101077318 05823230946 9193
275249320916 0052847035 10193
270714641584 00446799839 11193
263459840687 06092272011 12193 2745278426861 04597990717
261671009166 0122906072 1194
266193682916 -1301042606982E-16 2194
273201511868 00222781907 3194
27645330915 02382889549 4194
282521272642 02534203241 5194
284263796924 07750894355 6194
286133237344 11526743951 7194
285923997224 11820697485 8194
283183294663 04766890768 9194
276875219556 01214697769 10194
269212228916 01433722675 11194
263751404789 03928965068 12194 2757819970965 04067628957
262415355168 03808627215 1195
264806180806 04373911505 2195
269949714586 05583289189 3195
27236112122 04973219051 4195
277725900702 01197090685 5195
283545177166 01225243989 6195
285733623016 09972311459 7195
285227673544 11935685473 8195
28348343418 03500304303 9195
279826877321 00759557399 10195
2765287728 00641645428 11195
266739079296 0495286757 12195 2756952424838 04410312772
265125186236 06448714774 1196
264672404336 -1301042606982E-16 2196
268534771149 02428941839 3196
273467349726 03822424937 4196
279063665406 03191296389 5196
283423406276 06116159413 6196
285963444132 098283829 7196
285870829652 13201356252 8196
28437184715 06071496042 9196
279173430715 00814060489 10196
273532522878 -1301042606982E-16 11196
267015207652 00707517186 12196 275851172109 04385862518
267450838722 02165753889 1197
265085739328 05427088825 2197
270949607949 00644739589 3197
276473890145 02409260531 4197
278288447911 04406925112 5197
28363436148 04113912 6197
286104080934 13504286863 7197
28616582392 12662863581 8197
282742518343 06362963532 9197
278454810957 00223025564 10197
272824193618 01610289243 11197
263938348831 02888237122 12197 2760093885115 04701612154
260930093329 04017800408 1198
265156057729 08240848384 2198
269625563908 04085874038 3198
275520304022 00459489299 4198
278753235391 0355665518 5198
283176434331 01954066839 6198
285565544886 11095553161 7198
286234427238 09180916299 8198
285258545037 08758221176 9198
280729010955 00677928928 10198
273517087132 -1301042606982E-16 11198
268507329822 01088063473 12198 2760811361483 04426284766
26537730343 04191253202 1199
268797178841 -1301042606982E-16 2199
27421855606 -1301042606982E-16 3199
276991845197 01459101376 4199
282337758766 01306631963 5199
285421477918 0752705333 6199
28568388561 15883505385 7199
285802226334 14394455061 8199
284231210348 03800715673 9199
278346760731 01661282561 10199
275324784566 -1301042606982E-16 11199
26829122937 04829027111 12199 2775686847643 04587752138
261600690765 01249823668 1100
267366799657 02479503882 2100
268550206896 03912426368 3100
274623315637 02900510939 4100
27973940809 00694679535 5100
285165930558 0796069085 6100
285707896771 15566036476 7100
285095612157 10277563516 8100
28258987596 02685005857 9100
277201085318 01857714911 10100
27059630086 02939788827 11100
261413746722 04260109079 12100 2749709057826 04731987826
261804785636 01117555749 1101
268262072959 01514515721 2101
271747121523 01744152594 3101
275166996934 04222553205 4101
279701676265 03248720406 5101
28422091985 07116231365 6101
285553539306 12478130923 7101
285891410648 07441618579 8101
284485042625 0469073751 9101
277804794518 01897546629 10101
271308060286 00186343582 11101
26648010177 02780647229 12101 2760355435267 04036562791
264125292873 01312985031 1102
266502397848 06373623904 2102
267941352447 07424845217 3102
274480963752 02414930006 4102
278343330565 02084774882 5102
284869221207 03330482318 6102
285922282141 10563244561 7102
285483220904 10865523996 8102
28253156314 03395315341 9102
278338185316 00420054079 10102
271539596485 00763706085 11102
269800502369 -1301042606982E-16 12102 2758231590873 04079123785
265238381711 01851723806 1103
264284795588 03921047238 2103
271011350935 01925404377 3103
274954326647 02208467696 4103
279825162238 01019598645 5103
284653120754 07302350209 6103
286277304312 15862799842 7103
286423086363 12892239367 8103
28458108727 0608408868 9103
278197548514 00164980425 10103
272410858626 00979778721 11103
265265823038 02555849937 12103 2760935704997 04730694079
26305508111 02342067637 1104
26509259966 02132739867 2104
272153596183 01894602431 3104
274378058775 03079664388 4104
280176754244 00742865768 5104
284304958915 0822146875 6104
286028617284 11631449013 7104
285798796168 12167367584 8104
282912311556 10264630369 9104
277909414578 00648210831 10104
271342361945 00087659037 11104
267455983971 03476543352 12104 2758840445324 04724105752
262391344006 03099162735 1105
265346431937 03727481903 2105
271448697089 00610540601 3105
278377632224 01734420026 4105
284591377768 00619267454 5105
284942969774 07873620691 6105
286565438249 14666360765 7105
285802226334 12005345582 8105
282401216835 03327611756 9105
277242247309 01655059068 10105
269649575069 02997536171 11105
266641319567 04993118446 12105 2762833730134 04775793766
265404744757 02059049829 1106
268793748675 01947958372 2106
270860423635 04288245508 3106
277888833582 -1301042606982E-16 4106
283209020907 -1301042606982E-16 5106
28548665107 06209745293 6106
286081784855 12801602419 7106
286330471884 13539702697 8106
284997852428 03283369789 9106
275326499648 06959115291 10106
269713033139 01621886058 11106
264996555014 02308082528 12106 2765908016328 04584896482
266231414741 00053059561 1107
266306878391 03105455959 2107
269400888041 03689989434 3107
273877254552 02403081479 4107
279545603716 0208934798 5107
286160678671 02964798406 6107
286037192699 1748892288 7107
285592986213 09223160106 8107
284208914269 05703852752 9107
277386314277 06185038478 10107
272668121069 00406307638 11107
265324135858 03058877581 12107 2760616985414 04697657688
25854441294 03010639436 1108
263729108711 02563931003 2108
271073093922 03541980586 3108
275796432378 01309946545 4108
279945218045 01828042083 5108
283975662987 03924969604 6108
285039014419 11460237408 7108
285733623016 13517204289 8108
284461031464 06546982659 9108
275973085922 06670677143 10108
271524160739 -1301042606982E-16 11108
265970722132 01403188938 12108 2751471305562 04648149974
265704884274 02465003666 1109
265987872962 00991458453 2109
272055836454 02356512508 3109
274383204024 03134405326 4109
279639933279 01966315602 5109
284934394359 0410716423 6109
286196695413 12525743633 7109
286318466303 11915552451 8109
282799116081 09896967017 9109
274784533435 00192651233 10109
268363262854 01870834029 11109
266812827863 00289260543 12109 2756650856084 04309322391
264540342948 0408973102 1110
266497252599 0241477499 2110
271860316998 0186677284 3110
275434549875 04435583413 4110
278339900399 03140059035 5110
285013288175 01983461231 6110
285464354992 14376095662 7110
286162393754 13240870531 8110
284546785611 08193883272 9110
278826983958 03299480333 10110
271371518356 01008505898 11110
269845094526 -1301042606982E-16 12110 2764918985159 04837434852
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994 04945854203
1995 04078308076
1996 05637604328
1997 07219768353
1998 07937244722
1999 22812730881
2000 -03165058936
2001 07481318505
2002 05357474111
2003 08061588235
2004 05966328562
2005 09959613372
2006 13033899567
2007 07742868652
2008 -01402811199
2009 03776739322
2010 12044868397
SNo Name Area Total Average 1976-2005
1 Changme 545 -78 -26
2 Changsang 924 -671 -2237
3 Chuma 394 -247 -823
4 E Lango 494 -719 -2397
5 Gyamtang 257 -360 -12
6 Jongsang 1023 -1146 -382
7 Jumthul 797 -355 -1183
8 KangKyong 2331 -230 -767
9 Lohank 545 -813 -271
10 N Lohank 543 -398 -1327
11 Onglaktang 79 -298 -993
12 Rathong 523 -546 -182
13 Rula 385 -58 -193
14 SLhonak 10 -993 -331
15 S Simpu 738 -518 -1727
16 Talung 2551 -133 -443
17 Tasha 401 -63 -21
19 Tenbawa 659 -124 -413
20 Theukang 22 -283 -943
21 Tista 82 -445 -1483
22 Toklung 274 -331 -1103
23 Tongshong 593 -420 -14
24 Umaram 614 -421 -1403
26 Zemu 9094 -422 -1407
Average 0 -1302
Changme
Changsang
Chuma
E Lango
Gyamtang
Jongsang
Jumthul
KangKyong
Lohank
N Lohank
Onglaktang
Rathong
Rula
SLhonak
S Simpu
Talung
Tasha
Tenbawa
Theukang
Tista
Toklung
Tongshong
Umaram
Zemu
Average
Page 4: Himalayan Cryosphere in a changing climate ClimateChange...Himalayan Cryosphere in a changing climate Parmanand Sharma ESSO-National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (ESSO -NCPOR)

THIRD POLE

The unique geographic region centred around the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau is known as the Third Pole because its ice fields contain the largest reserve of fresh water outside the polar regions This region is the source of the 10 major river systems that form the

lifeline of over 19 billion people in Asia ndash nearly 20 of the worldrsquos population

Third Pole

bull Melting Glaciers bull Extreme events and

Disaster Risk bull Food and Water

Security

Why is it important bull Approximately 19 billion people are depend on snowmelt- or glacier-fed rivers for various socio-industrial activities

bull Glaciers continue to melt as temperature rises

bull Some glaciers will be fragmented in a few decades some within the century

bull Reduction of water availability for irrigation and agriculture

bull Can form catastrophic glacial lakes which threatens lives and infrastructure

Zone 1- westerlies dominated precipitation glaciers grow mainly by winter snow accumulation Lakes growth less glacier disintegration Zone 2- both westerlies and summer monsoon Zone 3-glaciers are highly debris covered and retreat rate is high Zone 4- summer monsoon is dominated and glaciers are growing by summer snow accumulation and are most unstable

Major characteristics of Himalayan Glaciers (Climate zones)

Kargel et al 2010

Indus Ganges Brahmaputra Study

Basin area (km2) 1116086 1001019 528079 Bajracharya and Shrestha 2011

Number of glaciers 18495 7963 11497 Bajracharya and Shrestha 2011

Glacier area (km2) 21193 (19) 9012 (09) 14020 (27) Bajracharya and Shrestha 2011 Nuimura et al 2015

Randolph Glacier Inventory (Pfeffer et al 2014)

Volume(Km3) 2696 794 1303 Bajracharya and Shrestha 2011

Karakoram Western

Himalaya

Central

Himalaya

Eastern

Himalaya

Total

1537 -2965 394-759 345-723 147-283 2453-4731 Frey et al (2014)

2748 611 771 279 4409 Marzeion et al (2012)

1896 584 714 265 3459 Grinsted (2013)

2953 657 828 300 4738 Radić et al (2014 )

Glacier cover and volume estimates for the Indus Ganges and Brahmaputra basins from different Studies

Glacier volume estimates for the whole HKH region from different studies (km3)

On what timescale does Glacier respond to climate warming in HKH region Which one has the most significant control for glacier behavior in both the region - global

or regional or local climates Is micro climate of glaciers effect the dynamics How is glacier response regulated by changes in the rate and mechanism of ice flow If so

what causes these changes

How does the local climate control the glacier health How do monsoon and westerlies effect mass balance of HKH region How do these changes amplify those caused by surface mass balance alone Estimate the impact on local regional community induced by change in glacier regime

Questions to be answer

Retreat of Individual Himalayan glaciers

(Kulkarni and Karyakarte 2014)

Glaciers in different regions of the Himalaya respond differently

Cogley [2011]

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Observed retreat of glaciers in various parts of the Himalaya It shows that retreat is varying from almost 5ma to almost 35ma Major retreat is observed for glaciers in the western Himalaya

Chart1

Average
Name of the glacier
Mean retreat (myr)
-26
-2237
-823
-2397
-12
-382
-1183
-767
-271
-1327
-993
-182
-193
-331
-1727
-443
-21
-413
-943
-1483
-1103
-14
-1403
-1407
-1302

Sheet1

Sheet1

Average
Name of the glacier
Mean retreat (myr)

Sheet2

Sheet3

Vincent et al 2013

Azam et al 2018

Pratap et al 2016

949 01 Glacial retreating Advancing Not retreating

9575 Total Himalayan glaciers (GSI)

5

Himalayan glaciers may vanish in long run

bull Glaciated area 40000 km2

bull loss in glacier area 13 (1960rsquos-2000)

Reported loss in glacier area

(Kulkarni and Karyakarte2014)

bull Almost 4ndash30 overall loss in glacier area in the last 40 years (1960-2000) depending upon terrain and geomorphological parameters

bull Mean loss in glacier mass in the Indian Himalaya has accelerated from ndash9 +-4 to ndash20 +- 4 Gtyear from the decade 1975ndash1985 to 2000ndash2010

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Similarly loss in areal extents were mapped and it suggests that the glaciers in western and eastern Himalaya are losing more mass than glaciers in central Himalayan region Glaciers located in the Karakorum region was showing thickening due to continuous snow accumulation and its high altitude location

Glacier meltrsquos contribution to stream flow in present decade

Lutz et al 2014

Changes in the timing or amount of snowmelt due to increasing temperatures or decreasing winter precipitation may have far-reaching societal consequences

Presenter
Presentation Notes
As a fraction of the total annual discharge snowmelt constitutes up to 50 in the far western (Indus area) catchments ~25 in far eastern (Tsangpo) catchments and lt20 elsewhere Despite these along-strike variations snowmelt in the pre- and early-monsoon season (April to June) is significant and important in all catchments although most pronounced in the western catchments Thus changes in the timing or amount of snowmelt due to increasing temperatures or decreasing winter precipitation may have far-reaching societal consequences

Upstream basins of Indus Ganges Brahmaputra Salween and Mekong

Lutz et al 2014

bullTR Average runoff (1997-2007) bullPTR Mean Projected runoff (2014-2050 ndash RCP 45) bullBF Baseflow bullGM Glacier melt bullSM Snow melt bullRR Rainfall runoff

bullModel is forced with an ensemble of 4 GCMs

Modelled changes in

mass loss conditions

in HKH region under

various scenarios

(Chaturvedi et al 2014)

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Study by Chaturvedi etal 2014 (Climate Change) has suggested that the mass loss is significantly higher for 2080rsquos under RCP85 scenario Whereas observed changes varying from -04 to -08 meters water equivalent under RCP26 Scenario However overall it suggests a significant reduction in mass balance of glaciers which may cause severe threat to downstream communities

Regional temperatures and projected glacier area

Kraaijenbrink et al (2017)

The 15 degC global increase implies a warming of around 21degC for the glacierized areas in HMA

bull Possible explanations for this

elevation-dependent warming in

mountains include the effects of

snow albedo and surface-based

feedback water vapour changes

and latent heat release radiative

flux changes surface heat loss and

temperature change and aerosols

Projected Warming and HKH Glacier mass loss

Kraaijenbrink et al 2017

HMA-High mountains of Asia

Glaciers in most of the HKH region are losing mass in response to climate warming Glaciers in the Karakoram region have been expanding in recent years but the underlying reasons for this anomaly are not yet fully understood Total ice volume measurements vary considerably because of the difficulties in measuring ice volumes in situ or from remote sensing products and uncertainties in volume-area scaling relationships No strong trends have been observed in snow cover minor increases or decreases have been reported for different areas Little is known about the distribution of permafrost in the HKH region and its importance for regional hydrology remains unclear Estimates of future glacier volume and area are uncertain and hampered because thus far modelling of ice flow has been restricted to catchment scale studies However strong decreases in glacier volume and area are projected for the entire HKH region

Key limitations to measure glacier changes snow cover area ice thickness etc Not enough long-term in situ observations and insufficient spatial coverage Insufficient representation of climatic conditions and glacier types No consensus on measuring methods Lack of in situ measurements of glacier volume to validate the widespread use of area-volume parameterizations Shortage of energy balance measurements in the region IceSAT uncertainty about penetration of radiation into the snow and reliance on assumptions of density to determine glacier losses Airborne sensing is efficient but poorly used (LiDar photogrammetry) in Himalaya Lack of relevant input information for example glacier thickness climatic data Precipitation gradients and snowrain transitions affect glacier dynamics Spatial distributions in debris thickness and thermal conductivity are nearly impossible to measure

Objectives

1 To study the Antarctic climate variability and its global linkages during the past 2000 years using ice core records

2 To study the biogeochemical cycling within the supraglacial ecosystems like snow ice etc

3 To study the glaciological processes dynamics and evolution of Antarctic ice shelves and ice rises

4 To study the glacier processes and mass balance in selected glaciers of Svalbard Arctic

5 To study the dynamics and the rate of change of selected Himalayan glaciers to understand its impact on hydrology

CRYOSPHERE amp CLIMATE - ESSO MoES Project

ANTARCTICA

HIMALAYA

ARCTIC

HIMANSH ndash Field Station 4000 m Lahaul-Spiti

Ongoing Major Activities bull Long term monitoring programme for glaciological observations and modelling in Western

Himalaya for better understanding of glacier dynamics and their link with hydrology and climate

bull Mass balance (SMB Ice Flux Glacier Flow) bull EnergyHeat Balance (Energy Budget Degree Day Model) bull Hydrological Balance (discharge measurements and modelling)

bull Mass balance studies ndash field glaciological geodetic geospatial data based Regular monitoring of an extensive stake network for annual spring and summer mass balance are carried out

for all six glaciers (Sutri Dhaka Batal Samudra Tapu Bara Shigri Gepang Gath and Kunzam) Ice thickness measurements by GPR

bull Energy balance studies ndash a network of AWS systems Surface energy fluxes near the glacier areas measured using 4 AWS systems installed at Sutri Dhaka (ELA) Bara

Sigri (4300m) Gepang Gath (4400 m) and the Himansh station

bull Hydrological balance studies ndash a network of water level recorders in Chandra R Five recorders (Waterlog Radar series) at Sutri Dhaka Chatru Chota Dhara Sissu Tandi)

Ablationaccumulation process on the different glaciers

-18

-16

-14

-12

-1

-08

-06

-04

-02

0

Sutri Dhaka Batal Samudra Tapu Bada Shigri Gepang Gath Kunzam

2013-14

2014-15

2015-16

2016-17

2017-18()

Net

mb

(m w

e)

Annual net smb of studied glaciers of Chandra basin

Spatial distribution of Ice density over glacier surface

Specific ablationaccumulation over Chandra basin glaciers

Accumulation measurement Stakes network over glaciers surface

Annual net surface mass balance of Chandra basin glaciers

Glacier retreat observed by satellite monitoring between 1960rsquos and 2014 in Western Himalaya ndash retreat of glaciers and expansion of proglacial lakes

Gaddam et al 2016 Patel et al 2017

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Observed retreat of glaciers in Baspa (small size) and Chandra basin (large) glaciers Western Himalaya In Chandra Basin this is alos leading to enhancement of the proglacial lakes Such lakes pose a a threat to GLOF ndash glacial lake outburst flood

1973 (KH-9 Image) 1979 (LANDSAT MSS Image) 1989 (LANDSAT TM Image)

2000 (LANDSAT ETM+ Image) 2013 (LANDSAT OLI Image) 2013 (IRS2 LISS IV Image)

Development of glaciers lake in Samudra Tapu glacier since 1973

bullGeospatial studies carried out in two major proglacial lakes of Samudra Tapu

and Gepang Gath (Chandra basin Western Himalaya) showed substantial

expansion in their area and volume over the last four decades (1971-2014)

bullThe results show that increased melting of the feeder glaciers over this period is

major contributor to expand the volumes approximately 20 times of both the

lakes Samudra Tapu and Gepang Gath

A geospatial analysis of Samudra Tapu and Gepang Gath glacial lakes in the Chandra basin Western Himalaya Patel et al 2017

Mean Mass Balance of glaciers in Baspa basin (1900 ndash 2010)

(Gaddam et al 2017a)

Temperatures anomalies using ERA20CM data

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Geospatial data based study - The mean mass loss estimated for glaciers in Western Himalaya suggests that the glaciers have experienced positive mass balance conditions during 1900-1914 After 1914 there is a decline in mass balance mainly due to rise in temperatures The mass loss of glaciers was observed more after 1995 due to significant changes occurred in temperature

Chart1

Temperature anomaly on century scale
Temperature anomaly for present decade
Period of observation
Temperature (kelvin)
-07193769468
-0863908496
-15613973259
-02617494627
-0306125676
-09722219435
05724076732
-06669364344
-00664870188
-03904512265
-12408430856
-05993512039
-13766462691
-0223669873
-09986683635
-01809502551
-01994504133
01698655886
-03977940728
00707840659
-10391783663
00955077528
-05826445756
02142847607
10710936474
02344338488
00114539492
-00518004493
-05841700543
-01776528967
-04131609703
08685060637
03036096206
11525054719
03453264044
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Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Temperature anomaly on century scale
Temperature anomaly for present decade

Sheet3

Sutri Dhaka Glacier surface ice melts during 2015ndash16 and 2016ndash17 (a c) cumulative winter and summer ablation (m we) (b d) annual ablation circled values are measurements at the stakes installed on the debris-covered parts of the glacier

Comparative plot of observed and modeled surface melting for (ab) Sutri Dhaka Glacier as a function of elevation corresponds to the cumulative positive degree days (CPDD) and degree day factor of ice and debris

Evaluation of Modeled and Observed Melting

Energy fluxes at the glacier surface and proportional contribution of each flux

Winter2015-16

Summer 2015-16

Winter2016-17

Summer 2016-17

Geospatial observations of topographical control over the glacier retreat Miyar basin Western Himalaya India (Patel et al 2018)

bullIn this study an attempt has been made to understand the role of topographical parameters and debris cover for glacier recession in Miyar basin

bullA total of 29 glaciers covering an area of ~227 km2 were studied

bullObservations revealed that almost 9 km2 plusmn 07 km2 recessions in glacier area (4) for studied glaciers of Miyar basin during 1989-2014

bullIn Miyar basin glaciers with large size having a steep slope with high debris cover and northward aspect showed low retreat than glaciers of small size gentle slope and low debris cover with southward aspect

Mean mass loss for the Chandra basin -067plusmn014 m weyear during last two decades It was much less in nineties(1990-1999) and estimated observed cumulative mass loss was close to zero The mean annual mass balance of Chandra basin is -077plusmn014m we with loss of 505plusmn 060 Gigatons of glacial mass during 2013 ndash 2017 Mean ELA has significantly shifted(gt200m) up during last two decades Some of the glaciers have experienced four positive balance year between 2000-2013 but experienced negative mass balance during last five years(2013-2018) There has been a gradual warming with an apparent stronger trend observed in Himalayan region during the last two decades The temperature trends are much more pronounced for the winter seasons than for the summer seasons Solid precipitation is most dominant factor to control the ablation during peak ablation Most of the glaciers of Chandra basin are in state of instability and their volume may significantly reduce if the climate stabilizes at its present state Increase in number and volume of glacier lakes has increase the threat of GLOFs in Chandra basin region

HiCOM Project (Himalayan Cryospheric Observations and Modeling)

NCAOR coordinated multi-organizational project for study of benchmark Himalayan glaciers to understand the impact on glaciers and hydrology

HiCom Objective Major Questions to be addressed bullWhy there are differential glacier responses across Himalaya and what are the driving forces bullWhat are the dynamics and control of snow cover changes in Himalaya bullWhat is the response of Himalayan cryosphere to climate changevariability and associated hydrological impacts Work Plan [NCAOR IISER(Pune Kolkata) IIT (Bombay Roorke) University (JNU Himachal JampK Jharkhandhellip] bullIntegrated mass balance studies on benchmark glaciers from sub-basins of Western Central and Eastern Himalaya using glaciological geodetic geospatial and modelling approaches bullGlacio-hydrological budgeting and modelling of selected basins bullSnow cover and volume estimation in major basins of Himalaya

Challenges and Way forward bull Himalayan region is consistently warming more than Global average bull Glaciers and permanent snows are melting rapidly in the recent years bull Shrinkage and melting of glaciers Formation and expansion of glacial lakes bull Increased Risks and Hazard Glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) is a serious problem

bull Investigate and Enhanced Monitoring network (in-situ and Remote sensing-satellitesDrone) bull Strengthening Modeling efforts to understand and forecast bull Knowledge generation and understand the possible impacts of cryosphere changes bull Need effective adaptive and mitigation strategy to prevent risks and uncertainties bull Strengthening Capacity building bull Regional collaboration and Data amp Information exchange

The global threat ofPolar ice melting

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  • Slide Number 4
  • Why is it important
  • Slide Number 6
  • Slide Number 7
  • Slide Number 8
  • Retreat of Individual Himalayan glaciers
  • Slide Number 10
  • Reported loss in glacier area
  • Slide Number 12
  • Upstream basins of Indus Ganges Brahmaputra Salween and Mekong
  • Slide Number 14
  • Regional temperatures and projected glacier area
  • Slide Number 16
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  • Slide Number 19
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  • Ongoing Major Activities
  • Slide Number 22
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  • Slide Number 25
  • Slide Number 26
  • Mean Mass Balance of glaciers in Baspa basin (1900 ndash 2010)
  • Slide Number 28
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  • Slide Number 31
  • Slide Number 32
  • HiCom Objective
  • Challenges and Way forward
  • Slide Number 35
mean annual temperature mean annual precipitation mean of mean mean of mean tmep anomaly precipitation anomaly tmep anomaly
1900 2745680347294 04397207758 2752874116762 04240141094 -07193769468 -00157066664 -1570666644478
1901 2744235031802 04261576227 2752874116762 04240141094 -0863908496 -00021435134 -214351337819
1902 2737260143503 05015666099 2752874116762 04240141094 -15613973259 -00775525006 -775525005722
1903 2750256622135 04389712635 2752874116762 04240141094 -02617494627 -00149571542 -1495715418829
1904 2749812860002 04712944918 2752874116762 04240141094 -0306125676 -00472803824 -4728038244434
1905 2743151897327 03835583353 2752874116762 04240141094 -09722219435 0040455774 404557740167
1906 2758598193493 03499779703 2752874116762 04240141094 05724076732 00740361391 7403613909804
1907 2746204752418 0483016297 2752874116762 04240141094 -06669364344 -00590021876 -5900218760975
1908 2752209246574 03907366002 2752874116762 04240141094 -00664870188 00332775092 3327750917524
1909 2748969604497 04433523578 2752874116762 04240141094 -03904512265 -00193382485 -1933824847238
1910 2740465685906 04608032745 2752874116762 04240141094 -12408430856 -00367891651 -3678916513289
1911 2746880604723 04141381888 2752874116762 04240141094 -05993512039 00098759206 987592057543
1912 2739107654071 04227553753 2752874116762 04240141094 -13766462691 0001258734 125873401933
1913 2750637418032 04162397012 2752874116762 04240141094 -0223669873 00077744081 777440814247
1914 2742887433127 04101639254 2752874116762 04240141094 -09986683635 0013850184 1385018398561
1915 2751064614211 04824658937 2752874116762 04240141094 -01809502551 -00584517843 -5845178431788
1916 2750879612629 04226883521 2752874116762 04240141094 -01994504133 00013257572 13257572366
1917 2754572772648 04064010604 2752874116762 04240141094 01698655886 0017613049 1761304895816
1918 2748896176034 04446789921 2752874116762 04240141094 -03977940728 -00206648828 -2066488278719
1919 2753581957421 03982009919 2752874116762 04240141094 00707840659 00258131175 2581311745075
1920 2742482333098 04645340528 2752874116762 04240141094 -10391783663 -00405199434 -4051994339143
1921 275382919429 0432572784 2752874116762 04240141094 00955077528 -00085586746 -855867459524
1922 2747047671006 04097069867 2752874116762 04240141094 -05826445756 00143071227 1430712265632
1923 2755016964368 03549312577 2752874116762 04240141094 02142847607 00690828516 6908285163882
1924 2763585053236 04116706236 2752874116762 04240141094 10710936474 00123434858 1234348579096
1925 275521845525 04142291141 2752874116762 04240141094 02344338488 00097849953 978499528899
1926 2752988656254 03558005775 2752874116762 04240141094 00114539492 00682135318 6821353181531
1927 2752356112268 03525072878 2752874116762 04240141094 -00518004493 00715068215 715068215346
1928 2747032416218 03391493785 2752874116762 04240141094 -05841700543 00848647309 8486473085965
1929 2751097587795 04388463474 2752874116762 04240141094 -01776528967 -0014832238 -148322380283
1930 2748742507059 03575893726 2752874116762 04240141094 -04131609703 00664247368 6642473677189
1931 2761559177399 03755285939 2752874116762 04240141094 08685060637 00484855155 4848551545873
1932 2755910212968 04840229046 2752874116762 04240141094 03036096206 -00600087953 -6000879527331
1933 2764399171481 03506986097 2752874116762 04240141094 11525054719 00733154996 7331549961819
1934 2756327380806 037979019 2752874116762 04240141094 03453264044 00442239194 4422391940868
1935 2752571760504 04433830515 2752874116762 04240141094 -00302356258 -00193689421 -1936894212525
1936 2751185382888 03808367814 2752874116762 04240141094 -01688733873 0043177328 4317732795158
1937 2748819255831 0505989695 2752874116762 04240141094 -04054860931 -00819755857 -8197558566271
1938 2747660905441 04324668942 2752874116762 04240141094 -05213211321 -00084527848 -84527848286
1939 275797793019 02865944353 2752874116762 04240141094 05103813428 0137419674 13741967402749
1940 2759946753892 03479765729 2752874116762 04240141094 0707263713 00760375364 7603753642571
1941 2747475661882 04632338276 2752874116762 04240141094 -0539845488 -00392197182 -3921971823735
1942 2759566310257 03630157694 2752874116762 04240141094 06692193495 006099834 6099833996496
1943 2748068722686 04492628013 2752874116762 04240141094 -04805394076 -00252486919 -2524869190757
1944 2765368493942 04495821565 2752874116762 04240141094 12494377181 -00255680472 -2556804716961
1945 2754485611734 04336792495 2752874116762 04240141094 01611494972 -00096651401 -9665140117
1946 2749526963985 04742330097 2752874116762 04240141094 -03347152777 -00502189003 -5021890033014
1947 2744103831857 04080435778 2752874116762 04240141094 -08770284905 00159705316 1597053155178
1948 2754015456443 03960564959 2752874116762 04240141094 01141339682 00279576135 2795761347956
1949 2744839877956 0421387531 2752874116762 04240141094 -08034238806 00026265783 262657831909
1950 275795121994 03722505304 2752874116762 04240141094 05077103178 00517635789 517635789334
1951 2743690500383 04611635203 2752874116762 04240141094 -09183616379 -00371494109 -3714941091993
1952 2747837104849 04429897374 2752874116762 04240141094 -05037011913 -00189756281 -1897562805262
1953 2748785144182 03898812884 2752874116762 04240141094 -0408897258 0034132821 3413282098725
1954 2755568038203 04445863039 2752874116762 04240141094 02693921442 -00205721945 -2057219450129
1955 2749541013379 04346169044 2752874116762 04240141094 -03333103383 -0010602795 -1060279502768
1956 2750151687363 04233893135 2752874116762 04240141094 -02722429398 00006247959 62479590886
1957 275823422089 03983009853 2752874116762 04240141094 05360104128 0025713124 2571312402655
1958 2748903293226 04194257644 2752874116762 04240141094 -03970823536 0004588345 458834496566
1959 274815311796 03993458071 2752874116762 04240141094 -04720998802 00246683023 2466830225426
1960 275503280879 0340497273 2752874116762 04240141094 02158692028 00835168363 8351683631462
1961 2753878583228 04254456789 2752874116762 04240141094 01004466467 -00014315695 -143156953544
1962 2757433259497 03601285085 2752874116762 04240141094 04559142735 00638856009 6388560090028
1963 2755125888597 04422237061 2752874116762 04240141094 02251771836 -00182095967 -182095966915
1964 2754510877752 04211319503 2752874116762 04240141094 0163676099 0002882159 288215903034
1965 2752912137616 04142563147 2752874116762 04240141094 00038020854 00097577947 975779469529
1966 2748532165765 03845099771 2752874116762 04240141094 -04341950997 00395041323 3950413228664
1967 2760671068349 04041794635 2752874116762 04240141094 07796951587 00198346459 1983464585155
1968 2750058890579 05020580979 2752874116762 04240141094 -02815226183 -00780439886 -7804398858702
1969 2757698275878 03486033601 2752874116762 04240141094 04824159116 00754107492 7541074921111
1970 2748931130646 04585861674 2752874116762 04240141094 -03942986116 -00345720581 -3457205807452
1971 2749049235772 04169442628 2752874116762 04240141094 -03824880989 00070698466 706984659712
1972 2745556492683 04266570574 2752874116762 04240141094 -07317624079 -00026429481 -264294807274
1973 2747355435411 05024067761 2752874116762 04240141094 -05518681351 -00783926667 -7839266672453
1974 2746969433289 05525416601 2752874116762 04240141094 -05904683473 -01285275507 -12852755069953
1975 2746654006181 0382601217 2752874116762 04240141094 -06220110581 00414128924 4141289238365
1976 2753669738797 04139139858 2752874116762 04240141094 00795622036 00101001236 1010012355619
1977 2750580281507 04864467478 2752874116762 04240141094 -02293835255 -00624326384 -6243263844048
1978 2749685851215 03902876434 2752874116762 04240141094 -03188265547 0033726466 3372646596755
1979 2760057497808 03862810312 2752874116762 04240141094 07183381047 00377330781 3773307812879
1980 2761610148139 03917713749 2752874116762 04240141094 08736031377 00322427345 3224273448989
1981 2748407024018 05197394963 2752874116762 04240141094 -04467092743 -00957253869 -957253869245
1982 2752184494223 03778351949 2752874116762 04240141094 -00689622538 00461789144 4617891443614
1983 2751931519487 03688719413 2752874116762 04240141094 -00942597275 0055142168 5514216803257
1984 2762692235791 03987151317 2752874116762 04240141094 09818119029 00252989777 2529897769122
1985 2753753795127 03644056903 2752874116762 04240141094 00879678365 00596084191 5960841909613
1986 2755770446835 04468759153 2752874116762 04240141094 02896330073 -00228618059 -2286180590033
1987 2749960603326 0420021872 2752874116762 04240141094 -02913513436 00039922373 399223732142
1988 2761002879082 04548841692 2752874116762 04240141094 0812876232 -00308700599 -3087005987977
1989 2758890468577 0320182463 2752874116762 04240141094 06016351815 01038316464 10383164640571
1990 2753495103448 04419420571 2752874116762 04240141094 00620986687 -00179279478 -1792794777444
1991 2743570490085 05080265373 2752874116762 04240141094 -09303626677 -0084012428 -8401242795514
1992 2748394160895 04891179108 2752874116762 04240141094 -04479955867 -00651038015 -6510380146998
1993 2745278426861 04597990717 2752874116762 04240141094 -07595689901 -00357849623 -3578496234378
1994 2757819970965 04067628957 2752874116762 04240141094 04945854203 00172512136 172512136351 04945854203
1995 2756952424838 04410312772 2752874116762 04240141094 04078308076 -00170171678 -170171678436 04078308076
1996 275851172109 04385862518 2752874116762 04240141094 05637604328 -00145721425 -1457214248469 05637604328
1997 2760093885115 04701612154 2752874116762 04240141094 07219768353 -00461471061 -4614710608035 07219768353
1998 2760811361483 04426284766 2752874116762 04240141094 07937244722 -00186143672 -1861436719262 07937244722
1999 2775686847643 04587752138 2752874116762 04240141094 22812730881 -00347611045 -3476110448967 22812730881
2000 2749709057826 04731987826 2752874116762 04240141094 -03165058936 -00491846732 -4918467321606 -03165058936
2001 2760355435267 04036562791 2752874116762 04240141094 07481318505 00203578303 203578302683 07481318505
2002 2758231590873 04079123785 2752874116762 04240141094 05357474111 00161017309 1610173086459 05357474111
2003 2760935704997 04730694079 2752874116762 04240141094 08061588235 -00490552985 -490552984935 08061588235
2004 2758840445324 04724105752 2752874116762 04240141094 05966328562 -00483964659 -4839646585839 05966328562
2005 2762833730134 04775793766 2752874116762 04240141094 09959613372 -00535652673 -5356526728525 09959613372
2006 2765908016328 04584896482 2752874116762 04240141094 13033899567 -00344755388 -3447553883621 13033899567
2007 2760616985414 04697657688 2752874116762 04240141094 07742868652 -00457516594 -4575165943303 07742868652
2008 2751471305562 04648149974 2752874116762 04240141094 -01402811199 -00408008881 -4080088808488 -01402811199
2009 2756650856084 04309322391 2752874116762 04240141094 03776739322 -00069181297 -69181297306 03776739322
2010 2764918985159 04837434852 2752874116762 04240141094 12044868397 -00597293758 -5972937584235 12044868397
tk Pk
262599315346 01640380166 1100
26618597347 03991935299 2100
26862819907 04176129859 3100
271781160142 06162197698 4100
276756308444 02755833857 5100
282212975906 03305373067 6100
284684884194 12235368251 7100
285527542723 12001915626 8100
282628533537 0558525639 9100
275140250991 00655462802 10100
270160155574 00256640081 11100
268511117356 -433680868994E-17 12100 2745680347294 04397207758
265318285945 01597515685 1101
265166223476 02331585507 2101
269505726626 0698376047 3101
27229517364 03645205799 4101
277257642389 03248501506 5101
284200193397 04388383585 6101
284878751727 12032869923 7101
284144600667 11177490967 8101
281994470055 0334463862 9101
273214088775 01698521989 10101
269881795098 00207803451 11101
265225086367 00482637226 12101 2744235031802 04261576227
262097963699 04667239858 1102
263424724585 02427221525 2102
267411393575 0499255376 3102
273936630323 03623008924 4102
277643897201 02522597288 5102
282813634561 04193360087 6102
284151571531 08032320053 7102
285360185238 0828301098 8102
282901446654 05880319244 9102
273887136235 0778207411 10102
268343798336 03619955244 11102
262739790265 04164332118 12102 2737260143503 05015666099
261337930391 04785409508 1103
265681775435 05109863314 2103
270241401852 05161383507 3103
272727867223 04242708349 4103
279080138902 01222341456 5103
283578350621 01730359312 6103
283835628413 0945920967 7103
285044004108 11998863644 8103
281981568454 08354857989 9103
277367166764 0006039549 10103
271907898002 00377731476 11103
267524216397 00173427911 12103 2750256622135 04389712635
26318841593 01614067038 1104
269757532438 03143751081 2104
270864705363 02699979567 3104
276170593415 00668987584 4104
279700733794 03420927268 5104
283935588097 05626480837 6104
285348301324 12660503711 7104
284433323106 10005032836 8104
280602570494 05550242767 9104
274881081922 02156678161 10104
267801088887 02853507845 11104
263091497232 06155180321 12104 2749812860002 04712944918
263411618046 01592498607 1105
265085059919 03527256948 2105
270201866282 02986839103 3105
272866730974 04023775949 4105
276691028058 02151533207 5105
281318776855 03691730487 6105
284269756858 08148933675 7105
284560862552 09623212298 8105
283557795505 03855757143 9105
276707662669 026017476 10105
271685673589 00486629039 11105
261425445485 03337086187 12105 2743151897327 03835583353
263745111715 0058762994 1106
269147673277 03326608714 2106
268241361207 01793974304 3106
276495695072 01493330419 4106
277953529145 03804773929 5106
283705836367 01510622848 6106
285397394702 10614597361 7106
285669792764 10653925863 8106
283120684974 06583963621 9106
275110164189 01627929433 10106
271182251394 -433680868994E-17 11106
270548337386 -433680868994E-17 12106 2758598193493 03499779703
264436686937 00274807993 1107
265795747724 02030714605 2107
269355031453 04573888452 3107
274273375969 05400420692 4107
278467339393 01830715441 5107
28381895858 07349382668 6107
2855249776 15118823686 7107
284499335213 10928967501 8107
28244635796 06160997728 9107
274733730307 01881978334 10107
268852365134 02411258535 11107
263241796631 -433680868994E-17 12107 2746204752418 0483016297
263896888523 03389614268 1108
268451242678 04008840313 2108
270607130959 00504524636 3108
274064263285 02805995863 4108
278335877993 01679467811 5108
283452498094 05547827113 6108
284752135664 11413898045 7108
28441959552 11463068026 8108
28066526548 03399655796 9108
276359914815 -433680868994E-17 10108
27213649433 01987086268 11108
265509788548 00688413885 12108 2752209246574 03907366002
262343531818 02134914997 1109
266025750604 03144609896 2109
269870345599 0038589988 3109
277094395409 00916217407 4109
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276991845197 01459101376 4199
282337758766 01306631963 5199
285421477918 0752705333 6199
28568388561 15883505385 7199
285802226334 14394455061 8199
284231210348 03800715673 9199
278346760731 01661282561 10199
275324784566 -1301042606982E-16 11199
26829122937 04829027111 12199 2775686847643 04587752138
261600690765 01249823668 1100
267366799657 02479503882 2100
268550206896 03912426368 3100
274623315637 02900510939 4100
27973940809 00694679535 5100
285165930558 0796069085 6100
285707896771 15566036476 7100
285095612157 10277563516 8100
28258987596 02685005857 9100
277201085318 01857714911 10100
27059630086 02939788827 11100
261413746722 04260109079 12100 2749709057826 04731987826
261804785636 01117555749 1101
268262072959 01514515721 2101
271747121523 01744152594 3101
275166996934 04222553205 4101
279701676265 03248720406 5101
28422091985 07116231365 6101
285553539306 12478130923 7101
285891410648 07441618579 8101
284485042625 0469073751 9101
277804794518 01897546629 10101
271308060286 00186343582 11101
26648010177 02780647229 12101 2760355435267 04036562791
264125292873 01312985031 1102
266502397848 06373623904 2102
267941352447 07424845217 3102
274480963752 02414930006 4102
278343330565 02084774882 5102
284869221207 03330482318 6102
285922282141 10563244561 7102
285483220904 10865523996 8102
28253156314 03395315341 9102
278338185316 00420054079 10102
271539596485 00763706085 11102
269800502369 -1301042606982E-16 12102 2758231590873 04079123785
265238381711 01851723806 1103
264284795588 03921047238 2103
271011350935 01925404377 3103
274954326647 02208467696 4103
279825162238 01019598645 5103
284653120754 07302350209 6103
286277304312 15862799842 7103
286423086363 12892239367 8103
28458108727 0608408868 9103
278197548514 00164980425 10103
272410858626 00979778721 11103
265265823038 02555849937 12103 2760935704997 04730694079
26305508111 02342067637 1104
26509259966 02132739867 2104
272153596183 01894602431 3104
274378058775 03079664388 4104
280176754244 00742865768 5104
284304958915 0822146875 6104
286028617284 11631449013 7104
285798796168 12167367584 8104
282912311556 10264630369 9104
277909414578 00648210831 10104
271342361945 00087659037 11104
267455983971 03476543352 12104 2758840445324 04724105752
262391344006 03099162735 1105
265346431937 03727481903 2105
271448697089 00610540601 3105
278377632224 01734420026 4105
284591377768 00619267454 5105
284942969774 07873620691 6105
286565438249 14666360765 7105
285802226334 12005345582 8105
282401216835 03327611756 9105
277242247309 01655059068 10105
269649575069 02997536171 11105
266641319567 04993118446 12105 2762833730134 04775793766
265404744757 02059049829 1106
268793748675 01947958372 2106
270860423635 04288245508 3106
277888833582 -1301042606982E-16 4106
283209020907 -1301042606982E-16 5106
28548665107 06209745293 6106
286081784855 12801602419 7106
286330471884 13539702697 8106
284997852428 03283369789 9106
275326499648 06959115291 10106
269713033139 01621886058 11106
264996555014 02308082528 12106 2765908016328 04584896482
266231414741 00053059561 1107
266306878391 03105455959 2107
269400888041 03689989434 3107
273877254552 02403081479 4107
279545603716 0208934798 5107
286160678671 02964798406 6107
286037192699 1748892288 7107
285592986213 09223160106 8107
284208914269 05703852752 9107
277386314277 06185038478 10107
272668121069 00406307638 11107
265324135858 03058877581 12107 2760616985414 04697657688
25854441294 03010639436 1108
263729108711 02563931003 2108
271073093922 03541980586 3108
275796432378 01309946545 4108
279945218045 01828042083 5108
283975662987 03924969604 6108
285039014419 11460237408 7108
285733623016 13517204289 8108
284461031464 06546982659 9108
275973085922 06670677143 10108
271524160739 -1301042606982E-16 11108
265970722132 01403188938 12108 2751471305562 04648149974
265704884274 02465003666 1109
265987872962 00991458453 2109
272055836454 02356512508 3109
274383204024 03134405326 4109
279639933279 01966315602 5109
284934394359 0410716423 6109
286196695413 12525743633 7109
286318466303 11915552451 8109
282799116081 09896967017 9109
274784533435 00192651233 10109
268363262854 01870834029 11109
266812827863 00289260543 12109 2756650856084 04309322391
264540342948 0408973102 1110
266497252599 0241477499 2110
271860316998 0186677284 3110
275434549875 04435583413 4110
278339900399 03140059035 5110
285013288175 01983461231 6110
285464354992 14376095662 7110
286162393754 13240870531 8110
284546785611 08193883272 9110
278826983958 03299480333 10110
271371518356 01008505898 11110
269845094526 -1301042606982E-16 12110 2764918985159 04837434852
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994 04945854203
1995 04078308076
1996 05637604328
1997 07219768353
1998 07937244722
1999 22812730881
2000 -03165058936
2001 07481318505
2002 05357474111
2003 08061588235
2004 05966328562
2005 09959613372
2006 13033899567
2007 07742868652
2008 -01402811199
2009 03776739322
2010 12044868397
SNo Name Area Total Average 1976-2005
1 Changme 545 -78 -26
2 Changsang 924 -671 -2237
3 Chuma 394 -247 -823
4 E Lango 494 -719 -2397
5 Gyamtang 257 -360 -12
6 Jongsang 1023 -1146 -382
7 Jumthul 797 -355 -1183
8 KangKyong 2331 -230 -767
9 Lohank 545 -813 -271
10 N Lohank 543 -398 -1327
11 Onglaktang 79 -298 -993
12 Rathong 523 -546 -182
13 Rula 385 -58 -193
14 SLhonak 10 -993 -331
15 S Simpu 738 -518 -1727
16 Talung 2551 -133 -443
17 Tasha 401 -63 -21
19 Tenbawa 659 -124 -413
20 Theukang 22 -283 -943
21 Tista 82 -445 -1483
22 Toklung 274 -331 -1103
23 Tongshong 593 -420 -14
24 Umaram 614 -421 -1403
26 Zemu 9094 -422 -1407
Average 0 -1302
Changme
Changsang
Chuma
E Lango
Gyamtang
Jongsang
Jumthul
KangKyong
Lohank
N Lohank
Onglaktang
Rathong
Rula
SLhonak
S Simpu
Talung
Tasha
Tenbawa
Theukang
Tista
Toklung
Tongshong
Umaram
Zemu
Average
Page 5: Himalayan Cryosphere in a changing climate ClimateChange...Himalayan Cryosphere in a changing climate Parmanand Sharma ESSO-National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (ESSO -NCPOR)

Why is it important bull Approximately 19 billion people are depend on snowmelt- or glacier-fed rivers for various socio-industrial activities

bull Glaciers continue to melt as temperature rises

bull Some glaciers will be fragmented in a few decades some within the century

bull Reduction of water availability for irrigation and agriculture

bull Can form catastrophic glacial lakes which threatens lives and infrastructure

Zone 1- westerlies dominated precipitation glaciers grow mainly by winter snow accumulation Lakes growth less glacier disintegration Zone 2- both westerlies and summer monsoon Zone 3-glaciers are highly debris covered and retreat rate is high Zone 4- summer monsoon is dominated and glaciers are growing by summer snow accumulation and are most unstable

Major characteristics of Himalayan Glaciers (Climate zones)

Kargel et al 2010

Indus Ganges Brahmaputra Study

Basin area (km2) 1116086 1001019 528079 Bajracharya and Shrestha 2011

Number of glaciers 18495 7963 11497 Bajracharya and Shrestha 2011

Glacier area (km2) 21193 (19) 9012 (09) 14020 (27) Bajracharya and Shrestha 2011 Nuimura et al 2015

Randolph Glacier Inventory (Pfeffer et al 2014)

Volume(Km3) 2696 794 1303 Bajracharya and Shrestha 2011

Karakoram Western

Himalaya

Central

Himalaya

Eastern

Himalaya

Total

1537 -2965 394-759 345-723 147-283 2453-4731 Frey et al (2014)

2748 611 771 279 4409 Marzeion et al (2012)

1896 584 714 265 3459 Grinsted (2013)

2953 657 828 300 4738 Radić et al (2014 )

Glacier cover and volume estimates for the Indus Ganges and Brahmaputra basins from different Studies

Glacier volume estimates for the whole HKH region from different studies (km3)

On what timescale does Glacier respond to climate warming in HKH region Which one has the most significant control for glacier behavior in both the region - global

or regional or local climates Is micro climate of glaciers effect the dynamics How is glacier response regulated by changes in the rate and mechanism of ice flow If so

what causes these changes

How does the local climate control the glacier health How do monsoon and westerlies effect mass balance of HKH region How do these changes amplify those caused by surface mass balance alone Estimate the impact on local regional community induced by change in glacier regime

Questions to be answer

Retreat of Individual Himalayan glaciers

(Kulkarni and Karyakarte 2014)

Glaciers in different regions of the Himalaya respond differently

Cogley [2011]

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Observed retreat of glaciers in various parts of the Himalaya It shows that retreat is varying from almost 5ma to almost 35ma Major retreat is observed for glaciers in the western Himalaya

Chart1

Average
Name of the glacier
Mean retreat (myr)
-26
-2237
-823
-2397
-12
-382
-1183
-767
-271
-1327
-993
-182
-193
-331
-1727
-443
-21
-413
-943
-1483
-1103
-14
-1403
-1407
-1302

Sheet1

Sheet1

Average
Name of the glacier
Mean retreat (myr)

Sheet2

Sheet3

Vincent et al 2013

Azam et al 2018

Pratap et al 2016

949 01 Glacial retreating Advancing Not retreating

9575 Total Himalayan glaciers (GSI)

5

Himalayan glaciers may vanish in long run

bull Glaciated area 40000 km2

bull loss in glacier area 13 (1960rsquos-2000)

Reported loss in glacier area

(Kulkarni and Karyakarte2014)

bull Almost 4ndash30 overall loss in glacier area in the last 40 years (1960-2000) depending upon terrain and geomorphological parameters

bull Mean loss in glacier mass in the Indian Himalaya has accelerated from ndash9 +-4 to ndash20 +- 4 Gtyear from the decade 1975ndash1985 to 2000ndash2010

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Similarly loss in areal extents were mapped and it suggests that the glaciers in western and eastern Himalaya are losing more mass than glaciers in central Himalayan region Glaciers located in the Karakorum region was showing thickening due to continuous snow accumulation and its high altitude location

Glacier meltrsquos contribution to stream flow in present decade

Lutz et al 2014

Changes in the timing or amount of snowmelt due to increasing temperatures or decreasing winter precipitation may have far-reaching societal consequences

Presenter
Presentation Notes
As a fraction of the total annual discharge snowmelt constitutes up to 50 in the far western (Indus area) catchments ~25 in far eastern (Tsangpo) catchments and lt20 elsewhere Despite these along-strike variations snowmelt in the pre- and early-monsoon season (April to June) is significant and important in all catchments although most pronounced in the western catchments Thus changes in the timing or amount of snowmelt due to increasing temperatures or decreasing winter precipitation may have far-reaching societal consequences

Upstream basins of Indus Ganges Brahmaputra Salween and Mekong

Lutz et al 2014

bullTR Average runoff (1997-2007) bullPTR Mean Projected runoff (2014-2050 ndash RCP 45) bullBF Baseflow bullGM Glacier melt bullSM Snow melt bullRR Rainfall runoff

bullModel is forced with an ensemble of 4 GCMs

Modelled changes in

mass loss conditions

in HKH region under

various scenarios

(Chaturvedi et al 2014)

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Study by Chaturvedi etal 2014 (Climate Change) has suggested that the mass loss is significantly higher for 2080rsquos under RCP85 scenario Whereas observed changes varying from -04 to -08 meters water equivalent under RCP26 Scenario However overall it suggests a significant reduction in mass balance of glaciers which may cause severe threat to downstream communities

Regional temperatures and projected glacier area

Kraaijenbrink et al (2017)

The 15 degC global increase implies a warming of around 21degC for the glacierized areas in HMA

bull Possible explanations for this

elevation-dependent warming in

mountains include the effects of

snow albedo and surface-based

feedback water vapour changes

and latent heat release radiative

flux changes surface heat loss and

temperature change and aerosols

Projected Warming and HKH Glacier mass loss

Kraaijenbrink et al 2017

HMA-High mountains of Asia

Glaciers in most of the HKH region are losing mass in response to climate warming Glaciers in the Karakoram region have been expanding in recent years but the underlying reasons for this anomaly are not yet fully understood Total ice volume measurements vary considerably because of the difficulties in measuring ice volumes in situ or from remote sensing products and uncertainties in volume-area scaling relationships No strong trends have been observed in snow cover minor increases or decreases have been reported for different areas Little is known about the distribution of permafrost in the HKH region and its importance for regional hydrology remains unclear Estimates of future glacier volume and area are uncertain and hampered because thus far modelling of ice flow has been restricted to catchment scale studies However strong decreases in glacier volume and area are projected for the entire HKH region

Key limitations to measure glacier changes snow cover area ice thickness etc Not enough long-term in situ observations and insufficient spatial coverage Insufficient representation of climatic conditions and glacier types No consensus on measuring methods Lack of in situ measurements of glacier volume to validate the widespread use of area-volume parameterizations Shortage of energy balance measurements in the region IceSAT uncertainty about penetration of radiation into the snow and reliance on assumptions of density to determine glacier losses Airborne sensing is efficient but poorly used (LiDar photogrammetry) in Himalaya Lack of relevant input information for example glacier thickness climatic data Precipitation gradients and snowrain transitions affect glacier dynamics Spatial distributions in debris thickness and thermal conductivity are nearly impossible to measure

Objectives

1 To study the Antarctic climate variability and its global linkages during the past 2000 years using ice core records

2 To study the biogeochemical cycling within the supraglacial ecosystems like snow ice etc

3 To study the glaciological processes dynamics and evolution of Antarctic ice shelves and ice rises

4 To study the glacier processes and mass balance in selected glaciers of Svalbard Arctic

5 To study the dynamics and the rate of change of selected Himalayan glaciers to understand its impact on hydrology

CRYOSPHERE amp CLIMATE - ESSO MoES Project

ANTARCTICA

HIMALAYA

ARCTIC

HIMANSH ndash Field Station 4000 m Lahaul-Spiti

Ongoing Major Activities bull Long term monitoring programme for glaciological observations and modelling in Western

Himalaya for better understanding of glacier dynamics and their link with hydrology and climate

bull Mass balance (SMB Ice Flux Glacier Flow) bull EnergyHeat Balance (Energy Budget Degree Day Model) bull Hydrological Balance (discharge measurements and modelling)

bull Mass balance studies ndash field glaciological geodetic geospatial data based Regular monitoring of an extensive stake network for annual spring and summer mass balance are carried out

for all six glaciers (Sutri Dhaka Batal Samudra Tapu Bara Shigri Gepang Gath and Kunzam) Ice thickness measurements by GPR

bull Energy balance studies ndash a network of AWS systems Surface energy fluxes near the glacier areas measured using 4 AWS systems installed at Sutri Dhaka (ELA) Bara

Sigri (4300m) Gepang Gath (4400 m) and the Himansh station

bull Hydrological balance studies ndash a network of water level recorders in Chandra R Five recorders (Waterlog Radar series) at Sutri Dhaka Chatru Chota Dhara Sissu Tandi)

Ablationaccumulation process on the different glaciers

-18

-16

-14

-12

-1

-08

-06

-04

-02

0

Sutri Dhaka Batal Samudra Tapu Bada Shigri Gepang Gath Kunzam

2013-14

2014-15

2015-16

2016-17

2017-18()

Net

mb

(m w

e)

Annual net smb of studied glaciers of Chandra basin

Spatial distribution of Ice density over glacier surface

Specific ablationaccumulation over Chandra basin glaciers

Accumulation measurement Stakes network over glaciers surface

Annual net surface mass balance of Chandra basin glaciers

Glacier retreat observed by satellite monitoring between 1960rsquos and 2014 in Western Himalaya ndash retreat of glaciers and expansion of proglacial lakes

Gaddam et al 2016 Patel et al 2017

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Observed retreat of glaciers in Baspa (small size) and Chandra basin (large) glaciers Western Himalaya In Chandra Basin this is alos leading to enhancement of the proglacial lakes Such lakes pose a a threat to GLOF ndash glacial lake outburst flood

1973 (KH-9 Image) 1979 (LANDSAT MSS Image) 1989 (LANDSAT TM Image)

2000 (LANDSAT ETM+ Image) 2013 (LANDSAT OLI Image) 2013 (IRS2 LISS IV Image)

Development of glaciers lake in Samudra Tapu glacier since 1973

bullGeospatial studies carried out in two major proglacial lakes of Samudra Tapu

and Gepang Gath (Chandra basin Western Himalaya) showed substantial

expansion in their area and volume over the last four decades (1971-2014)

bullThe results show that increased melting of the feeder glaciers over this period is

major contributor to expand the volumes approximately 20 times of both the

lakes Samudra Tapu and Gepang Gath

A geospatial analysis of Samudra Tapu and Gepang Gath glacial lakes in the Chandra basin Western Himalaya Patel et al 2017

Mean Mass Balance of glaciers in Baspa basin (1900 ndash 2010)

(Gaddam et al 2017a)

Temperatures anomalies using ERA20CM data

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Geospatial data based study - The mean mass loss estimated for glaciers in Western Himalaya suggests that the glaciers have experienced positive mass balance conditions during 1900-1914 After 1914 there is a decline in mass balance mainly due to rise in temperatures The mass loss of glaciers was observed more after 1995 due to significant changes occurred in temperature

Chart1

Temperature anomaly on century scale
Temperature anomaly for present decade
Period of observation
Temperature (kelvin)
-07193769468
-0863908496
-15613973259
-02617494627
-0306125676
-09722219435
05724076732
-06669364344
-00664870188
-03904512265
-12408430856
-05993512039
-13766462691
-0223669873
-09986683635
-01809502551
-01994504133
01698655886
-03977940728
00707840659
-10391783663
00955077528
-05826445756
02142847607
10710936474
02344338488
00114539492
-00518004493
-05841700543
-01776528967
-04131609703
08685060637
03036096206
11525054719
03453264044
-00302356258
-01688733873
-04054860931
-05213211321
05103813428
0707263713
-0539845488
06692193495
-04805394076
12494377181
01611494972
-03347152777
-08770284905
01141339682
-08034238806
05077103178
-09183616379
-05037011913
-0408897258
02693921442
-03333103383
-02722429398
05360104128
-03970823536
-04720998802
02158692028
01004466467
04559142735
02251771836
0163676099
00038020854
-04341950997
07796951587
-02815226183
04824159116
-03942986116
-03824880989
-07317624079
-05518681351
-05904683473
-06220110581
00795622036
-02293835255
-03188265547
07183381047
08736031377
-04467092743
-00689622538
-00942597275
09818119029
00879678365
02896330073
-02913513436
0812876232
06016351815
00620986687
-09303626677
-04479955867
-07595689901
04945854203
04078308076
05637604328
07219768353
07937244722
22812730881
-03165058936
07481318505
05357474111
08061588235
05966328562
09959613372
13033899567
07742868652
-01402811199
03776739322
12044868397

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Temperature anomaly on century scale
Temperature anomaly for present decade

Sheet3

Sutri Dhaka Glacier surface ice melts during 2015ndash16 and 2016ndash17 (a c) cumulative winter and summer ablation (m we) (b d) annual ablation circled values are measurements at the stakes installed on the debris-covered parts of the glacier

Comparative plot of observed and modeled surface melting for (ab) Sutri Dhaka Glacier as a function of elevation corresponds to the cumulative positive degree days (CPDD) and degree day factor of ice and debris

Evaluation of Modeled and Observed Melting

Energy fluxes at the glacier surface and proportional contribution of each flux

Winter2015-16

Summer 2015-16

Winter2016-17

Summer 2016-17

Geospatial observations of topographical control over the glacier retreat Miyar basin Western Himalaya India (Patel et al 2018)

bullIn this study an attempt has been made to understand the role of topographical parameters and debris cover for glacier recession in Miyar basin

bullA total of 29 glaciers covering an area of ~227 km2 were studied

bullObservations revealed that almost 9 km2 plusmn 07 km2 recessions in glacier area (4) for studied glaciers of Miyar basin during 1989-2014

bullIn Miyar basin glaciers with large size having a steep slope with high debris cover and northward aspect showed low retreat than glaciers of small size gentle slope and low debris cover with southward aspect

Mean mass loss for the Chandra basin -067plusmn014 m weyear during last two decades It was much less in nineties(1990-1999) and estimated observed cumulative mass loss was close to zero The mean annual mass balance of Chandra basin is -077plusmn014m we with loss of 505plusmn 060 Gigatons of glacial mass during 2013 ndash 2017 Mean ELA has significantly shifted(gt200m) up during last two decades Some of the glaciers have experienced four positive balance year between 2000-2013 but experienced negative mass balance during last five years(2013-2018) There has been a gradual warming with an apparent stronger trend observed in Himalayan region during the last two decades The temperature trends are much more pronounced for the winter seasons than for the summer seasons Solid precipitation is most dominant factor to control the ablation during peak ablation Most of the glaciers of Chandra basin are in state of instability and their volume may significantly reduce if the climate stabilizes at its present state Increase in number and volume of glacier lakes has increase the threat of GLOFs in Chandra basin region

HiCOM Project (Himalayan Cryospheric Observations and Modeling)

NCAOR coordinated multi-organizational project for study of benchmark Himalayan glaciers to understand the impact on glaciers and hydrology

HiCom Objective Major Questions to be addressed bullWhy there are differential glacier responses across Himalaya and what are the driving forces bullWhat are the dynamics and control of snow cover changes in Himalaya bullWhat is the response of Himalayan cryosphere to climate changevariability and associated hydrological impacts Work Plan [NCAOR IISER(Pune Kolkata) IIT (Bombay Roorke) University (JNU Himachal JampK Jharkhandhellip] bullIntegrated mass balance studies on benchmark glaciers from sub-basins of Western Central and Eastern Himalaya using glaciological geodetic geospatial and modelling approaches bullGlacio-hydrological budgeting and modelling of selected basins bullSnow cover and volume estimation in major basins of Himalaya

Challenges and Way forward bull Himalayan region is consistently warming more than Global average bull Glaciers and permanent snows are melting rapidly in the recent years bull Shrinkage and melting of glaciers Formation and expansion of glacial lakes bull Increased Risks and Hazard Glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) is a serious problem

bull Investigate and Enhanced Monitoring network (in-situ and Remote sensing-satellitesDrone) bull Strengthening Modeling efforts to understand and forecast bull Knowledge generation and understand the possible impacts of cryosphere changes bull Need effective adaptive and mitigation strategy to prevent risks and uncertainties bull Strengthening Capacity building bull Regional collaboration and Data amp Information exchange

The global threat ofPolar ice melting

  • Slide Number 1
  • Slide Number 2
  • Slide Number 3
  • Slide Number 4
  • Why is it important
  • Slide Number 6
  • Slide Number 7
  • Slide Number 8
  • Retreat of Individual Himalayan glaciers
  • Slide Number 10
  • Reported loss in glacier area
  • Slide Number 12
  • Upstream basins of Indus Ganges Brahmaputra Salween and Mekong
  • Slide Number 14
  • Regional temperatures and projected glacier area
  • Slide Number 16
  • Slide Number 17
  • Slide Number 18
  • Slide Number 19
  • Slide Number 20
  • Ongoing Major Activities
  • Slide Number 22
  • Slide Number 23
  • Slide Number 24
  • Slide Number 25
  • Slide Number 26
  • Mean Mass Balance of glaciers in Baspa basin (1900 ndash 2010)
  • Slide Number 28
  • Slide Number 29
  • Slide Number 30
  • Slide Number 31
  • Slide Number 32
  • HiCom Objective
  • Challenges and Way forward
  • Slide Number 35
mean annual temperature mean annual precipitation mean of mean mean of mean tmep anomaly precipitation anomaly tmep anomaly
1900 2745680347294 04397207758 2752874116762 04240141094 -07193769468 -00157066664 -1570666644478
1901 2744235031802 04261576227 2752874116762 04240141094 -0863908496 -00021435134 -214351337819
1902 2737260143503 05015666099 2752874116762 04240141094 -15613973259 -00775525006 -775525005722
1903 2750256622135 04389712635 2752874116762 04240141094 -02617494627 -00149571542 -1495715418829
1904 2749812860002 04712944918 2752874116762 04240141094 -0306125676 -00472803824 -4728038244434
1905 2743151897327 03835583353 2752874116762 04240141094 -09722219435 0040455774 404557740167
1906 2758598193493 03499779703 2752874116762 04240141094 05724076732 00740361391 7403613909804
1907 2746204752418 0483016297 2752874116762 04240141094 -06669364344 -00590021876 -5900218760975
1908 2752209246574 03907366002 2752874116762 04240141094 -00664870188 00332775092 3327750917524
1909 2748969604497 04433523578 2752874116762 04240141094 -03904512265 -00193382485 -1933824847238
1910 2740465685906 04608032745 2752874116762 04240141094 -12408430856 -00367891651 -3678916513289
1911 2746880604723 04141381888 2752874116762 04240141094 -05993512039 00098759206 987592057543
1912 2739107654071 04227553753 2752874116762 04240141094 -13766462691 0001258734 125873401933
1913 2750637418032 04162397012 2752874116762 04240141094 -0223669873 00077744081 777440814247
1914 2742887433127 04101639254 2752874116762 04240141094 -09986683635 0013850184 1385018398561
1915 2751064614211 04824658937 2752874116762 04240141094 -01809502551 -00584517843 -5845178431788
1916 2750879612629 04226883521 2752874116762 04240141094 -01994504133 00013257572 13257572366
1917 2754572772648 04064010604 2752874116762 04240141094 01698655886 0017613049 1761304895816
1918 2748896176034 04446789921 2752874116762 04240141094 -03977940728 -00206648828 -2066488278719
1919 2753581957421 03982009919 2752874116762 04240141094 00707840659 00258131175 2581311745075
1920 2742482333098 04645340528 2752874116762 04240141094 -10391783663 -00405199434 -4051994339143
1921 275382919429 0432572784 2752874116762 04240141094 00955077528 -00085586746 -855867459524
1922 2747047671006 04097069867 2752874116762 04240141094 -05826445756 00143071227 1430712265632
1923 2755016964368 03549312577 2752874116762 04240141094 02142847607 00690828516 6908285163882
1924 2763585053236 04116706236 2752874116762 04240141094 10710936474 00123434858 1234348579096
1925 275521845525 04142291141 2752874116762 04240141094 02344338488 00097849953 978499528899
1926 2752988656254 03558005775 2752874116762 04240141094 00114539492 00682135318 6821353181531
1927 2752356112268 03525072878 2752874116762 04240141094 -00518004493 00715068215 715068215346
1928 2747032416218 03391493785 2752874116762 04240141094 -05841700543 00848647309 8486473085965
1929 2751097587795 04388463474 2752874116762 04240141094 -01776528967 -0014832238 -148322380283
1930 2748742507059 03575893726 2752874116762 04240141094 -04131609703 00664247368 6642473677189
1931 2761559177399 03755285939 2752874116762 04240141094 08685060637 00484855155 4848551545873
1932 2755910212968 04840229046 2752874116762 04240141094 03036096206 -00600087953 -6000879527331
1933 2764399171481 03506986097 2752874116762 04240141094 11525054719 00733154996 7331549961819
1934 2756327380806 037979019 2752874116762 04240141094 03453264044 00442239194 4422391940868
1935 2752571760504 04433830515 2752874116762 04240141094 -00302356258 -00193689421 -1936894212525
1936 2751185382888 03808367814 2752874116762 04240141094 -01688733873 0043177328 4317732795158
1937 2748819255831 0505989695 2752874116762 04240141094 -04054860931 -00819755857 -8197558566271
1938 2747660905441 04324668942 2752874116762 04240141094 -05213211321 -00084527848 -84527848286
1939 275797793019 02865944353 2752874116762 04240141094 05103813428 0137419674 13741967402749
1940 2759946753892 03479765729 2752874116762 04240141094 0707263713 00760375364 7603753642571
1941 2747475661882 04632338276 2752874116762 04240141094 -0539845488 -00392197182 -3921971823735
1942 2759566310257 03630157694 2752874116762 04240141094 06692193495 006099834 6099833996496
1943 2748068722686 04492628013 2752874116762 04240141094 -04805394076 -00252486919 -2524869190757
1944 2765368493942 04495821565 2752874116762 04240141094 12494377181 -00255680472 -2556804716961
1945 2754485611734 04336792495 2752874116762 04240141094 01611494972 -00096651401 -9665140117
1946 2749526963985 04742330097 2752874116762 04240141094 -03347152777 -00502189003 -5021890033014
1947 2744103831857 04080435778 2752874116762 04240141094 -08770284905 00159705316 1597053155178
1948 2754015456443 03960564959 2752874116762 04240141094 01141339682 00279576135 2795761347956
1949 2744839877956 0421387531 2752874116762 04240141094 -08034238806 00026265783 262657831909
1950 275795121994 03722505304 2752874116762 04240141094 05077103178 00517635789 517635789334
1951 2743690500383 04611635203 2752874116762 04240141094 -09183616379 -00371494109 -3714941091993
1952 2747837104849 04429897374 2752874116762 04240141094 -05037011913 -00189756281 -1897562805262
1953 2748785144182 03898812884 2752874116762 04240141094 -0408897258 0034132821 3413282098725
1954 2755568038203 04445863039 2752874116762 04240141094 02693921442 -00205721945 -2057219450129
1955 2749541013379 04346169044 2752874116762 04240141094 -03333103383 -0010602795 -1060279502768
1956 2750151687363 04233893135 2752874116762 04240141094 -02722429398 00006247959 62479590886
1957 275823422089 03983009853 2752874116762 04240141094 05360104128 0025713124 2571312402655
1958 2748903293226 04194257644 2752874116762 04240141094 -03970823536 0004588345 458834496566
1959 274815311796 03993458071 2752874116762 04240141094 -04720998802 00246683023 2466830225426
1960 275503280879 0340497273 2752874116762 04240141094 02158692028 00835168363 8351683631462
1961 2753878583228 04254456789 2752874116762 04240141094 01004466467 -00014315695 -143156953544
1962 2757433259497 03601285085 2752874116762 04240141094 04559142735 00638856009 6388560090028
1963 2755125888597 04422237061 2752874116762 04240141094 02251771836 -00182095967 -182095966915
1964 2754510877752 04211319503 2752874116762 04240141094 0163676099 0002882159 288215903034
1965 2752912137616 04142563147 2752874116762 04240141094 00038020854 00097577947 975779469529
1966 2748532165765 03845099771 2752874116762 04240141094 -04341950997 00395041323 3950413228664
1967 2760671068349 04041794635 2752874116762 04240141094 07796951587 00198346459 1983464585155
1968 2750058890579 05020580979 2752874116762 04240141094 -02815226183 -00780439886 -7804398858702
1969 2757698275878 03486033601 2752874116762 04240141094 04824159116 00754107492 7541074921111
1970 2748931130646 04585861674 2752874116762 04240141094 -03942986116 -00345720581 -3457205807452
1971 2749049235772 04169442628 2752874116762 04240141094 -03824880989 00070698466 706984659712
1972 2745556492683 04266570574 2752874116762 04240141094 -07317624079 -00026429481 -264294807274
1973 2747355435411 05024067761 2752874116762 04240141094 -05518681351 -00783926667 -7839266672453
1974 2746969433289 05525416601 2752874116762 04240141094 -05904683473 -01285275507 -12852755069953
1975 2746654006181 0382601217 2752874116762 04240141094 -06220110581 00414128924 4141289238365
1976 2753669738797 04139139858 2752874116762 04240141094 00795622036 00101001236 1010012355619
1977 2750580281507 04864467478 2752874116762 04240141094 -02293835255 -00624326384 -6243263844048
1978 2749685851215 03902876434 2752874116762 04240141094 -03188265547 0033726466 3372646596755
1979 2760057497808 03862810312 2752874116762 04240141094 07183381047 00377330781 3773307812879
1980 2761610148139 03917713749 2752874116762 04240141094 08736031377 00322427345 3224273448989
1981 2748407024018 05197394963 2752874116762 04240141094 -04467092743 -00957253869 -957253869245
1982 2752184494223 03778351949 2752874116762 04240141094 -00689622538 00461789144 4617891443614
1983 2751931519487 03688719413 2752874116762 04240141094 -00942597275 0055142168 5514216803257
1984 2762692235791 03987151317 2752874116762 04240141094 09818119029 00252989777 2529897769122
1985 2753753795127 03644056903 2752874116762 04240141094 00879678365 00596084191 5960841909613
1986 2755770446835 04468759153 2752874116762 04240141094 02896330073 -00228618059 -2286180590033
1987 2749960603326 0420021872 2752874116762 04240141094 -02913513436 00039922373 399223732142
1988 2761002879082 04548841692 2752874116762 04240141094 0812876232 -00308700599 -3087005987977
1989 2758890468577 0320182463 2752874116762 04240141094 06016351815 01038316464 10383164640571
1990 2753495103448 04419420571 2752874116762 04240141094 00620986687 -00179279478 -1792794777444
1991 2743570490085 05080265373 2752874116762 04240141094 -09303626677 -0084012428 -8401242795514
1992 2748394160895 04891179108 2752874116762 04240141094 -04479955867 -00651038015 -6510380146998
1993 2745278426861 04597990717 2752874116762 04240141094 -07595689901 -00357849623 -3578496234378
1994 2757819970965 04067628957 2752874116762 04240141094 04945854203 00172512136 172512136351 04945854203
1995 2756952424838 04410312772 2752874116762 04240141094 04078308076 -00170171678 -170171678436 04078308076
1996 275851172109 04385862518 2752874116762 04240141094 05637604328 -00145721425 -1457214248469 05637604328
1997 2760093885115 04701612154 2752874116762 04240141094 07219768353 -00461471061 -4614710608035 07219768353
1998 2760811361483 04426284766 2752874116762 04240141094 07937244722 -00186143672 -1861436719262 07937244722
1999 2775686847643 04587752138 2752874116762 04240141094 22812730881 -00347611045 -3476110448967 22812730881
2000 2749709057826 04731987826 2752874116762 04240141094 -03165058936 -00491846732 -4918467321606 -03165058936
2001 2760355435267 04036562791 2752874116762 04240141094 07481318505 00203578303 203578302683 07481318505
2002 2758231590873 04079123785 2752874116762 04240141094 05357474111 00161017309 1610173086459 05357474111
2003 2760935704997 04730694079 2752874116762 04240141094 08061588235 -00490552985 -490552984935 08061588235
2004 2758840445324 04724105752 2752874116762 04240141094 05966328562 -00483964659 -4839646585839 05966328562
2005 2762833730134 04775793766 2752874116762 04240141094 09959613372 -00535652673 -5356526728525 09959613372
2006 2765908016328 04584896482 2752874116762 04240141094 13033899567 -00344755388 -3447553883621 13033899567
2007 2760616985414 04697657688 2752874116762 04240141094 07742868652 -00457516594 -4575165943303 07742868652
2008 2751471305562 04648149974 2752874116762 04240141094 -01402811199 -00408008881 -4080088808488 -01402811199
2009 2756650856084 04309322391 2752874116762 04240141094 03776739322 -00069181297 -69181297306 03776739322
2010 2764918985159 04837434852 2752874116762 04240141094 12044868397 -00597293758 -5972937584235 12044868397
tk Pk
262599315346 01640380166 1100
26618597347 03991935299 2100
26862819907 04176129859 3100
271781160142 06162197698 4100
276756308444 02755833857 5100
282212975906 03305373067 6100
284684884194 12235368251 7100
285527542723 12001915626 8100
282628533537 0558525639 9100
275140250991 00655462802 10100
270160155574 00256640081 11100
268511117356 -433680868994E-17 12100 2745680347294 04397207758
265318285945 01597515685 1101
265166223476 02331585507 2101
269505726626 0698376047 3101
27229517364 03645205799 4101
277257642389 03248501506 5101
284200193397 04388383585 6101
284878751727 12032869923 7101
284144600667 11177490967 8101
281994470055 0334463862 9101
273214088775 01698521989 10101
269881795098 00207803451 11101
265225086367 00482637226 12101 2744235031802 04261576227
262097963699 04667239858 1102
263424724585 02427221525 2102
267411393575 0499255376 3102
273936630323 03623008924 4102
277643897201 02522597288 5102
282813634561 04193360087 6102
284151571531 08032320053 7102
285360185238 0828301098 8102
282901446654 05880319244 9102
273887136235 0778207411 10102
268343798336 03619955244 11102
262739790265 04164332118 12102 2737260143503 05015666099
261337930391 04785409508 1103
265681775435 05109863314 2103
270241401852 05161383507 3103
272727867223 04242708349 4103
279080138902 01222341456 5103
283578350621 01730359312 6103
283835628413 0945920967 7103
285044004108 11998863644 8103
281981568454 08354857989 9103
277367166764 0006039549 10103
271907898002 00377731476 11103
267524216397 00173427911 12103 2750256622135 04389712635
26318841593 01614067038 1104
269757532438 03143751081 2104
270864705363 02699979567 3104
276170593415 00668987584 4104
279700733794 03420927268 5104
283935588097 05626480837 6104
285348301324 12660503711 7104
284433323106 10005032836 8104
280602570494 05550242767 9104
274881081922 02156678161 10104
267801088887 02853507845 11104
263091497232 06155180321 12104 2749812860002 04712944918
263411618046 01592498607 1105
265085059919 03527256948 2105
270201866282 02986839103 3105
272866730974 04023775949 4105
276691028058 02151533207 5105
281318776855 03691730487 6105
284269756858 08148933675 7105
284560862552 09623212298 8105
283557795505 03855757143 9105
276707662669 026017476 10105
271685673589 00486629039 11105
261425445485 03337086187 12105 2743151897327 03835583353
263745111715 0058762994 1106
269147673277 03326608714 2106
268241361207 01793974304 3106
276495695072 01493330419 4106
277953529145 03804773929 5106
283705836367 01510622848 6106
285397394702 10614597361 7106
285669792764 10653925863 8106
283120684974 06583963621 9106
275110164189 01627929433 10106
271182251394 -433680868994E-17 11106
270548337386 -433680868994E-17 12106 2758598193493 03499779703
264436686937 00274807993 1107
265795747724 02030714605 2107
269355031453 04573888452 3107
274273375969 05400420692 4107
278467339393 01830715441 5107
28381895858 07349382668 6107
2855249776 15118823686 7107
284499335213 10928967501 8107
28244635796 06160997728 9107
274733730307 01881978334 10107
268852365134 02411258535 11107
263241796631 -433680868994E-17 12107 2746204752418 0483016297
263896888523 03389614268 1108
268451242678 04008840313 2108
270607130959 00504524636 3108
274064263285 02805995863 4108
278335877993 01679467811 5108
283452498094 05547827113 6108
284752135664 11413898045 7108
28441959552 11463068026 8108
28066526548 03399655796 9108
276359914815 -433680868994E-17 10108
27213649433 01987086268 11108
265509788548 00688413885 12108 2752209246574 03907366002
262343531818 02134914997 1109
266025750604 03144609896 2109
269870345599 0038589988 3109
277094395409 00916217407 4109
28022352024 0055159633 5109
284836019381 03782708452 6109
28503898964 13127814935 7109
284907058972 14170128603 8109
283482884319 07088116343 9109
275384370975 0226609806 10109
267828803074 02239568422 11109
261727855365 03394609614 12109 2748969604497 04433523578
260228775098 02081026104 1110
262630289769 03688256149 2110
267866054217 05814348893 3110
272515479113 04872679941 4110
278314459863 0090789507 5110
282641810921 03098795252 6110
28415308047 12984358822 7110
284656836986 12710799359 8110
282526194671 03470227905 9110
276553789547 00815745055 10110
27257659056 00388095979 11110
263895461872 0446416441 12110 2740465685906 04608032745
261956275788 0317223811 1111
265635549118 09250951532 2111
269656586059 03570027347 3111
27299573101 03618564406 4111
278813888569 00919623139 5111
283165242493 05282867688 6111
28444399438 08725307441 7111
284303364377 10662993482 8111
28279731516 03284033694 9111
277150857024 00430604739 10111
269568283499 00779371077 11111
26576963819 867361737988E-17 12111 2746880604723 04141381888
268261591716 01891654358 1112
264239329078 05564842455 2112
267518636592 04154692917 3112
272428456359 05168181247 4112
27641913925 03988940696 5112
281260813244 01731791908 6112
284342331811 11818992703 7112
283562810663 13547158306 8112
280017568428 00811555955 9112
272697715263 0131464068 10112
26885495856 00290135892 11112
267325833921 00448057924 12112 2739107654071 04227553753
264112970544 03371030879 1113
263152268714 03298224897 2113
269145829218 02812784664 3113
274295768414 01016291968 4113
281360695901 01059749146 5113
284476962441 06716565353 6113
285179445583 0996602653 7113
284791315628 07927161286 8113
28318266131 08115784559 9113
276651813472 01315510844 10113
271636597069 00525057288 11113
262778573344 03824576733 12113 2750637418032 04162397012
259063979533 01915635395 1114
26506526789 01442819831 2114
26879423932 03122310965 3114
272826079508 02672012569 4114
279163888707 01483192931 5114
285036978648 04664628034 6114
285968019646 08985746033 7114
285363884609 12552626593 8114
283339952114 04126758051 9114
275348383346 0479079327 10114
269725280317 00894047443 11114
261768966114 02569099931 12114 2742887433127 04101639254
260979652832 02133740591 1115
263209038347 05626559157 2115
269260686845 03368586069 3115
273999135655 03433705308 4115
276974328581 03285943293 5115
283675343876 0042886761 6115
285319656336 11297595393 7115
285938483606 14934272093 8115
284691185005 08938431738 9115
277448494931 03286404162 10115
272801664704 00257345172 11115
266979866335 00904456655 12115 2751064614211 04824658937
262711012781 00632570718 1116
265233717354 02483404949 2116
268466995048 05093768863 3116
273899989534 02004165312 4116
278556113406 01718061655 5116
28508386648 01402121551 6116
285938934135 12538559802 7116
285384755098 15135470162 8116
282498264286 06736305866 9116
275224239441 01235394453 10116
269447857945 00563793862 11116
268609789647 01178985062 12116 2750879612629 04226883521
265223513777 02130568869 1117
262745123715 01895604429 2117
268765284359 01262649702 3117
272760605419 02814590626 4117
278745093553 01455414432 5117
28451214925 06078316537 6117
285317328749 12798282857 7117
285186529547 11320643311 8117
283217746763 06932888789 9117
27703451179 01580521161 10117
273412902734 00304707126 11117
268566537521 00193939409 12117 2754572772648 04064010604
264003797852 01525771363 1118
267619360097 867361737988E-17 2118
268941125587 02425003317 3118
274546724817 01942991352 4118
277850317568 04576004914 5118
283817144634 04610285119 6118
284776040343 13020286275 7118
28504696122 1312975104 8118
281799194589 0853716196 9118
275003185446 00632604884 10118
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271524160739 -1301042606982E-16 11108
265970722132 01403188938 12108 2751471305562 04648149974
265704884274 02465003666 1109
265987872962 00991458453 2109
272055836454 02356512508 3109
274383204024 03134405326 4109
279639933279 01966315602 5109
284934394359 0410716423 6109
286196695413 12525743633 7109
286318466303 11915552451 8109
282799116081 09896967017 9109
274784533435 00192651233 10109
268363262854 01870834029 11109
266812827863 00289260543 12109 2756650856084 04309322391
264540342948 0408973102 1110
266497252599 0241477499 2110
271860316998 0186677284 3110
275434549875 04435583413 4110
278339900399 03140059035 5110
285013288175 01983461231 6110
285464354992 14376095662 7110
286162393754 13240870531 8110
284546785611 08193883272 9110
278826983958 03299480333 10110
271371518356 01008505898 11110
269845094526 -1301042606982E-16 12110 2764918985159 04837434852
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994 04945854203
1995 04078308076
1996 05637604328
1997 07219768353
1998 07937244722
1999 22812730881
2000 -03165058936
2001 07481318505
2002 05357474111
2003 08061588235
2004 05966328562
2005 09959613372
2006 13033899567
2007 07742868652
2008 -01402811199
2009 03776739322
2010 12044868397
SNo Name Area Total Average 1976-2005
1 Changme 545 -78 -26
2 Changsang 924 -671 -2237
3 Chuma 394 -247 -823
4 E Lango 494 -719 -2397
5 Gyamtang 257 -360 -12
6 Jongsang 1023 -1146 -382
7 Jumthul 797 -355 -1183
8 KangKyong 2331 -230 -767
9 Lohank 545 -813 -271
10 N Lohank 543 -398 -1327
11 Onglaktang 79 -298 -993
12 Rathong 523 -546 -182
13 Rula 385 -58 -193
14 SLhonak 10 -993 -331
15 S Simpu 738 -518 -1727
16 Talung 2551 -133 -443
17 Tasha 401 -63 -21
19 Tenbawa 659 -124 -413
20 Theukang 22 -283 -943
21 Tista 82 -445 -1483
22 Toklung 274 -331 -1103
23 Tongshong 593 -420 -14
24 Umaram 614 -421 -1403
26 Zemu 9094 -422 -1407
Average 0 -1302
Changme
Changsang
Chuma
E Lango
Gyamtang
Jongsang
Jumthul
KangKyong
Lohank
N Lohank
Onglaktang
Rathong
Rula
SLhonak
S Simpu
Talung
Tasha
Tenbawa
Theukang
Tista
Toklung
Tongshong
Umaram
Zemu
Average
Page 6: Himalayan Cryosphere in a changing climate ClimateChange...Himalayan Cryosphere in a changing climate Parmanand Sharma ESSO-National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (ESSO -NCPOR)

Zone 1- westerlies dominated precipitation glaciers grow mainly by winter snow accumulation Lakes growth less glacier disintegration Zone 2- both westerlies and summer monsoon Zone 3-glaciers are highly debris covered and retreat rate is high Zone 4- summer monsoon is dominated and glaciers are growing by summer snow accumulation and are most unstable

Major characteristics of Himalayan Glaciers (Climate zones)

Kargel et al 2010

Indus Ganges Brahmaputra Study

Basin area (km2) 1116086 1001019 528079 Bajracharya and Shrestha 2011

Number of glaciers 18495 7963 11497 Bajracharya and Shrestha 2011

Glacier area (km2) 21193 (19) 9012 (09) 14020 (27) Bajracharya and Shrestha 2011 Nuimura et al 2015

Randolph Glacier Inventory (Pfeffer et al 2014)

Volume(Km3) 2696 794 1303 Bajracharya and Shrestha 2011

Karakoram Western

Himalaya

Central

Himalaya

Eastern

Himalaya

Total

1537 -2965 394-759 345-723 147-283 2453-4731 Frey et al (2014)

2748 611 771 279 4409 Marzeion et al (2012)

1896 584 714 265 3459 Grinsted (2013)

2953 657 828 300 4738 Radić et al (2014 )

Glacier cover and volume estimates for the Indus Ganges and Brahmaputra basins from different Studies

Glacier volume estimates for the whole HKH region from different studies (km3)

On what timescale does Glacier respond to climate warming in HKH region Which one has the most significant control for glacier behavior in both the region - global

or regional or local climates Is micro climate of glaciers effect the dynamics How is glacier response regulated by changes in the rate and mechanism of ice flow If so

what causes these changes

How does the local climate control the glacier health How do monsoon and westerlies effect mass balance of HKH region How do these changes amplify those caused by surface mass balance alone Estimate the impact on local regional community induced by change in glacier regime

Questions to be answer

Retreat of Individual Himalayan glaciers

(Kulkarni and Karyakarte 2014)

Glaciers in different regions of the Himalaya respond differently

Cogley [2011]

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Observed retreat of glaciers in various parts of the Himalaya It shows that retreat is varying from almost 5ma to almost 35ma Major retreat is observed for glaciers in the western Himalaya

Chart1

Average
Name of the glacier
Mean retreat (myr)
-26
-2237
-823
-2397
-12
-382
-1183
-767
-271
-1327
-993
-182
-193
-331
-1727
-443
-21
-413
-943
-1483
-1103
-14
-1403
-1407
-1302

Sheet1

Sheet1

Average
Name of the glacier
Mean retreat (myr)

Sheet2

Sheet3

Vincent et al 2013

Azam et al 2018

Pratap et al 2016

949 01 Glacial retreating Advancing Not retreating

9575 Total Himalayan glaciers (GSI)

5

Himalayan glaciers may vanish in long run

bull Glaciated area 40000 km2

bull loss in glacier area 13 (1960rsquos-2000)

Reported loss in glacier area

(Kulkarni and Karyakarte2014)

bull Almost 4ndash30 overall loss in glacier area in the last 40 years (1960-2000) depending upon terrain and geomorphological parameters

bull Mean loss in glacier mass in the Indian Himalaya has accelerated from ndash9 +-4 to ndash20 +- 4 Gtyear from the decade 1975ndash1985 to 2000ndash2010

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Similarly loss in areal extents were mapped and it suggests that the glaciers in western and eastern Himalaya are losing more mass than glaciers in central Himalayan region Glaciers located in the Karakorum region was showing thickening due to continuous snow accumulation and its high altitude location

Glacier meltrsquos contribution to stream flow in present decade

Lutz et al 2014

Changes in the timing or amount of snowmelt due to increasing temperatures or decreasing winter precipitation may have far-reaching societal consequences

Presenter
Presentation Notes
As a fraction of the total annual discharge snowmelt constitutes up to 50 in the far western (Indus area) catchments ~25 in far eastern (Tsangpo) catchments and lt20 elsewhere Despite these along-strike variations snowmelt in the pre- and early-monsoon season (April to June) is significant and important in all catchments although most pronounced in the western catchments Thus changes in the timing or amount of snowmelt due to increasing temperatures or decreasing winter precipitation may have far-reaching societal consequences

Upstream basins of Indus Ganges Brahmaputra Salween and Mekong

Lutz et al 2014

bullTR Average runoff (1997-2007) bullPTR Mean Projected runoff (2014-2050 ndash RCP 45) bullBF Baseflow bullGM Glacier melt bullSM Snow melt bullRR Rainfall runoff

bullModel is forced with an ensemble of 4 GCMs

Modelled changes in

mass loss conditions

in HKH region under

various scenarios

(Chaturvedi et al 2014)

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Study by Chaturvedi etal 2014 (Climate Change) has suggested that the mass loss is significantly higher for 2080rsquos under RCP85 scenario Whereas observed changes varying from -04 to -08 meters water equivalent under RCP26 Scenario However overall it suggests a significant reduction in mass balance of glaciers which may cause severe threat to downstream communities

Regional temperatures and projected glacier area

Kraaijenbrink et al (2017)

The 15 degC global increase implies a warming of around 21degC for the glacierized areas in HMA

bull Possible explanations for this

elevation-dependent warming in

mountains include the effects of

snow albedo and surface-based

feedback water vapour changes

and latent heat release radiative

flux changes surface heat loss and

temperature change and aerosols

Projected Warming and HKH Glacier mass loss

Kraaijenbrink et al 2017

HMA-High mountains of Asia

Glaciers in most of the HKH region are losing mass in response to climate warming Glaciers in the Karakoram region have been expanding in recent years but the underlying reasons for this anomaly are not yet fully understood Total ice volume measurements vary considerably because of the difficulties in measuring ice volumes in situ or from remote sensing products and uncertainties in volume-area scaling relationships No strong trends have been observed in snow cover minor increases or decreases have been reported for different areas Little is known about the distribution of permafrost in the HKH region and its importance for regional hydrology remains unclear Estimates of future glacier volume and area are uncertain and hampered because thus far modelling of ice flow has been restricted to catchment scale studies However strong decreases in glacier volume and area are projected for the entire HKH region

Key limitations to measure glacier changes snow cover area ice thickness etc Not enough long-term in situ observations and insufficient spatial coverage Insufficient representation of climatic conditions and glacier types No consensus on measuring methods Lack of in situ measurements of glacier volume to validate the widespread use of area-volume parameterizations Shortage of energy balance measurements in the region IceSAT uncertainty about penetration of radiation into the snow and reliance on assumptions of density to determine glacier losses Airborne sensing is efficient but poorly used (LiDar photogrammetry) in Himalaya Lack of relevant input information for example glacier thickness climatic data Precipitation gradients and snowrain transitions affect glacier dynamics Spatial distributions in debris thickness and thermal conductivity are nearly impossible to measure

Objectives

1 To study the Antarctic climate variability and its global linkages during the past 2000 years using ice core records

2 To study the biogeochemical cycling within the supraglacial ecosystems like snow ice etc

3 To study the glaciological processes dynamics and evolution of Antarctic ice shelves and ice rises

4 To study the glacier processes and mass balance in selected glaciers of Svalbard Arctic

5 To study the dynamics and the rate of change of selected Himalayan glaciers to understand its impact on hydrology

CRYOSPHERE amp CLIMATE - ESSO MoES Project

ANTARCTICA

HIMALAYA

ARCTIC

HIMANSH ndash Field Station 4000 m Lahaul-Spiti

Ongoing Major Activities bull Long term monitoring programme for glaciological observations and modelling in Western

Himalaya for better understanding of glacier dynamics and their link with hydrology and climate

bull Mass balance (SMB Ice Flux Glacier Flow) bull EnergyHeat Balance (Energy Budget Degree Day Model) bull Hydrological Balance (discharge measurements and modelling)

bull Mass balance studies ndash field glaciological geodetic geospatial data based Regular monitoring of an extensive stake network for annual spring and summer mass balance are carried out

for all six glaciers (Sutri Dhaka Batal Samudra Tapu Bara Shigri Gepang Gath and Kunzam) Ice thickness measurements by GPR

bull Energy balance studies ndash a network of AWS systems Surface energy fluxes near the glacier areas measured using 4 AWS systems installed at Sutri Dhaka (ELA) Bara

Sigri (4300m) Gepang Gath (4400 m) and the Himansh station

bull Hydrological balance studies ndash a network of water level recorders in Chandra R Five recorders (Waterlog Radar series) at Sutri Dhaka Chatru Chota Dhara Sissu Tandi)

Ablationaccumulation process on the different glaciers

-18

-16

-14

-12

-1

-08

-06

-04

-02

0

Sutri Dhaka Batal Samudra Tapu Bada Shigri Gepang Gath Kunzam

2013-14

2014-15

2015-16

2016-17

2017-18()

Net

mb

(m w

e)

Annual net smb of studied glaciers of Chandra basin

Spatial distribution of Ice density over glacier surface

Specific ablationaccumulation over Chandra basin glaciers

Accumulation measurement Stakes network over glaciers surface

Annual net surface mass balance of Chandra basin glaciers

Glacier retreat observed by satellite monitoring between 1960rsquos and 2014 in Western Himalaya ndash retreat of glaciers and expansion of proglacial lakes

Gaddam et al 2016 Patel et al 2017

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Observed retreat of glaciers in Baspa (small size) and Chandra basin (large) glaciers Western Himalaya In Chandra Basin this is alos leading to enhancement of the proglacial lakes Such lakes pose a a threat to GLOF ndash glacial lake outburst flood

1973 (KH-9 Image) 1979 (LANDSAT MSS Image) 1989 (LANDSAT TM Image)

2000 (LANDSAT ETM+ Image) 2013 (LANDSAT OLI Image) 2013 (IRS2 LISS IV Image)

Development of glaciers lake in Samudra Tapu glacier since 1973

bullGeospatial studies carried out in two major proglacial lakes of Samudra Tapu

and Gepang Gath (Chandra basin Western Himalaya) showed substantial

expansion in their area and volume over the last four decades (1971-2014)

bullThe results show that increased melting of the feeder glaciers over this period is

major contributor to expand the volumes approximately 20 times of both the

lakes Samudra Tapu and Gepang Gath

A geospatial analysis of Samudra Tapu and Gepang Gath glacial lakes in the Chandra basin Western Himalaya Patel et al 2017

Mean Mass Balance of glaciers in Baspa basin (1900 ndash 2010)

(Gaddam et al 2017a)

Temperatures anomalies using ERA20CM data

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Geospatial data based study - The mean mass loss estimated for glaciers in Western Himalaya suggests that the glaciers have experienced positive mass balance conditions during 1900-1914 After 1914 there is a decline in mass balance mainly due to rise in temperatures The mass loss of glaciers was observed more after 1995 due to significant changes occurred in temperature

Chart1

Temperature anomaly on century scale
Temperature anomaly for present decade
Period of observation
Temperature (kelvin)
-07193769468
-0863908496
-15613973259
-02617494627
-0306125676
-09722219435
05724076732
-06669364344
-00664870188
-03904512265
-12408430856
-05993512039
-13766462691
-0223669873
-09986683635
-01809502551
-01994504133
01698655886
-03977940728
00707840659
-10391783663
00955077528
-05826445756
02142847607
10710936474
02344338488
00114539492
-00518004493
-05841700543
-01776528967
-04131609703
08685060637
03036096206
11525054719
03453264044
-00302356258
-01688733873
-04054860931
-05213211321
05103813428
0707263713
-0539845488
06692193495
-04805394076
12494377181
01611494972
-03347152777
-08770284905
01141339682
-08034238806
05077103178
-09183616379
-05037011913
-0408897258
02693921442
-03333103383
-02722429398
05360104128
-03970823536
-04720998802
02158692028
01004466467
04559142735
02251771836
0163676099
00038020854
-04341950997
07796951587
-02815226183
04824159116
-03942986116
-03824880989
-07317624079
-05518681351
-05904683473
-06220110581
00795622036
-02293835255
-03188265547
07183381047
08736031377
-04467092743
-00689622538
-00942597275
09818119029
00879678365
02896330073
-02913513436
0812876232
06016351815
00620986687
-09303626677
-04479955867
-07595689901
04945854203
04078308076
05637604328
07219768353
07937244722
22812730881
-03165058936
07481318505
05357474111
08061588235
05966328562
09959613372
13033899567
07742868652
-01402811199
03776739322
12044868397

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Temperature anomaly on century scale
Temperature anomaly for present decade

Sheet3

Sutri Dhaka Glacier surface ice melts during 2015ndash16 and 2016ndash17 (a c) cumulative winter and summer ablation (m we) (b d) annual ablation circled values are measurements at the stakes installed on the debris-covered parts of the glacier

Comparative plot of observed and modeled surface melting for (ab) Sutri Dhaka Glacier as a function of elevation corresponds to the cumulative positive degree days (CPDD) and degree day factor of ice and debris

Evaluation of Modeled and Observed Melting

Energy fluxes at the glacier surface and proportional contribution of each flux

Winter2015-16

Summer 2015-16

Winter2016-17

Summer 2016-17

Geospatial observations of topographical control over the glacier retreat Miyar basin Western Himalaya India (Patel et al 2018)

bullIn this study an attempt has been made to understand the role of topographical parameters and debris cover for glacier recession in Miyar basin

bullA total of 29 glaciers covering an area of ~227 km2 were studied

bullObservations revealed that almost 9 km2 plusmn 07 km2 recessions in glacier area (4) for studied glaciers of Miyar basin during 1989-2014

bullIn Miyar basin glaciers with large size having a steep slope with high debris cover and northward aspect showed low retreat than glaciers of small size gentle slope and low debris cover with southward aspect

Mean mass loss for the Chandra basin -067plusmn014 m weyear during last two decades It was much less in nineties(1990-1999) and estimated observed cumulative mass loss was close to zero The mean annual mass balance of Chandra basin is -077plusmn014m we with loss of 505plusmn 060 Gigatons of glacial mass during 2013 ndash 2017 Mean ELA has significantly shifted(gt200m) up during last two decades Some of the glaciers have experienced four positive balance year between 2000-2013 but experienced negative mass balance during last five years(2013-2018) There has been a gradual warming with an apparent stronger trend observed in Himalayan region during the last two decades The temperature trends are much more pronounced for the winter seasons than for the summer seasons Solid precipitation is most dominant factor to control the ablation during peak ablation Most of the glaciers of Chandra basin are in state of instability and their volume may significantly reduce if the climate stabilizes at its present state Increase in number and volume of glacier lakes has increase the threat of GLOFs in Chandra basin region

HiCOM Project (Himalayan Cryospheric Observations and Modeling)

NCAOR coordinated multi-organizational project for study of benchmark Himalayan glaciers to understand the impact on glaciers and hydrology

HiCom Objective Major Questions to be addressed bullWhy there are differential glacier responses across Himalaya and what are the driving forces bullWhat are the dynamics and control of snow cover changes in Himalaya bullWhat is the response of Himalayan cryosphere to climate changevariability and associated hydrological impacts Work Plan [NCAOR IISER(Pune Kolkata) IIT (Bombay Roorke) University (JNU Himachal JampK Jharkhandhellip] bullIntegrated mass balance studies on benchmark glaciers from sub-basins of Western Central and Eastern Himalaya using glaciological geodetic geospatial and modelling approaches bullGlacio-hydrological budgeting and modelling of selected basins bullSnow cover and volume estimation in major basins of Himalaya

Challenges and Way forward bull Himalayan region is consistently warming more than Global average bull Glaciers and permanent snows are melting rapidly in the recent years bull Shrinkage and melting of glaciers Formation and expansion of glacial lakes bull Increased Risks and Hazard Glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) is a serious problem

bull Investigate and Enhanced Monitoring network (in-situ and Remote sensing-satellitesDrone) bull Strengthening Modeling efforts to understand and forecast bull Knowledge generation and understand the possible impacts of cryosphere changes bull Need effective adaptive and mitigation strategy to prevent risks and uncertainties bull Strengthening Capacity building bull Regional collaboration and Data amp Information exchange

The global threat ofPolar ice melting

  • Slide Number 1
  • Slide Number 2
  • Slide Number 3
  • Slide Number 4
  • Why is it important
  • Slide Number 6
  • Slide Number 7
  • Slide Number 8
  • Retreat of Individual Himalayan glaciers
  • Slide Number 10
  • Reported loss in glacier area
  • Slide Number 12
  • Upstream basins of Indus Ganges Brahmaputra Salween and Mekong
  • Slide Number 14
  • Regional temperatures and projected glacier area
  • Slide Number 16
  • Slide Number 17
  • Slide Number 18
  • Slide Number 19
  • Slide Number 20
  • Ongoing Major Activities
  • Slide Number 22
  • Slide Number 23
  • Slide Number 24
  • Slide Number 25
  • Slide Number 26
  • Mean Mass Balance of glaciers in Baspa basin (1900 ndash 2010)
  • Slide Number 28
  • Slide Number 29
  • Slide Number 30
  • Slide Number 31
  • Slide Number 32
  • HiCom Objective
  • Challenges and Way forward
  • Slide Number 35
mean annual temperature mean annual precipitation mean of mean mean of mean tmep anomaly precipitation anomaly tmep anomaly
1900 2745680347294 04397207758 2752874116762 04240141094 -07193769468 -00157066664 -1570666644478
1901 2744235031802 04261576227 2752874116762 04240141094 -0863908496 -00021435134 -214351337819
1902 2737260143503 05015666099 2752874116762 04240141094 -15613973259 -00775525006 -775525005722
1903 2750256622135 04389712635 2752874116762 04240141094 -02617494627 -00149571542 -1495715418829
1904 2749812860002 04712944918 2752874116762 04240141094 -0306125676 -00472803824 -4728038244434
1905 2743151897327 03835583353 2752874116762 04240141094 -09722219435 0040455774 404557740167
1906 2758598193493 03499779703 2752874116762 04240141094 05724076732 00740361391 7403613909804
1907 2746204752418 0483016297 2752874116762 04240141094 -06669364344 -00590021876 -5900218760975
1908 2752209246574 03907366002 2752874116762 04240141094 -00664870188 00332775092 3327750917524
1909 2748969604497 04433523578 2752874116762 04240141094 -03904512265 -00193382485 -1933824847238
1910 2740465685906 04608032745 2752874116762 04240141094 -12408430856 -00367891651 -3678916513289
1911 2746880604723 04141381888 2752874116762 04240141094 -05993512039 00098759206 987592057543
1912 2739107654071 04227553753 2752874116762 04240141094 -13766462691 0001258734 125873401933
1913 2750637418032 04162397012 2752874116762 04240141094 -0223669873 00077744081 777440814247
1914 2742887433127 04101639254 2752874116762 04240141094 -09986683635 0013850184 1385018398561
1915 2751064614211 04824658937 2752874116762 04240141094 -01809502551 -00584517843 -5845178431788
1916 2750879612629 04226883521 2752874116762 04240141094 -01994504133 00013257572 13257572366
1917 2754572772648 04064010604 2752874116762 04240141094 01698655886 0017613049 1761304895816
1918 2748896176034 04446789921 2752874116762 04240141094 -03977940728 -00206648828 -2066488278719
1919 2753581957421 03982009919 2752874116762 04240141094 00707840659 00258131175 2581311745075
1920 2742482333098 04645340528 2752874116762 04240141094 -10391783663 -00405199434 -4051994339143
1921 275382919429 0432572784 2752874116762 04240141094 00955077528 -00085586746 -855867459524
1922 2747047671006 04097069867 2752874116762 04240141094 -05826445756 00143071227 1430712265632
1923 2755016964368 03549312577 2752874116762 04240141094 02142847607 00690828516 6908285163882
1924 2763585053236 04116706236 2752874116762 04240141094 10710936474 00123434858 1234348579096
1925 275521845525 04142291141 2752874116762 04240141094 02344338488 00097849953 978499528899
1926 2752988656254 03558005775 2752874116762 04240141094 00114539492 00682135318 6821353181531
1927 2752356112268 03525072878 2752874116762 04240141094 -00518004493 00715068215 715068215346
1928 2747032416218 03391493785 2752874116762 04240141094 -05841700543 00848647309 8486473085965
1929 2751097587795 04388463474 2752874116762 04240141094 -01776528967 -0014832238 -148322380283
1930 2748742507059 03575893726 2752874116762 04240141094 -04131609703 00664247368 6642473677189
1931 2761559177399 03755285939 2752874116762 04240141094 08685060637 00484855155 4848551545873
1932 2755910212968 04840229046 2752874116762 04240141094 03036096206 -00600087953 -6000879527331
1933 2764399171481 03506986097 2752874116762 04240141094 11525054719 00733154996 7331549961819
1934 2756327380806 037979019 2752874116762 04240141094 03453264044 00442239194 4422391940868
1935 2752571760504 04433830515 2752874116762 04240141094 -00302356258 -00193689421 -1936894212525
1936 2751185382888 03808367814 2752874116762 04240141094 -01688733873 0043177328 4317732795158
1937 2748819255831 0505989695 2752874116762 04240141094 -04054860931 -00819755857 -8197558566271
1938 2747660905441 04324668942 2752874116762 04240141094 -05213211321 -00084527848 -84527848286
1939 275797793019 02865944353 2752874116762 04240141094 05103813428 0137419674 13741967402749
1940 2759946753892 03479765729 2752874116762 04240141094 0707263713 00760375364 7603753642571
1941 2747475661882 04632338276 2752874116762 04240141094 -0539845488 -00392197182 -3921971823735
1942 2759566310257 03630157694 2752874116762 04240141094 06692193495 006099834 6099833996496
1943 2748068722686 04492628013 2752874116762 04240141094 -04805394076 -00252486919 -2524869190757
1944 2765368493942 04495821565 2752874116762 04240141094 12494377181 -00255680472 -2556804716961
1945 2754485611734 04336792495 2752874116762 04240141094 01611494972 -00096651401 -9665140117
1946 2749526963985 04742330097 2752874116762 04240141094 -03347152777 -00502189003 -5021890033014
1947 2744103831857 04080435778 2752874116762 04240141094 -08770284905 00159705316 1597053155178
1948 2754015456443 03960564959 2752874116762 04240141094 01141339682 00279576135 2795761347956
1949 2744839877956 0421387531 2752874116762 04240141094 -08034238806 00026265783 262657831909
1950 275795121994 03722505304 2752874116762 04240141094 05077103178 00517635789 517635789334
1951 2743690500383 04611635203 2752874116762 04240141094 -09183616379 -00371494109 -3714941091993
1952 2747837104849 04429897374 2752874116762 04240141094 -05037011913 -00189756281 -1897562805262
1953 2748785144182 03898812884 2752874116762 04240141094 -0408897258 0034132821 3413282098725
1954 2755568038203 04445863039 2752874116762 04240141094 02693921442 -00205721945 -2057219450129
1955 2749541013379 04346169044 2752874116762 04240141094 -03333103383 -0010602795 -1060279502768
1956 2750151687363 04233893135 2752874116762 04240141094 -02722429398 00006247959 62479590886
1957 275823422089 03983009853 2752874116762 04240141094 05360104128 0025713124 2571312402655
1958 2748903293226 04194257644 2752874116762 04240141094 -03970823536 0004588345 458834496566
1959 274815311796 03993458071 2752874116762 04240141094 -04720998802 00246683023 2466830225426
1960 275503280879 0340497273 2752874116762 04240141094 02158692028 00835168363 8351683631462
1961 2753878583228 04254456789 2752874116762 04240141094 01004466467 -00014315695 -143156953544
1962 2757433259497 03601285085 2752874116762 04240141094 04559142735 00638856009 6388560090028
1963 2755125888597 04422237061 2752874116762 04240141094 02251771836 -00182095967 -182095966915
1964 2754510877752 04211319503 2752874116762 04240141094 0163676099 0002882159 288215903034
1965 2752912137616 04142563147 2752874116762 04240141094 00038020854 00097577947 975779469529
1966 2748532165765 03845099771 2752874116762 04240141094 -04341950997 00395041323 3950413228664
1967 2760671068349 04041794635 2752874116762 04240141094 07796951587 00198346459 1983464585155
1968 2750058890579 05020580979 2752874116762 04240141094 -02815226183 -00780439886 -7804398858702
1969 2757698275878 03486033601 2752874116762 04240141094 04824159116 00754107492 7541074921111
1970 2748931130646 04585861674 2752874116762 04240141094 -03942986116 -00345720581 -3457205807452
1971 2749049235772 04169442628 2752874116762 04240141094 -03824880989 00070698466 706984659712
1972 2745556492683 04266570574 2752874116762 04240141094 -07317624079 -00026429481 -264294807274
1973 2747355435411 05024067761 2752874116762 04240141094 -05518681351 -00783926667 -7839266672453
1974 2746969433289 05525416601 2752874116762 04240141094 -05904683473 -01285275507 -12852755069953
1975 2746654006181 0382601217 2752874116762 04240141094 -06220110581 00414128924 4141289238365
1976 2753669738797 04139139858 2752874116762 04240141094 00795622036 00101001236 1010012355619
1977 2750580281507 04864467478 2752874116762 04240141094 -02293835255 -00624326384 -6243263844048
1978 2749685851215 03902876434 2752874116762 04240141094 -03188265547 0033726466 3372646596755
1979 2760057497808 03862810312 2752874116762 04240141094 07183381047 00377330781 3773307812879
1980 2761610148139 03917713749 2752874116762 04240141094 08736031377 00322427345 3224273448989
1981 2748407024018 05197394963 2752874116762 04240141094 -04467092743 -00957253869 -957253869245
1982 2752184494223 03778351949 2752874116762 04240141094 -00689622538 00461789144 4617891443614
1983 2751931519487 03688719413 2752874116762 04240141094 -00942597275 0055142168 5514216803257
1984 2762692235791 03987151317 2752874116762 04240141094 09818119029 00252989777 2529897769122
1985 2753753795127 03644056903 2752874116762 04240141094 00879678365 00596084191 5960841909613
1986 2755770446835 04468759153 2752874116762 04240141094 02896330073 -00228618059 -2286180590033
1987 2749960603326 0420021872 2752874116762 04240141094 -02913513436 00039922373 399223732142
1988 2761002879082 04548841692 2752874116762 04240141094 0812876232 -00308700599 -3087005987977
1989 2758890468577 0320182463 2752874116762 04240141094 06016351815 01038316464 10383164640571
1990 2753495103448 04419420571 2752874116762 04240141094 00620986687 -00179279478 -1792794777444
1991 2743570490085 05080265373 2752874116762 04240141094 -09303626677 -0084012428 -8401242795514
1992 2748394160895 04891179108 2752874116762 04240141094 -04479955867 -00651038015 -6510380146998
1993 2745278426861 04597990717 2752874116762 04240141094 -07595689901 -00357849623 -3578496234378
1994 2757819970965 04067628957 2752874116762 04240141094 04945854203 00172512136 172512136351 04945854203
1995 2756952424838 04410312772 2752874116762 04240141094 04078308076 -00170171678 -170171678436 04078308076
1996 275851172109 04385862518 2752874116762 04240141094 05637604328 -00145721425 -1457214248469 05637604328
1997 2760093885115 04701612154 2752874116762 04240141094 07219768353 -00461471061 -4614710608035 07219768353
1998 2760811361483 04426284766 2752874116762 04240141094 07937244722 -00186143672 -1861436719262 07937244722
1999 2775686847643 04587752138 2752874116762 04240141094 22812730881 -00347611045 -3476110448967 22812730881
2000 2749709057826 04731987826 2752874116762 04240141094 -03165058936 -00491846732 -4918467321606 -03165058936
2001 2760355435267 04036562791 2752874116762 04240141094 07481318505 00203578303 203578302683 07481318505
2002 2758231590873 04079123785 2752874116762 04240141094 05357474111 00161017309 1610173086459 05357474111
2003 2760935704997 04730694079 2752874116762 04240141094 08061588235 -00490552985 -490552984935 08061588235
2004 2758840445324 04724105752 2752874116762 04240141094 05966328562 -00483964659 -4839646585839 05966328562
2005 2762833730134 04775793766 2752874116762 04240141094 09959613372 -00535652673 -5356526728525 09959613372
2006 2765908016328 04584896482 2752874116762 04240141094 13033899567 -00344755388 -3447553883621 13033899567
2007 2760616985414 04697657688 2752874116762 04240141094 07742868652 -00457516594 -4575165943303 07742868652
2008 2751471305562 04648149974 2752874116762 04240141094 -01402811199 -00408008881 -4080088808488 -01402811199
2009 2756650856084 04309322391 2752874116762 04240141094 03776739322 -00069181297 -69181297306 03776739322
2010 2764918985159 04837434852 2752874116762 04240141094 12044868397 -00597293758 -5972937584235 12044868397
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282906401913 04032790378 9173
275451951959 03719116782 10173
270178702061 0012405294 11173
264782738055 03729169567 12173 2747355435411 05024067761
262376850196 03429958014 1174
265579515572 05393338664 2174
270844123631 06153379954 3174
272330519866 04432095797 4174
278139563756 01053864832 5174
283457751214 04477904842 6174
285324388346 11575618992 7174
284733286588 11116142055 8174
283390344874 07883930393 9174
276829461028 09165544176 10174
266765175824 1301042606982E-16 11174
266592339052 01623221487 12174 2746969433289 05525416601
265230385293 01451425208 1175
265572602101 00205425249 2175
270031790805 02582084184 3175
274292217222 03200159961 4175
276777609996 04260903818 5175
283554539806 02853455072 6175
285096243808 10167141175 7175
285035750938 11033734501 8175
282453569572 03784580342 9175
275854661637 01424260522 10175
270501906824 01999441766 11175
261583529415 0294953424 12175 2746654006181 0382601217
260876627019 01210987927 1176
264238302225 05061267806 2176
26984685546 00845410727 3176
276438849924 00777464106 4176
281829628827 1301042606982E-16 5176
284938962346 06746072927 6176
285602655549 14458366969 7176
284899209889 1298036587 8176
282837267205 03925130066 9176
275583307905 01145221339 10176
273032237158 02519390558 11176
26427978305 1301042606982E-16 12176 2753669738797 04139139858
263315353865 03846700368 1177
265572602101 01719137473 2177
270280675756 06340659296 3177
274214440675 04653926291 4177
278383263603 01639316684 5177
284223418112 0469679045 6177
285868824177 10943355753 7177
285585371871 13258885315 8177
283328123636 05984280215 9177
277885493702 0141452402 10177
267831578704 01240699059 11177
264207191606 02635334812 12177 2750580281507 04864467478
260632927172 01459004461 1178
266500735564 00815264853 2178
270667830124 02661356719 3178
274708753842 04289547527 4178
277745495917 03423477579 5178
28268171411 04373053381 6178
285035750938 10385153693 7178
285256982006 13224425952 8178
282320485258 02130212756 9178
276395640731 01262069409 10178
27240311131 1301042606982E-16 11178
265273594486 02810950876 12178 2749685851215 03902876434
260983785818 02923097065 1179
262124508509 01036240361 2179
270800914438 01369466192 3179
277306490517 01136477599 4179
282183944209 00247936055 5179
285422905306 04994603286 6179
285694259037 10962543148 7179
285799689468 1234740231 8179
283136274819 08262570062 9179
278402275648 02631323991 10179
271691023811 00086116881 11179
26852292579 00355946798 12179 2760057497808 03862810312
266371107985 00848948996 1180
269601427244 03661866327 2180
270902888133 01933293506 3180
277475870553 01148870612 4180
280723473489 04307980054 5180
283585650425 05597799888 6180
285486854912 12126587467 7180
285659691683 11159089011 8180
282958252945 02532256413 9180
275280843555 02071715605 10180
270904616501 00405578857 11180
264981500342 01218578248 12180 2761610148139 03917713749
264720426659 03993232194 1181
265060013084 04756845859 2181
269280832234 0675481171 3181
272616668581 05128682999 4181
277796219103 00941313541 5181
283236462234 03443396264 6181
285440343831 10745710847 7181
285273980784 12476617671 8181
283670378222 077252678 9181
275871896028 03374143346 10181
270841557723 01133248072 11181
264279650339 0189546925 12181 2748407024018 05197394963
263115109013 01803408188 1182
267387380653 04007714967 2182
270786675068 02497571072 3182
272928813678 0292750056 4182
278087783205 02175524883 5182
284927534027 02425236062 6182
285695891191 1079122742 7182
285644438702 12076711423 8182
283649797226 03411005313 9182
27670885651 01413326362 10182
271880897993 01810997141 11182
261808215802 -1301042606982E-16 12182 2752184494223 03778351949
261978009014 01719054536 1183
264243633597 0425762954 2183
270748943243 00239166916 3183
275887331775 03250788668 4183
280727295872 -1301042606982E-16 5183
285416332669 04510400176 6183
28585196374 11671299462 7183
284587947602 10567588268 8183
282898590892 02211685687 9183
275901052438 00740832543 10183
269541524843 0286759899 11183
264535197699 02228588174 12183 2751931519487 03688719413
26533099619 03259658948 1184
268601659384 00388468443 2184
272669836152 00486062924 3184
276746588335 -1301042606982E-16 4184
282037619249 01977243335 5184
2842963835 06225003318 6184
285577550467 12234578057 7184
285452349411 12797031369 8184
283138702506 05516022357 9184
277677878379 02118920539 10184
269714748222 01446570003 11184
263986371154 01396256508 12184 2762692235791 03987151317
260525333752 0128713587 1185
263832013688 01759068481 2185
27168194837 02542907171 3185
274479248669 0127301166 4185
281233245343 0235890787 5185
285111047903 04523572389 6185
28527741095 13151918958 7185
285059595415 10106929576 8185
281854105373 0316432908 9185
275830734037 01128832912 10185
27343476315 -1301042606982E-16 11185
266185107502 02432068864 12185 2753753795127 03644056903
261662433751 02767250566 1186
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271875752744 02679264285 3186
277286839465 00864042494 4186
283054663441 -1301042606982E-16 5186
284948115023 0928827385 6186
285255114871 1395019761 7186
285169360724 09321566189 8186
282617317288 07059390224 9186
275811868125 00799201394 10186
271054228009 02033205283 11186
26320600841 01795911515 12186 2755770446835 04468759153
263969220325 04414486826 1187
265890113233 01625533716 2187
272006099049 02104690643 3187
274024751686 05064308028 4187
277607559978 0303183741 5187
283114691344 01321171402 6187
285301422111 08031965906 7187
285997745791 10824987079 8187
282498976564 11285926448 9187
275292197989 00550123594 10187
269172782008 01020179619 11187
265077163913 01127413975 12187 2749960603326 0420021872
262365617762 01086007175 1188
265682588196 0190844012 2188
270649468432 03289362475 3188
27333014309 02850125141 4188
28056950824 00959102795 5188
284294668417 06200059802 6188
286016611703 14315337318 7188
285049304917 17658653637 8188
284641115174 05265916605 9188
280236782147 00349388914 10188
273728042335 0030118678 11188
266639604485 00402519546 12188 2761002879082 04548841692
265763197095 -1301042606982E-16 1189
266173101921 01873767833 2189
270241278689 00171586431 3189
274902874159 03579967477 4189
282080496323 00727431187 5189
285136774148 07843478005 6189
285725047601 10479408622 7189
285001282594 10237892728 8189
281288127998 01960843324 9189
278681201907 00410952631 10189
270474529971 01078758789 11189
265200649886 00057808529 12189 2758890468577 0320182463
265065158332 00227206734 1190
266865995434 03844209764 2190
270095496638 04137802475 3190
27343476315 03251113583 4190
278550855603 01895127661 5190
28349543976 06194670807 6190
285280841116 11616320595 7190
285476360573 10363220485 8190
281936429355 0327645785 9190
277456632678 01176949718 10190
270448803726 01071390184 11190
266087347773 05978577002 12190 2753495103448 04419420571
259496283979 02642719206 1191
265337856522 02891315763 2191
268212335554 03309283538 3191
272609808249 03576401096 4191
278185542933 04687105978 5191
284186618191 04618479506 6191
285548394057 13785253414 7191
286122946846 09755836406 8191
284594807934 04277276614 9191
275146415938 07077598804 10191
268992698298 01920402406 11191
263850879601 02421511747 12191 2743570490085 05080265373
262140941895 04785035201 1192
263962359993 02703549852 2192
269869105688 04830117563 3192
273196366619 02498982943 4192
278480537202 02010327863 5192
28422091985 03412915746 6192
285196802051 11568153565 7192
285397466757 11015166135 8192
283066669022 09192280246 9192
277809939766 01683672415 10192
270409356818 02312392053 11192
264322527413 02681555717 12192 2748394160895 04891179108
262442796495 01864093951 1193
266883146264 04285099483 2193
269219089248 03930019313 3193
273017997992 05853786554 4193
278471961787 02527852671 5193
283215881239 04917186656 6193
284370132067 06715389167 7193
285188226636 12191687661 8193
282101077318 05823230946 9193
275249320916 0052847035 10193
270714641584 00446799839 11193
263459840687 06092272011 12193 2745278426861 04597990717
261671009166 0122906072 1194
266193682916 -1301042606982E-16 2194
273201511868 00222781907 3194
27645330915 02382889549 4194
282521272642 02534203241 5194
284263796924 07750894355 6194
286133237344 11526743951 7194
285923997224 11820697485 8194
283183294663 04766890768 9194
276875219556 01214697769 10194
269212228916 01433722675 11194
263751404789 03928965068 12194 2757819970965 04067628957
262415355168 03808627215 1195
264806180806 04373911505 2195
269949714586 05583289189 3195
27236112122 04973219051 4195
277725900702 01197090685 5195
283545177166 01225243989 6195
285733623016 09972311459 7195
285227673544 11935685473 8195
28348343418 03500304303 9195
279826877321 00759557399 10195
2765287728 00641645428 11195
266739079296 0495286757 12195 2756952424838 04410312772
265125186236 06448714774 1196
264672404336 -1301042606982E-16 2196
268534771149 02428941839 3196
273467349726 03822424937 4196
279063665406 03191296389 5196
283423406276 06116159413 6196
285963444132 098283829 7196
285870829652 13201356252 8196
28437184715 06071496042 9196
279173430715 00814060489 10196
273532522878 -1301042606982E-16 11196
267015207652 00707517186 12196 275851172109 04385862518
267450838722 02165753889 1197
265085739328 05427088825 2197
270949607949 00644739589 3197
276473890145 02409260531 4197
278288447911 04406925112 5197
28363436148 04113912 6197
286104080934 13504286863 7197
28616582392 12662863581 8197
282742518343 06362963532 9197
278454810957 00223025564 10197
272824193618 01610289243 11197
263938348831 02888237122 12197 2760093885115 04701612154
260930093329 04017800408 1198
265156057729 08240848384 2198
269625563908 04085874038 3198
275520304022 00459489299 4198
278753235391 0355665518 5198
283176434331 01954066839 6198
285565544886 11095553161 7198
286234427238 09180916299 8198
285258545037 08758221176 9198
280729010955 00677928928 10198
273517087132 -1301042606982E-16 11198
268507329822 01088063473 12198 2760811361483 04426284766
26537730343 04191253202 1199
268797178841 -1301042606982E-16 2199
27421855606 -1301042606982E-16 3199
276991845197 01459101376 4199
282337758766 01306631963 5199
285421477918 0752705333 6199
28568388561 15883505385 7199
285802226334 14394455061 8199
284231210348 03800715673 9199
278346760731 01661282561 10199
275324784566 -1301042606982E-16 11199
26829122937 04829027111 12199 2775686847643 04587752138
261600690765 01249823668 1100
267366799657 02479503882 2100
268550206896 03912426368 3100
274623315637 02900510939 4100
27973940809 00694679535 5100
285165930558 0796069085 6100
285707896771 15566036476 7100
285095612157 10277563516 8100
28258987596 02685005857 9100
277201085318 01857714911 10100
27059630086 02939788827 11100
261413746722 04260109079 12100 2749709057826 04731987826
261804785636 01117555749 1101
268262072959 01514515721 2101
271747121523 01744152594 3101
275166996934 04222553205 4101
279701676265 03248720406 5101
28422091985 07116231365 6101
285553539306 12478130923 7101
285891410648 07441618579 8101
284485042625 0469073751 9101
277804794518 01897546629 10101
271308060286 00186343582 11101
26648010177 02780647229 12101 2760355435267 04036562791
264125292873 01312985031 1102
266502397848 06373623904 2102
267941352447 07424845217 3102
274480963752 02414930006 4102
278343330565 02084774882 5102
284869221207 03330482318 6102
285922282141 10563244561 7102
285483220904 10865523996 8102
28253156314 03395315341 9102
278338185316 00420054079 10102
271539596485 00763706085 11102
269800502369 -1301042606982E-16 12102 2758231590873 04079123785
265238381711 01851723806 1103
264284795588 03921047238 2103
271011350935 01925404377 3103
274954326647 02208467696 4103
279825162238 01019598645 5103
284653120754 07302350209 6103
286277304312 15862799842 7103
286423086363 12892239367 8103
28458108727 0608408868 9103
278197548514 00164980425 10103
272410858626 00979778721 11103
265265823038 02555849937 12103 2760935704997 04730694079
26305508111 02342067637 1104
26509259966 02132739867 2104
272153596183 01894602431 3104
274378058775 03079664388 4104
280176754244 00742865768 5104
284304958915 0822146875 6104
286028617284 11631449013 7104
285798796168 12167367584 8104
282912311556 10264630369 9104
277909414578 00648210831 10104
271342361945 00087659037 11104
267455983971 03476543352 12104 2758840445324 04724105752
262391344006 03099162735 1105
265346431937 03727481903 2105
271448697089 00610540601 3105
278377632224 01734420026 4105
284591377768 00619267454 5105
284942969774 07873620691 6105
286565438249 14666360765 7105
285802226334 12005345582 8105
282401216835 03327611756 9105
277242247309 01655059068 10105
269649575069 02997536171 11105
266641319567 04993118446 12105 2762833730134 04775793766
265404744757 02059049829 1106
268793748675 01947958372 2106
270860423635 04288245508 3106
277888833582 -1301042606982E-16 4106
283209020907 -1301042606982E-16 5106
28548665107 06209745293 6106
286081784855 12801602419 7106
286330471884 13539702697 8106
284997852428 03283369789 9106
275326499648 06959115291 10106
269713033139 01621886058 11106
264996555014 02308082528 12106 2765908016328 04584896482
266231414741 00053059561 1107
266306878391 03105455959 2107
269400888041 03689989434 3107
273877254552 02403081479 4107
279545603716 0208934798 5107
286160678671 02964798406 6107
286037192699 1748892288 7107
285592986213 09223160106 8107
284208914269 05703852752 9107
277386314277 06185038478 10107
272668121069 00406307638 11107
265324135858 03058877581 12107 2760616985414 04697657688
25854441294 03010639436 1108
263729108711 02563931003 2108
271073093922 03541980586 3108
275796432378 01309946545 4108
279945218045 01828042083 5108
283975662987 03924969604 6108
285039014419 11460237408 7108
285733623016 13517204289 8108
284461031464 06546982659 9108
275973085922 06670677143 10108
271524160739 -1301042606982E-16 11108
265970722132 01403188938 12108 2751471305562 04648149974
265704884274 02465003666 1109
265987872962 00991458453 2109
272055836454 02356512508 3109
274383204024 03134405326 4109
279639933279 01966315602 5109
284934394359 0410716423 6109
286196695413 12525743633 7109
286318466303 11915552451 8109
282799116081 09896967017 9109
274784533435 00192651233 10109
268363262854 01870834029 11109
266812827863 00289260543 12109 2756650856084 04309322391
264540342948 0408973102 1110
266497252599 0241477499 2110
271860316998 0186677284 3110
275434549875 04435583413 4110
278339900399 03140059035 5110
285013288175 01983461231 6110
285464354992 14376095662 7110
286162393754 13240870531 8110
284546785611 08193883272 9110
278826983958 03299480333 10110
271371518356 01008505898 11110
269845094526 -1301042606982E-16 12110 2764918985159 04837434852
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1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994 04945854203
1995 04078308076
1996 05637604328
1997 07219768353
1998 07937244722
1999 22812730881
2000 -03165058936
2001 07481318505
2002 05357474111
2003 08061588235
2004 05966328562
2005 09959613372
2006 13033899567
2007 07742868652
2008 -01402811199
2009 03776739322
2010 12044868397
SNo Name Area Total Average 1976-2005
1 Changme 545 -78 -26
2 Changsang 924 -671 -2237
3 Chuma 394 -247 -823
4 E Lango 494 -719 -2397
5 Gyamtang 257 -360 -12
6 Jongsang 1023 -1146 -382
7 Jumthul 797 -355 -1183
8 KangKyong 2331 -230 -767
9 Lohank 545 -813 -271
10 N Lohank 543 -398 -1327
11 Onglaktang 79 -298 -993
12 Rathong 523 -546 -182
13 Rula 385 -58 -193
14 SLhonak 10 -993 -331
15 S Simpu 738 -518 -1727
16 Talung 2551 -133 -443
17 Tasha 401 -63 -21
19 Tenbawa 659 -124 -413
20 Theukang 22 -283 -943
21 Tista 82 -445 -1483
22 Toklung 274 -331 -1103
23 Tongshong 593 -420 -14
24 Umaram 614 -421 -1403
26 Zemu 9094 -422 -1407
Average 0 -1302
Changme
Changsang
Chuma
E Lango
Gyamtang
Jongsang
Jumthul
KangKyong
Lohank
N Lohank
Onglaktang
Rathong
Rula
SLhonak
S Simpu
Talung
Tasha
Tenbawa
Theukang
Tista
Toklung
Tongshong
Umaram
Zemu
Average
Page 7: Himalayan Cryosphere in a changing climate ClimateChange...Himalayan Cryosphere in a changing climate Parmanand Sharma ESSO-National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (ESSO -NCPOR)

Indus Ganges Brahmaputra Study

Basin area (km2) 1116086 1001019 528079 Bajracharya and Shrestha 2011

Number of glaciers 18495 7963 11497 Bajracharya and Shrestha 2011

Glacier area (km2) 21193 (19) 9012 (09) 14020 (27) Bajracharya and Shrestha 2011 Nuimura et al 2015

Randolph Glacier Inventory (Pfeffer et al 2014)

Volume(Km3) 2696 794 1303 Bajracharya and Shrestha 2011

Karakoram Western

Himalaya

Central

Himalaya

Eastern

Himalaya

Total

1537 -2965 394-759 345-723 147-283 2453-4731 Frey et al (2014)

2748 611 771 279 4409 Marzeion et al (2012)

1896 584 714 265 3459 Grinsted (2013)

2953 657 828 300 4738 Radić et al (2014 )

Glacier cover and volume estimates for the Indus Ganges and Brahmaputra basins from different Studies

Glacier volume estimates for the whole HKH region from different studies (km3)

On what timescale does Glacier respond to climate warming in HKH region Which one has the most significant control for glacier behavior in both the region - global

or regional or local climates Is micro climate of glaciers effect the dynamics How is glacier response regulated by changes in the rate and mechanism of ice flow If so

what causes these changes

How does the local climate control the glacier health How do monsoon and westerlies effect mass balance of HKH region How do these changes amplify those caused by surface mass balance alone Estimate the impact on local regional community induced by change in glacier regime

Questions to be answer

Retreat of Individual Himalayan glaciers

(Kulkarni and Karyakarte 2014)

Glaciers in different regions of the Himalaya respond differently

Cogley [2011]

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Observed retreat of glaciers in various parts of the Himalaya It shows that retreat is varying from almost 5ma to almost 35ma Major retreat is observed for glaciers in the western Himalaya

Chart1

Average
Name of the glacier
Mean retreat (myr)
-26
-2237
-823
-2397
-12
-382
-1183
-767
-271
-1327
-993
-182
-193
-331
-1727
-443
-21
-413
-943
-1483
-1103
-14
-1403
-1407
-1302

Sheet1

Sheet1

Average
Name of the glacier
Mean retreat (myr)

Sheet2

Sheet3

Vincent et al 2013

Azam et al 2018

Pratap et al 2016

949 01 Glacial retreating Advancing Not retreating

9575 Total Himalayan glaciers (GSI)

5

Himalayan glaciers may vanish in long run

bull Glaciated area 40000 km2

bull loss in glacier area 13 (1960rsquos-2000)

Reported loss in glacier area

(Kulkarni and Karyakarte2014)

bull Almost 4ndash30 overall loss in glacier area in the last 40 years (1960-2000) depending upon terrain and geomorphological parameters

bull Mean loss in glacier mass in the Indian Himalaya has accelerated from ndash9 +-4 to ndash20 +- 4 Gtyear from the decade 1975ndash1985 to 2000ndash2010

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Similarly loss in areal extents were mapped and it suggests that the glaciers in western and eastern Himalaya are losing more mass than glaciers in central Himalayan region Glaciers located in the Karakorum region was showing thickening due to continuous snow accumulation and its high altitude location

Glacier meltrsquos contribution to stream flow in present decade

Lutz et al 2014

Changes in the timing or amount of snowmelt due to increasing temperatures or decreasing winter precipitation may have far-reaching societal consequences

Presenter
Presentation Notes
As a fraction of the total annual discharge snowmelt constitutes up to 50 in the far western (Indus area) catchments ~25 in far eastern (Tsangpo) catchments and lt20 elsewhere Despite these along-strike variations snowmelt in the pre- and early-monsoon season (April to June) is significant and important in all catchments although most pronounced in the western catchments Thus changes in the timing or amount of snowmelt due to increasing temperatures or decreasing winter precipitation may have far-reaching societal consequences

Upstream basins of Indus Ganges Brahmaputra Salween and Mekong

Lutz et al 2014

bullTR Average runoff (1997-2007) bullPTR Mean Projected runoff (2014-2050 ndash RCP 45) bullBF Baseflow bullGM Glacier melt bullSM Snow melt bullRR Rainfall runoff

bullModel is forced with an ensemble of 4 GCMs

Modelled changes in

mass loss conditions

in HKH region under

various scenarios

(Chaturvedi et al 2014)

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Study by Chaturvedi etal 2014 (Climate Change) has suggested that the mass loss is significantly higher for 2080rsquos under RCP85 scenario Whereas observed changes varying from -04 to -08 meters water equivalent under RCP26 Scenario However overall it suggests a significant reduction in mass balance of glaciers which may cause severe threat to downstream communities

Regional temperatures and projected glacier area

Kraaijenbrink et al (2017)

The 15 degC global increase implies a warming of around 21degC for the glacierized areas in HMA

bull Possible explanations for this

elevation-dependent warming in

mountains include the effects of

snow albedo and surface-based

feedback water vapour changes

and latent heat release radiative

flux changes surface heat loss and

temperature change and aerosols

Projected Warming and HKH Glacier mass loss

Kraaijenbrink et al 2017

HMA-High mountains of Asia

Glaciers in most of the HKH region are losing mass in response to climate warming Glaciers in the Karakoram region have been expanding in recent years but the underlying reasons for this anomaly are not yet fully understood Total ice volume measurements vary considerably because of the difficulties in measuring ice volumes in situ or from remote sensing products and uncertainties in volume-area scaling relationships No strong trends have been observed in snow cover minor increases or decreases have been reported for different areas Little is known about the distribution of permafrost in the HKH region and its importance for regional hydrology remains unclear Estimates of future glacier volume and area are uncertain and hampered because thus far modelling of ice flow has been restricted to catchment scale studies However strong decreases in glacier volume and area are projected for the entire HKH region

Key limitations to measure glacier changes snow cover area ice thickness etc Not enough long-term in situ observations and insufficient spatial coverage Insufficient representation of climatic conditions and glacier types No consensus on measuring methods Lack of in situ measurements of glacier volume to validate the widespread use of area-volume parameterizations Shortage of energy balance measurements in the region IceSAT uncertainty about penetration of radiation into the snow and reliance on assumptions of density to determine glacier losses Airborne sensing is efficient but poorly used (LiDar photogrammetry) in Himalaya Lack of relevant input information for example glacier thickness climatic data Precipitation gradients and snowrain transitions affect glacier dynamics Spatial distributions in debris thickness and thermal conductivity are nearly impossible to measure

Objectives

1 To study the Antarctic climate variability and its global linkages during the past 2000 years using ice core records

2 To study the biogeochemical cycling within the supraglacial ecosystems like snow ice etc

3 To study the glaciological processes dynamics and evolution of Antarctic ice shelves and ice rises

4 To study the glacier processes and mass balance in selected glaciers of Svalbard Arctic

5 To study the dynamics and the rate of change of selected Himalayan glaciers to understand its impact on hydrology

CRYOSPHERE amp CLIMATE - ESSO MoES Project

ANTARCTICA

HIMALAYA

ARCTIC

HIMANSH ndash Field Station 4000 m Lahaul-Spiti

Ongoing Major Activities bull Long term monitoring programme for glaciological observations and modelling in Western

Himalaya for better understanding of glacier dynamics and their link with hydrology and climate

bull Mass balance (SMB Ice Flux Glacier Flow) bull EnergyHeat Balance (Energy Budget Degree Day Model) bull Hydrological Balance (discharge measurements and modelling)

bull Mass balance studies ndash field glaciological geodetic geospatial data based Regular monitoring of an extensive stake network for annual spring and summer mass balance are carried out

for all six glaciers (Sutri Dhaka Batal Samudra Tapu Bara Shigri Gepang Gath and Kunzam) Ice thickness measurements by GPR

bull Energy balance studies ndash a network of AWS systems Surface energy fluxes near the glacier areas measured using 4 AWS systems installed at Sutri Dhaka (ELA) Bara

Sigri (4300m) Gepang Gath (4400 m) and the Himansh station

bull Hydrological balance studies ndash a network of water level recorders in Chandra R Five recorders (Waterlog Radar series) at Sutri Dhaka Chatru Chota Dhara Sissu Tandi)

Ablationaccumulation process on the different glaciers

-18

-16

-14

-12

-1

-08

-06

-04

-02

0

Sutri Dhaka Batal Samudra Tapu Bada Shigri Gepang Gath Kunzam

2013-14

2014-15

2015-16

2016-17

2017-18()

Net

mb

(m w

e)

Annual net smb of studied glaciers of Chandra basin

Spatial distribution of Ice density over glacier surface

Specific ablationaccumulation over Chandra basin glaciers

Accumulation measurement Stakes network over glaciers surface

Annual net surface mass balance of Chandra basin glaciers

Glacier retreat observed by satellite monitoring between 1960rsquos and 2014 in Western Himalaya ndash retreat of glaciers and expansion of proglacial lakes

Gaddam et al 2016 Patel et al 2017

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Observed retreat of glaciers in Baspa (small size) and Chandra basin (large) glaciers Western Himalaya In Chandra Basin this is alos leading to enhancement of the proglacial lakes Such lakes pose a a threat to GLOF ndash glacial lake outburst flood

1973 (KH-9 Image) 1979 (LANDSAT MSS Image) 1989 (LANDSAT TM Image)

2000 (LANDSAT ETM+ Image) 2013 (LANDSAT OLI Image) 2013 (IRS2 LISS IV Image)

Development of glaciers lake in Samudra Tapu glacier since 1973

bullGeospatial studies carried out in two major proglacial lakes of Samudra Tapu

and Gepang Gath (Chandra basin Western Himalaya) showed substantial

expansion in their area and volume over the last four decades (1971-2014)

bullThe results show that increased melting of the feeder glaciers over this period is

major contributor to expand the volumes approximately 20 times of both the

lakes Samudra Tapu and Gepang Gath

A geospatial analysis of Samudra Tapu and Gepang Gath glacial lakes in the Chandra basin Western Himalaya Patel et al 2017

Mean Mass Balance of glaciers in Baspa basin (1900 ndash 2010)

(Gaddam et al 2017a)

Temperatures anomalies using ERA20CM data

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Geospatial data based study - The mean mass loss estimated for glaciers in Western Himalaya suggests that the glaciers have experienced positive mass balance conditions during 1900-1914 After 1914 there is a decline in mass balance mainly due to rise in temperatures The mass loss of glaciers was observed more after 1995 due to significant changes occurred in temperature

Chart1

Temperature anomaly on century scale
Temperature anomaly for present decade
Period of observation
Temperature (kelvin)
-07193769468
-0863908496
-15613973259
-02617494627
-0306125676
-09722219435
05724076732
-06669364344
-00664870188
-03904512265
-12408430856
-05993512039
-13766462691
-0223669873
-09986683635
-01809502551
-01994504133
01698655886
-03977940728
00707840659
-10391783663
00955077528
-05826445756
02142847607
10710936474
02344338488
00114539492
-00518004493
-05841700543
-01776528967
-04131609703
08685060637
03036096206
11525054719
03453264044
-00302356258
-01688733873
-04054860931
-05213211321
05103813428
0707263713
-0539845488
06692193495
-04805394076
12494377181
01611494972
-03347152777
-08770284905
01141339682
-08034238806
05077103178
-09183616379
-05037011913
-0408897258
02693921442
-03333103383
-02722429398
05360104128
-03970823536
-04720998802
02158692028
01004466467
04559142735
02251771836
0163676099
00038020854
-04341950997
07796951587
-02815226183
04824159116
-03942986116
-03824880989
-07317624079
-05518681351
-05904683473
-06220110581
00795622036
-02293835255
-03188265547
07183381047
08736031377
-04467092743
-00689622538
-00942597275
09818119029
00879678365
02896330073
-02913513436
0812876232
06016351815
00620986687
-09303626677
-04479955867
-07595689901
04945854203
04078308076
05637604328
07219768353
07937244722
22812730881
-03165058936
07481318505
05357474111
08061588235
05966328562
09959613372
13033899567
07742868652
-01402811199
03776739322
12044868397

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Temperature anomaly on century scale
Temperature anomaly for present decade

Sheet3

Sutri Dhaka Glacier surface ice melts during 2015ndash16 and 2016ndash17 (a c) cumulative winter and summer ablation (m we) (b d) annual ablation circled values are measurements at the stakes installed on the debris-covered parts of the glacier

Comparative plot of observed and modeled surface melting for (ab) Sutri Dhaka Glacier as a function of elevation corresponds to the cumulative positive degree days (CPDD) and degree day factor of ice and debris

Evaluation of Modeled and Observed Melting

Energy fluxes at the glacier surface and proportional contribution of each flux

Winter2015-16

Summer 2015-16

Winter2016-17

Summer 2016-17

Geospatial observations of topographical control over the glacier retreat Miyar basin Western Himalaya India (Patel et al 2018)

bullIn this study an attempt has been made to understand the role of topographical parameters and debris cover for glacier recession in Miyar basin

bullA total of 29 glaciers covering an area of ~227 km2 were studied

bullObservations revealed that almost 9 km2 plusmn 07 km2 recessions in glacier area (4) for studied glaciers of Miyar basin during 1989-2014

bullIn Miyar basin glaciers with large size having a steep slope with high debris cover and northward aspect showed low retreat than glaciers of small size gentle slope and low debris cover with southward aspect

Mean mass loss for the Chandra basin -067plusmn014 m weyear during last two decades It was much less in nineties(1990-1999) and estimated observed cumulative mass loss was close to zero The mean annual mass balance of Chandra basin is -077plusmn014m we with loss of 505plusmn 060 Gigatons of glacial mass during 2013 ndash 2017 Mean ELA has significantly shifted(gt200m) up during last two decades Some of the glaciers have experienced four positive balance year between 2000-2013 but experienced negative mass balance during last five years(2013-2018) There has been a gradual warming with an apparent stronger trend observed in Himalayan region during the last two decades The temperature trends are much more pronounced for the winter seasons than for the summer seasons Solid precipitation is most dominant factor to control the ablation during peak ablation Most of the glaciers of Chandra basin are in state of instability and their volume may significantly reduce if the climate stabilizes at its present state Increase in number and volume of glacier lakes has increase the threat of GLOFs in Chandra basin region

HiCOM Project (Himalayan Cryospheric Observations and Modeling)

NCAOR coordinated multi-organizational project for study of benchmark Himalayan glaciers to understand the impact on glaciers and hydrology

HiCom Objective Major Questions to be addressed bullWhy there are differential glacier responses across Himalaya and what are the driving forces bullWhat are the dynamics and control of snow cover changes in Himalaya bullWhat is the response of Himalayan cryosphere to climate changevariability and associated hydrological impacts Work Plan [NCAOR IISER(Pune Kolkata) IIT (Bombay Roorke) University (JNU Himachal JampK Jharkhandhellip] bullIntegrated mass balance studies on benchmark glaciers from sub-basins of Western Central and Eastern Himalaya using glaciological geodetic geospatial and modelling approaches bullGlacio-hydrological budgeting and modelling of selected basins bullSnow cover and volume estimation in major basins of Himalaya

Challenges and Way forward bull Himalayan region is consistently warming more than Global average bull Glaciers and permanent snows are melting rapidly in the recent years bull Shrinkage and melting of glaciers Formation and expansion of glacial lakes bull Increased Risks and Hazard Glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) is a serious problem

bull Investigate and Enhanced Monitoring network (in-situ and Remote sensing-satellitesDrone) bull Strengthening Modeling efforts to understand and forecast bull Knowledge generation and understand the possible impacts of cryosphere changes bull Need effective adaptive and mitigation strategy to prevent risks and uncertainties bull Strengthening Capacity building bull Regional collaboration and Data amp Information exchange

The global threat ofPolar ice melting

  • Slide Number 1
  • Slide Number 2
  • Slide Number 3
  • Slide Number 4
  • Why is it important
  • Slide Number 6
  • Slide Number 7
  • Slide Number 8
  • Retreat of Individual Himalayan glaciers
  • Slide Number 10
  • Reported loss in glacier area
  • Slide Number 12
  • Upstream basins of Indus Ganges Brahmaputra Salween and Mekong
  • Slide Number 14
  • Regional temperatures and projected glacier area
  • Slide Number 16
  • Slide Number 17
  • Slide Number 18
  • Slide Number 19
  • Slide Number 20
  • Ongoing Major Activities
  • Slide Number 22
  • Slide Number 23
  • Slide Number 24
  • Slide Number 25
  • Slide Number 26
  • Mean Mass Balance of glaciers in Baspa basin (1900 ndash 2010)
  • Slide Number 28
  • Slide Number 29
  • Slide Number 30
  • Slide Number 31
  • Slide Number 32
  • HiCom Objective
  • Challenges and Way forward
  • Slide Number 35
mean annual temperature mean annual precipitation mean of mean mean of mean tmep anomaly precipitation anomaly tmep anomaly
1900 2745680347294 04397207758 2752874116762 04240141094 -07193769468 -00157066664 -1570666644478
1901 2744235031802 04261576227 2752874116762 04240141094 -0863908496 -00021435134 -214351337819
1902 2737260143503 05015666099 2752874116762 04240141094 -15613973259 -00775525006 -775525005722
1903 2750256622135 04389712635 2752874116762 04240141094 -02617494627 -00149571542 -1495715418829
1904 2749812860002 04712944918 2752874116762 04240141094 -0306125676 -00472803824 -4728038244434
1905 2743151897327 03835583353 2752874116762 04240141094 -09722219435 0040455774 404557740167
1906 2758598193493 03499779703 2752874116762 04240141094 05724076732 00740361391 7403613909804
1907 2746204752418 0483016297 2752874116762 04240141094 -06669364344 -00590021876 -5900218760975
1908 2752209246574 03907366002 2752874116762 04240141094 -00664870188 00332775092 3327750917524
1909 2748969604497 04433523578 2752874116762 04240141094 -03904512265 -00193382485 -1933824847238
1910 2740465685906 04608032745 2752874116762 04240141094 -12408430856 -00367891651 -3678916513289
1911 2746880604723 04141381888 2752874116762 04240141094 -05993512039 00098759206 987592057543
1912 2739107654071 04227553753 2752874116762 04240141094 -13766462691 0001258734 125873401933
1913 2750637418032 04162397012 2752874116762 04240141094 -0223669873 00077744081 777440814247
1914 2742887433127 04101639254 2752874116762 04240141094 -09986683635 0013850184 1385018398561
1915 2751064614211 04824658937 2752874116762 04240141094 -01809502551 -00584517843 -5845178431788
1916 2750879612629 04226883521 2752874116762 04240141094 -01994504133 00013257572 13257572366
1917 2754572772648 04064010604 2752874116762 04240141094 01698655886 0017613049 1761304895816
1918 2748896176034 04446789921 2752874116762 04240141094 -03977940728 -00206648828 -2066488278719
1919 2753581957421 03982009919 2752874116762 04240141094 00707840659 00258131175 2581311745075
1920 2742482333098 04645340528 2752874116762 04240141094 -10391783663 -00405199434 -4051994339143
1921 275382919429 0432572784 2752874116762 04240141094 00955077528 -00085586746 -855867459524
1922 2747047671006 04097069867 2752874116762 04240141094 -05826445756 00143071227 1430712265632
1923 2755016964368 03549312577 2752874116762 04240141094 02142847607 00690828516 6908285163882
1924 2763585053236 04116706236 2752874116762 04240141094 10710936474 00123434858 1234348579096
1925 275521845525 04142291141 2752874116762 04240141094 02344338488 00097849953 978499528899
1926 2752988656254 03558005775 2752874116762 04240141094 00114539492 00682135318 6821353181531
1927 2752356112268 03525072878 2752874116762 04240141094 -00518004493 00715068215 715068215346
1928 2747032416218 03391493785 2752874116762 04240141094 -05841700543 00848647309 8486473085965
1929 2751097587795 04388463474 2752874116762 04240141094 -01776528967 -0014832238 -148322380283
1930 2748742507059 03575893726 2752874116762 04240141094 -04131609703 00664247368 6642473677189
1931 2761559177399 03755285939 2752874116762 04240141094 08685060637 00484855155 4848551545873
1932 2755910212968 04840229046 2752874116762 04240141094 03036096206 -00600087953 -6000879527331
1933 2764399171481 03506986097 2752874116762 04240141094 11525054719 00733154996 7331549961819
1934 2756327380806 037979019 2752874116762 04240141094 03453264044 00442239194 4422391940868
1935 2752571760504 04433830515 2752874116762 04240141094 -00302356258 -00193689421 -1936894212525
1936 2751185382888 03808367814 2752874116762 04240141094 -01688733873 0043177328 4317732795158
1937 2748819255831 0505989695 2752874116762 04240141094 -04054860931 -00819755857 -8197558566271
1938 2747660905441 04324668942 2752874116762 04240141094 -05213211321 -00084527848 -84527848286
1939 275797793019 02865944353 2752874116762 04240141094 05103813428 0137419674 13741967402749
1940 2759946753892 03479765729 2752874116762 04240141094 0707263713 00760375364 7603753642571
1941 2747475661882 04632338276 2752874116762 04240141094 -0539845488 -00392197182 -3921971823735
1942 2759566310257 03630157694 2752874116762 04240141094 06692193495 006099834 6099833996496
1943 2748068722686 04492628013 2752874116762 04240141094 -04805394076 -00252486919 -2524869190757
1944 2765368493942 04495821565 2752874116762 04240141094 12494377181 -00255680472 -2556804716961
1945 2754485611734 04336792495 2752874116762 04240141094 01611494972 -00096651401 -9665140117
1946 2749526963985 04742330097 2752874116762 04240141094 -03347152777 -00502189003 -5021890033014
1947 2744103831857 04080435778 2752874116762 04240141094 -08770284905 00159705316 1597053155178
1948 2754015456443 03960564959 2752874116762 04240141094 01141339682 00279576135 2795761347956
1949 2744839877956 0421387531 2752874116762 04240141094 -08034238806 00026265783 262657831909
1950 275795121994 03722505304 2752874116762 04240141094 05077103178 00517635789 517635789334
1951 2743690500383 04611635203 2752874116762 04240141094 -09183616379 -00371494109 -3714941091993
1952 2747837104849 04429897374 2752874116762 04240141094 -05037011913 -00189756281 -1897562805262
1953 2748785144182 03898812884 2752874116762 04240141094 -0408897258 0034132821 3413282098725
1954 2755568038203 04445863039 2752874116762 04240141094 02693921442 -00205721945 -2057219450129
1955 2749541013379 04346169044 2752874116762 04240141094 -03333103383 -0010602795 -1060279502768
1956 2750151687363 04233893135 2752874116762 04240141094 -02722429398 00006247959 62479590886
1957 275823422089 03983009853 2752874116762 04240141094 05360104128 0025713124 2571312402655
1958 2748903293226 04194257644 2752874116762 04240141094 -03970823536 0004588345 458834496566
1959 274815311796 03993458071 2752874116762 04240141094 -04720998802 00246683023 2466830225426
1960 275503280879 0340497273 2752874116762 04240141094 02158692028 00835168363 8351683631462
1961 2753878583228 04254456789 2752874116762 04240141094 01004466467 -00014315695 -143156953544
1962 2757433259497 03601285085 2752874116762 04240141094 04559142735 00638856009 6388560090028
1963 2755125888597 04422237061 2752874116762 04240141094 02251771836 -00182095967 -182095966915
1964 2754510877752 04211319503 2752874116762 04240141094 0163676099 0002882159 288215903034
1965 2752912137616 04142563147 2752874116762 04240141094 00038020854 00097577947 975779469529
1966 2748532165765 03845099771 2752874116762 04240141094 -04341950997 00395041323 3950413228664
1967 2760671068349 04041794635 2752874116762 04240141094 07796951587 00198346459 1983464585155
1968 2750058890579 05020580979 2752874116762 04240141094 -02815226183 -00780439886 -7804398858702
1969 2757698275878 03486033601 2752874116762 04240141094 04824159116 00754107492 7541074921111
1970 2748931130646 04585861674 2752874116762 04240141094 -03942986116 -00345720581 -3457205807452
1971 2749049235772 04169442628 2752874116762 04240141094 -03824880989 00070698466 706984659712
1972 2745556492683 04266570574 2752874116762 04240141094 -07317624079 -00026429481 -264294807274
1973 2747355435411 05024067761 2752874116762 04240141094 -05518681351 -00783926667 -7839266672453
1974 2746969433289 05525416601 2752874116762 04240141094 -05904683473 -01285275507 -12852755069953
1975 2746654006181 0382601217 2752874116762 04240141094 -06220110581 00414128924 4141289238365
1976 2753669738797 04139139858 2752874116762 04240141094 00795622036 00101001236 1010012355619
1977 2750580281507 04864467478 2752874116762 04240141094 -02293835255 -00624326384 -6243263844048
1978 2749685851215 03902876434 2752874116762 04240141094 -03188265547 0033726466 3372646596755
1979 2760057497808 03862810312 2752874116762 04240141094 07183381047 00377330781 3773307812879
1980 2761610148139 03917713749 2752874116762 04240141094 08736031377 00322427345 3224273448989
1981 2748407024018 05197394963 2752874116762 04240141094 -04467092743 -00957253869 -957253869245
1982 2752184494223 03778351949 2752874116762 04240141094 -00689622538 00461789144 4617891443614
1983 2751931519487 03688719413 2752874116762 04240141094 -00942597275 0055142168 5514216803257
1984 2762692235791 03987151317 2752874116762 04240141094 09818119029 00252989777 2529897769122
1985 2753753795127 03644056903 2752874116762 04240141094 00879678365 00596084191 5960841909613
1986 2755770446835 04468759153 2752874116762 04240141094 02896330073 -00228618059 -2286180590033
1987 2749960603326 0420021872 2752874116762 04240141094 -02913513436 00039922373 399223732142
1988 2761002879082 04548841692 2752874116762 04240141094 0812876232 -00308700599 -3087005987977
1989 2758890468577 0320182463 2752874116762 04240141094 06016351815 01038316464 10383164640571
1990 2753495103448 04419420571 2752874116762 04240141094 00620986687 -00179279478 -1792794777444
1991 2743570490085 05080265373 2752874116762 04240141094 -09303626677 -0084012428 -8401242795514
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1993 2745278426861 04597990717 2752874116762 04240141094 -07595689901 -00357849623 -3578496234378
1994 2757819970965 04067628957 2752874116762 04240141094 04945854203 00172512136 172512136351 04945854203
1995 2756952424838 04410312772 2752874116762 04240141094 04078308076 -00170171678 -170171678436 04078308076
1996 275851172109 04385862518 2752874116762 04240141094 05637604328 -00145721425 -1457214248469 05637604328
1997 2760093885115 04701612154 2752874116762 04240141094 07219768353 -00461471061 -4614710608035 07219768353
1998 2760811361483 04426284766 2752874116762 04240141094 07937244722 -00186143672 -1861436719262 07937244722
1999 2775686847643 04587752138 2752874116762 04240141094 22812730881 -00347611045 -3476110448967 22812730881
2000 2749709057826 04731987826 2752874116762 04240141094 -03165058936 -00491846732 -4918467321606 -03165058936
2001 2760355435267 04036562791 2752874116762 04240141094 07481318505 00203578303 203578302683 07481318505
2002 2758231590873 04079123785 2752874116762 04240141094 05357474111 00161017309 1610173086459 05357474111
2003 2760935704997 04730694079 2752874116762 04240141094 08061588235 -00490552985 -490552984935 08061588235
2004 2758840445324 04724105752 2752874116762 04240141094 05966328562 -00483964659 -4839646585839 05966328562
2005 2762833730134 04775793766 2752874116762 04240141094 09959613372 -00535652673 -5356526728525 09959613372
2006 2765908016328 04584896482 2752874116762 04240141094 13033899567 -00344755388 -3447553883621 13033899567
2007 2760616985414 04697657688 2752874116762 04240141094 07742868652 -00457516594 -4575165943303 07742868652
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2009 2756650856084 04309322391 2752874116762 04240141094 03776739322 -00069181297 -69181297306 03776739322
2010 2764918985159 04837434852 2752874116762 04240141094 12044868397 -00597293758 -5972937584235 12044868397
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275901052438 00740832543 10183
269541524843 0286759899 11183
264535197699 02228588174 12183 2751931519487 03688719413
26533099619 03259658948 1184
268601659384 00388468443 2184
272669836152 00486062924 3184
276746588335 -1301042606982E-16 4184
282037619249 01977243335 5184
2842963835 06225003318 6184
285577550467 12234578057 7184
285452349411 12797031369 8184
283138702506 05516022357 9184
277677878379 02118920539 10184
269714748222 01446570003 11184
263986371154 01396256508 12184 2762692235791 03987151317
260525333752 0128713587 1185
263832013688 01759068481 2185
27168194837 02542907171 3185
274479248669 0127301166 4185
281233245343 0235890787 5185
285111047903 04523572389 6185
28527741095 13151918958 7185
285059595415 10106929576 8185
281854105373 0316432908 9185
275830734037 01128832912 10185
27343476315 -1301042606982E-16 11185
266185107502 02432068864 12185 2753753795127 03644056903
261662433751 02767250566 1186
264982834351 0306680642 2186
271875752744 02679264285 3186
277286839465 00864042494 4186
283054663441 -1301042606982E-16 5186
284948115023 0928827385 6186
285255114871 1395019761 7186
285169360724 09321566189 8186
282617317288 07059390224 9186
275811868125 00799201394 10186
271054228009 02033205283 11186
26320600841 01795911515 12186 2755770446835 04468759153
263969220325 04414486826 1187
265890113233 01625533716 2187
272006099049 02104690643 3187
274024751686 05064308028 4187
277607559978 0303183741 5187
283114691344 01321171402 6187
285301422111 08031965906 7187
285997745791 10824987079 8187
282498976564 11285926448 9187
275292197989 00550123594 10187
269172782008 01020179619 11187
265077163913 01127413975 12187 2749960603326 0420021872
262365617762 01086007175 1188
265682588196 0190844012 2188
270649468432 03289362475 3188
27333014309 02850125141 4188
28056950824 00959102795 5188
284294668417 06200059802 6188
286016611703 14315337318 7188
285049304917 17658653637 8188
284641115174 05265916605 9188
280236782147 00349388914 10188
273728042335 0030118678 11188
266639604485 00402519546 12188 2761002879082 04548841692
265763197095 -1301042606982E-16 1189
266173101921 01873767833 2189
270241278689 00171586431 3189
274902874159 03579967477 4189
282080496323 00727431187 5189
285136774148 07843478005 6189
285725047601 10479408622 7189
285001282594 10237892728 8189
281288127998 01960843324 9189
278681201907 00410952631 10189
270474529971 01078758789 11189
265200649886 00057808529 12189 2758890468577 0320182463
265065158332 00227206734 1190
266865995434 03844209764 2190
270095496638 04137802475 3190
27343476315 03251113583 4190
278550855603 01895127661 5190
28349543976 06194670807 6190
285280841116 11616320595 7190
285476360573 10363220485 8190
281936429355 0327645785 9190
277456632678 01176949718 10190
270448803726 01071390184 11190
266087347773 05978577002 12190 2753495103448 04419420571
259496283979 02642719206 1191
265337856522 02891315763 2191
268212335554 03309283538 3191
272609808249 03576401096 4191
278185542933 04687105978 5191
284186618191 04618479506 6191
285548394057 13785253414 7191
286122946846 09755836406 8191
284594807934 04277276614 9191
275146415938 07077598804 10191
268992698298 01920402406 11191
263850879601 02421511747 12191 2743570490085 05080265373
262140941895 04785035201 1192
263962359993 02703549852 2192
269869105688 04830117563 3192
273196366619 02498982943 4192
278480537202 02010327863 5192
28422091985 03412915746 6192
285196802051 11568153565 7192
285397466757 11015166135 8192
283066669022 09192280246 9192
277809939766 01683672415 10192
270409356818 02312392053 11192
264322527413 02681555717 12192 2748394160895 04891179108
262442796495 01864093951 1193
266883146264 04285099483 2193
269219089248 03930019313 3193
273017997992 05853786554 4193
278471961787 02527852671 5193
283215881239 04917186656 6193
284370132067 06715389167 7193
285188226636 12191687661 8193
282101077318 05823230946 9193
275249320916 0052847035 10193
270714641584 00446799839 11193
263459840687 06092272011 12193 2745278426861 04597990717
261671009166 0122906072 1194
266193682916 -1301042606982E-16 2194
273201511868 00222781907 3194
27645330915 02382889549 4194
282521272642 02534203241 5194
284263796924 07750894355 6194
286133237344 11526743951 7194
285923997224 11820697485 8194
283183294663 04766890768 9194
276875219556 01214697769 10194
269212228916 01433722675 11194
263751404789 03928965068 12194 2757819970965 04067628957
262415355168 03808627215 1195
264806180806 04373911505 2195
269949714586 05583289189 3195
27236112122 04973219051 4195
277725900702 01197090685 5195
283545177166 01225243989 6195
285733623016 09972311459 7195
285227673544 11935685473 8195
28348343418 03500304303 9195
279826877321 00759557399 10195
2765287728 00641645428 11195
266739079296 0495286757 12195 2756952424838 04410312772
265125186236 06448714774 1196
264672404336 -1301042606982E-16 2196
268534771149 02428941839 3196
273467349726 03822424937 4196
279063665406 03191296389 5196
283423406276 06116159413 6196
285963444132 098283829 7196
285870829652 13201356252 8196
28437184715 06071496042 9196
279173430715 00814060489 10196
273532522878 -1301042606982E-16 11196
267015207652 00707517186 12196 275851172109 04385862518
267450838722 02165753889 1197
265085739328 05427088825 2197
270949607949 00644739589 3197
276473890145 02409260531 4197
278288447911 04406925112 5197
28363436148 04113912 6197
286104080934 13504286863 7197
28616582392 12662863581 8197
282742518343 06362963532 9197
278454810957 00223025564 10197
272824193618 01610289243 11197
263938348831 02888237122 12197 2760093885115 04701612154
260930093329 04017800408 1198
265156057729 08240848384 2198
269625563908 04085874038 3198
275520304022 00459489299 4198
278753235391 0355665518 5198
283176434331 01954066839 6198
285565544886 11095553161 7198
286234427238 09180916299 8198
285258545037 08758221176 9198
280729010955 00677928928 10198
273517087132 -1301042606982E-16 11198
268507329822 01088063473 12198 2760811361483 04426284766
26537730343 04191253202 1199
268797178841 -1301042606982E-16 2199
27421855606 -1301042606982E-16 3199
276991845197 01459101376 4199
282337758766 01306631963 5199
285421477918 0752705333 6199
28568388561 15883505385 7199
285802226334 14394455061 8199
284231210348 03800715673 9199
278346760731 01661282561 10199
275324784566 -1301042606982E-16 11199
26829122937 04829027111 12199 2775686847643 04587752138
261600690765 01249823668 1100
267366799657 02479503882 2100
268550206896 03912426368 3100
274623315637 02900510939 4100
27973940809 00694679535 5100
285165930558 0796069085 6100
285707896771 15566036476 7100
285095612157 10277563516 8100
28258987596 02685005857 9100
277201085318 01857714911 10100
27059630086 02939788827 11100
261413746722 04260109079 12100 2749709057826 04731987826
261804785636 01117555749 1101
268262072959 01514515721 2101
271747121523 01744152594 3101
275166996934 04222553205 4101
279701676265 03248720406 5101
28422091985 07116231365 6101
285553539306 12478130923 7101
285891410648 07441618579 8101
284485042625 0469073751 9101
277804794518 01897546629 10101
271308060286 00186343582 11101
26648010177 02780647229 12101 2760355435267 04036562791
264125292873 01312985031 1102
266502397848 06373623904 2102
267941352447 07424845217 3102
274480963752 02414930006 4102
278343330565 02084774882 5102
284869221207 03330482318 6102
285922282141 10563244561 7102
285483220904 10865523996 8102
28253156314 03395315341 9102
278338185316 00420054079 10102
271539596485 00763706085 11102
269800502369 -1301042606982E-16 12102 2758231590873 04079123785
265238381711 01851723806 1103
264284795588 03921047238 2103
271011350935 01925404377 3103
274954326647 02208467696 4103
279825162238 01019598645 5103
284653120754 07302350209 6103
286277304312 15862799842 7103
286423086363 12892239367 8103
28458108727 0608408868 9103
278197548514 00164980425 10103
272410858626 00979778721 11103
265265823038 02555849937 12103 2760935704997 04730694079
26305508111 02342067637 1104
26509259966 02132739867 2104
272153596183 01894602431 3104
274378058775 03079664388 4104
280176754244 00742865768 5104
284304958915 0822146875 6104
286028617284 11631449013 7104
285798796168 12167367584 8104
282912311556 10264630369 9104
277909414578 00648210831 10104
271342361945 00087659037 11104
267455983971 03476543352 12104 2758840445324 04724105752
262391344006 03099162735 1105
265346431937 03727481903 2105
271448697089 00610540601 3105
278377632224 01734420026 4105
284591377768 00619267454 5105
284942969774 07873620691 6105
286565438249 14666360765 7105
285802226334 12005345582 8105
282401216835 03327611756 9105
277242247309 01655059068 10105
269649575069 02997536171 11105
266641319567 04993118446 12105 2762833730134 04775793766
265404744757 02059049829 1106
268793748675 01947958372 2106
270860423635 04288245508 3106
277888833582 -1301042606982E-16 4106
283209020907 -1301042606982E-16 5106
28548665107 06209745293 6106
286081784855 12801602419 7106
286330471884 13539702697 8106
284997852428 03283369789 9106
275326499648 06959115291 10106
269713033139 01621886058 11106
264996555014 02308082528 12106 2765908016328 04584896482
266231414741 00053059561 1107
266306878391 03105455959 2107
269400888041 03689989434 3107
273877254552 02403081479 4107
279545603716 0208934798 5107
286160678671 02964798406 6107
286037192699 1748892288 7107
285592986213 09223160106 8107
284208914269 05703852752 9107
277386314277 06185038478 10107
272668121069 00406307638 11107
265324135858 03058877581 12107 2760616985414 04697657688
25854441294 03010639436 1108
263729108711 02563931003 2108
271073093922 03541980586 3108
275796432378 01309946545 4108
279945218045 01828042083 5108
283975662987 03924969604 6108
285039014419 11460237408 7108
285733623016 13517204289 8108
284461031464 06546982659 9108
275973085922 06670677143 10108
271524160739 -1301042606982E-16 11108
265970722132 01403188938 12108 2751471305562 04648149974
265704884274 02465003666 1109
265987872962 00991458453 2109
272055836454 02356512508 3109
274383204024 03134405326 4109
279639933279 01966315602 5109
284934394359 0410716423 6109
286196695413 12525743633 7109
286318466303 11915552451 8109
282799116081 09896967017 9109
274784533435 00192651233 10109
268363262854 01870834029 11109
266812827863 00289260543 12109 2756650856084 04309322391
264540342948 0408973102 1110
266497252599 0241477499 2110
271860316998 0186677284 3110
275434549875 04435583413 4110
278339900399 03140059035 5110
285013288175 01983461231 6110
285464354992 14376095662 7110
286162393754 13240870531 8110
284546785611 08193883272 9110
278826983958 03299480333 10110
271371518356 01008505898 11110
269845094526 -1301042606982E-16 12110 2764918985159 04837434852
1900
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1911
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1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
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1925
1926
1927
1928
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1930
1931
1932
1933
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1935
1936
1937
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1939
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1941
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1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994 04945854203
1995 04078308076
1996 05637604328
1997 07219768353
1998 07937244722
1999 22812730881
2000 -03165058936
2001 07481318505
2002 05357474111
2003 08061588235
2004 05966328562
2005 09959613372
2006 13033899567
2007 07742868652
2008 -01402811199
2009 03776739322
2010 12044868397
SNo Name Area Total Average 1976-2005
1 Changme 545 -78 -26
2 Changsang 924 -671 -2237
3 Chuma 394 -247 -823
4 E Lango 494 -719 -2397
5 Gyamtang 257 -360 -12
6 Jongsang 1023 -1146 -382
7 Jumthul 797 -355 -1183
8 KangKyong 2331 -230 -767
9 Lohank 545 -813 -271
10 N Lohank 543 -398 -1327
11 Onglaktang 79 -298 -993
12 Rathong 523 -546 -182
13 Rula 385 -58 -193
14 SLhonak 10 -993 -331
15 S Simpu 738 -518 -1727
16 Talung 2551 -133 -443
17 Tasha 401 -63 -21
19 Tenbawa 659 -124 -413
20 Theukang 22 -283 -943
21 Tista 82 -445 -1483
22 Toklung 274 -331 -1103
23 Tongshong 593 -420 -14
24 Umaram 614 -421 -1403
26 Zemu 9094 -422 -1407
Average 0 -1302
Changme
Changsang
Chuma
E Lango
Gyamtang
Jongsang
Jumthul
KangKyong
Lohank
N Lohank
Onglaktang
Rathong
Rula
SLhonak
S Simpu
Talung
Tasha
Tenbawa
Theukang
Tista
Toklung
Tongshong
Umaram
Zemu
Average
Page 8: Himalayan Cryosphere in a changing climate ClimateChange...Himalayan Cryosphere in a changing climate Parmanand Sharma ESSO-National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (ESSO -NCPOR)

On what timescale does Glacier respond to climate warming in HKH region Which one has the most significant control for glacier behavior in both the region - global

or regional or local climates Is micro climate of glaciers effect the dynamics How is glacier response regulated by changes in the rate and mechanism of ice flow If so

what causes these changes

How does the local climate control the glacier health How do monsoon and westerlies effect mass balance of HKH region How do these changes amplify those caused by surface mass balance alone Estimate the impact on local regional community induced by change in glacier regime

Questions to be answer

Retreat of Individual Himalayan glaciers

(Kulkarni and Karyakarte 2014)

Glaciers in different regions of the Himalaya respond differently

Cogley [2011]

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Observed retreat of glaciers in various parts of the Himalaya It shows that retreat is varying from almost 5ma to almost 35ma Major retreat is observed for glaciers in the western Himalaya

Chart1

Average
Name of the glacier
Mean retreat (myr)
-26
-2237
-823
-2397
-12
-382
-1183
-767
-271
-1327
-993
-182
-193
-331
-1727
-443
-21
-413
-943
-1483
-1103
-14
-1403
-1407
-1302

Sheet1

Sheet1

Average
Name of the glacier
Mean retreat (myr)

Sheet2

Sheet3

Vincent et al 2013

Azam et al 2018

Pratap et al 2016

949 01 Glacial retreating Advancing Not retreating

9575 Total Himalayan glaciers (GSI)

5

Himalayan glaciers may vanish in long run

bull Glaciated area 40000 km2

bull loss in glacier area 13 (1960rsquos-2000)

Reported loss in glacier area

(Kulkarni and Karyakarte2014)

bull Almost 4ndash30 overall loss in glacier area in the last 40 years (1960-2000) depending upon terrain and geomorphological parameters

bull Mean loss in glacier mass in the Indian Himalaya has accelerated from ndash9 +-4 to ndash20 +- 4 Gtyear from the decade 1975ndash1985 to 2000ndash2010

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Similarly loss in areal extents were mapped and it suggests that the glaciers in western and eastern Himalaya are losing more mass than glaciers in central Himalayan region Glaciers located in the Karakorum region was showing thickening due to continuous snow accumulation and its high altitude location

Glacier meltrsquos contribution to stream flow in present decade

Lutz et al 2014

Changes in the timing or amount of snowmelt due to increasing temperatures or decreasing winter precipitation may have far-reaching societal consequences

Presenter
Presentation Notes
As a fraction of the total annual discharge snowmelt constitutes up to 50 in the far western (Indus area) catchments ~25 in far eastern (Tsangpo) catchments and lt20 elsewhere Despite these along-strike variations snowmelt in the pre- and early-monsoon season (April to June) is significant and important in all catchments although most pronounced in the western catchments Thus changes in the timing or amount of snowmelt due to increasing temperatures or decreasing winter precipitation may have far-reaching societal consequences

Upstream basins of Indus Ganges Brahmaputra Salween and Mekong

Lutz et al 2014

bullTR Average runoff (1997-2007) bullPTR Mean Projected runoff (2014-2050 ndash RCP 45) bullBF Baseflow bullGM Glacier melt bullSM Snow melt bullRR Rainfall runoff

bullModel is forced with an ensemble of 4 GCMs

Modelled changes in

mass loss conditions

in HKH region under

various scenarios

(Chaturvedi et al 2014)

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Study by Chaturvedi etal 2014 (Climate Change) has suggested that the mass loss is significantly higher for 2080rsquos under RCP85 scenario Whereas observed changes varying from -04 to -08 meters water equivalent under RCP26 Scenario However overall it suggests a significant reduction in mass balance of glaciers which may cause severe threat to downstream communities

Regional temperatures and projected glacier area

Kraaijenbrink et al (2017)

The 15 degC global increase implies a warming of around 21degC for the glacierized areas in HMA

bull Possible explanations for this

elevation-dependent warming in

mountains include the effects of

snow albedo and surface-based

feedback water vapour changes

and latent heat release radiative

flux changes surface heat loss and

temperature change and aerosols

Projected Warming and HKH Glacier mass loss

Kraaijenbrink et al 2017

HMA-High mountains of Asia

Glaciers in most of the HKH region are losing mass in response to climate warming Glaciers in the Karakoram region have been expanding in recent years but the underlying reasons for this anomaly are not yet fully understood Total ice volume measurements vary considerably because of the difficulties in measuring ice volumes in situ or from remote sensing products and uncertainties in volume-area scaling relationships No strong trends have been observed in snow cover minor increases or decreases have been reported for different areas Little is known about the distribution of permafrost in the HKH region and its importance for regional hydrology remains unclear Estimates of future glacier volume and area are uncertain and hampered because thus far modelling of ice flow has been restricted to catchment scale studies However strong decreases in glacier volume and area are projected for the entire HKH region

Key limitations to measure glacier changes snow cover area ice thickness etc Not enough long-term in situ observations and insufficient spatial coverage Insufficient representation of climatic conditions and glacier types No consensus on measuring methods Lack of in situ measurements of glacier volume to validate the widespread use of area-volume parameterizations Shortage of energy balance measurements in the region IceSAT uncertainty about penetration of radiation into the snow and reliance on assumptions of density to determine glacier losses Airborne sensing is efficient but poorly used (LiDar photogrammetry) in Himalaya Lack of relevant input information for example glacier thickness climatic data Precipitation gradients and snowrain transitions affect glacier dynamics Spatial distributions in debris thickness and thermal conductivity are nearly impossible to measure

Objectives

1 To study the Antarctic climate variability and its global linkages during the past 2000 years using ice core records

2 To study the biogeochemical cycling within the supraglacial ecosystems like snow ice etc

3 To study the glaciological processes dynamics and evolution of Antarctic ice shelves and ice rises

4 To study the glacier processes and mass balance in selected glaciers of Svalbard Arctic

5 To study the dynamics and the rate of change of selected Himalayan glaciers to understand its impact on hydrology

CRYOSPHERE amp CLIMATE - ESSO MoES Project

ANTARCTICA

HIMALAYA

ARCTIC

HIMANSH ndash Field Station 4000 m Lahaul-Spiti

Ongoing Major Activities bull Long term monitoring programme for glaciological observations and modelling in Western

Himalaya for better understanding of glacier dynamics and their link with hydrology and climate

bull Mass balance (SMB Ice Flux Glacier Flow) bull EnergyHeat Balance (Energy Budget Degree Day Model) bull Hydrological Balance (discharge measurements and modelling)

bull Mass balance studies ndash field glaciological geodetic geospatial data based Regular monitoring of an extensive stake network for annual spring and summer mass balance are carried out

for all six glaciers (Sutri Dhaka Batal Samudra Tapu Bara Shigri Gepang Gath and Kunzam) Ice thickness measurements by GPR

bull Energy balance studies ndash a network of AWS systems Surface energy fluxes near the glacier areas measured using 4 AWS systems installed at Sutri Dhaka (ELA) Bara

Sigri (4300m) Gepang Gath (4400 m) and the Himansh station

bull Hydrological balance studies ndash a network of water level recorders in Chandra R Five recorders (Waterlog Radar series) at Sutri Dhaka Chatru Chota Dhara Sissu Tandi)

Ablationaccumulation process on the different glaciers

-18

-16

-14

-12

-1

-08

-06

-04

-02

0

Sutri Dhaka Batal Samudra Tapu Bada Shigri Gepang Gath Kunzam

2013-14

2014-15

2015-16

2016-17

2017-18()

Net

mb

(m w

e)

Annual net smb of studied glaciers of Chandra basin

Spatial distribution of Ice density over glacier surface

Specific ablationaccumulation over Chandra basin glaciers

Accumulation measurement Stakes network over glaciers surface

Annual net surface mass balance of Chandra basin glaciers

Glacier retreat observed by satellite monitoring between 1960rsquos and 2014 in Western Himalaya ndash retreat of glaciers and expansion of proglacial lakes

Gaddam et al 2016 Patel et al 2017

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Observed retreat of glaciers in Baspa (small size) and Chandra basin (large) glaciers Western Himalaya In Chandra Basin this is alos leading to enhancement of the proglacial lakes Such lakes pose a a threat to GLOF ndash glacial lake outburst flood

1973 (KH-9 Image) 1979 (LANDSAT MSS Image) 1989 (LANDSAT TM Image)

2000 (LANDSAT ETM+ Image) 2013 (LANDSAT OLI Image) 2013 (IRS2 LISS IV Image)

Development of glaciers lake in Samudra Tapu glacier since 1973

bullGeospatial studies carried out in two major proglacial lakes of Samudra Tapu

and Gepang Gath (Chandra basin Western Himalaya) showed substantial

expansion in their area and volume over the last four decades (1971-2014)

bullThe results show that increased melting of the feeder glaciers over this period is

major contributor to expand the volumes approximately 20 times of both the

lakes Samudra Tapu and Gepang Gath

A geospatial analysis of Samudra Tapu and Gepang Gath glacial lakes in the Chandra basin Western Himalaya Patel et al 2017

Mean Mass Balance of glaciers in Baspa basin (1900 ndash 2010)

(Gaddam et al 2017a)

Temperatures anomalies using ERA20CM data

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Geospatial data based study - The mean mass loss estimated for glaciers in Western Himalaya suggests that the glaciers have experienced positive mass balance conditions during 1900-1914 After 1914 there is a decline in mass balance mainly due to rise in temperatures The mass loss of glaciers was observed more after 1995 due to significant changes occurred in temperature

Chart1

Temperature anomaly on century scale
Temperature anomaly for present decade
Period of observation
Temperature (kelvin)
-07193769468
-0863908496
-15613973259
-02617494627
-0306125676
-09722219435
05724076732
-06669364344
-00664870188
-03904512265
-12408430856
-05993512039
-13766462691
-0223669873
-09986683635
-01809502551
-01994504133
01698655886
-03977940728
00707840659
-10391783663
00955077528
-05826445756
02142847607
10710936474
02344338488
00114539492
-00518004493
-05841700543
-01776528967
-04131609703
08685060637
03036096206
11525054719
03453264044
-00302356258
-01688733873
-04054860931
-05213211321
05103813428
0707263713
-0539845488
06692193495
-04805394076
12494377181
01611494972
-03347152777
-08770284905
01141339682
-08034238806
05077103178
-09183616379
-05037011913
-0408897258
02693921442
-03333103383
-02722429398
05360104128
-03970823536
-04720998802
02158692028
01004466467
04559142735
02251771836
0163676099
00038020854
-04341950997
07796951587
-02815226183
04824159116
-03942986116
-03824880989
-07317624079
-05518681351
-05904683473
-06220110581
00795622036
-02293835255
-03188265547
07183381047
08736031377
-04467092743
-00689622538
-00942597275
09818119029
00879678365
02896330073
-02913513436
0812876232
06016351815
00620986687
-09303626677
-04479955867
-07595689901
04945854203
04078308076
05637604328
07219768353
07937244722
22812730881
-03165058936
07481318505
05357474111
08061588235
05966328562
09959613372
13033899567
07742868652
-01402811199
03776739322
12044868397

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Temperature anomaly on century scale
Temperature anomaly for present decade

Sheet3

Sutri Dhaka Glacier surface ice melts during 2015ndash16 and 2016ndash17 (a c) cumulative winter and summer ablation (m we) (b d) annual ablation circled values are measurements at the stakes installed on the debris-covered parts of the glacier

Comparative plot of observed and modeled surface melting for (ab) Sutri Dhaka Glacier as a function of elevation corresponds to the cumulative positive degree days (CPDD) and degree day factor of ice and debris

Evaluation of Modeled and Observed Melting

Energy fluxes at the glacier surface and proportional contribution of each flux

Winter2015-16

Summer 2015-16

Winter2016-17

Summer 2016-17

Geospatial observations of topographical control over the glacier retreat Miyar basin Western Himalaya India (Patel et al 2018)

bullIn this study an attempt has been made to understand the role of topographical parameters and debris cover for glacier recession in Miyar basin

bullA total of 29 glaciers covering an area of ~227 km2 were studied

bullObservations revealed that almost 9 km2 plusmn 07 km2 recessions in glacier area (4) for studied glaciers of Miyar basin during 1989-2014

bullIn Miyar basin glaciers with large size having a steep slope with high debris cover and northward aspect showed low retreat than glaciers of small size gentle slope and low debris cover with southward aspect

Mean mass loss for the Chandra basin -067plusmn014 m weyear during last two decades It was much less in nineties(1990-1999) and estimated observed cumulative mass loss was close to zero The mean annual mass balance of Chandra basin is -077plusmn014m we with loss of 505plusmn 060 Gigatons of glacial mass during 2013 ndash 2017 Mean ELA has significantly shifted(gt200m) up during last two decades Some of the glaciers have experienced four positive balance year between 2000-2013 but experienced negative mass balance during last five years(2013-2018) There has been a gradual warming with an apparent stronger trend observed in Himalayan region during the last two decades The temperature trends are much more pronounced for the winter seasons than for the summer seasons Solid precipitation is most dominant factor to control the ablation during peak ablation Most of the glaciers of Chandra basin are in state of instability and their volume may significantly reduce if the climate stabilizes at its present state Increase in number and volume of glacier lakes has increase the threat of GLOFs in Chandra basin region

HiCOM Project (Himalayan Cryospheric Observations and Modeling)

NCAOR coordinated multi-organizational project for study of benchmark Himalayan glaciers to understand the impact on glaciers and hydrology

HiCom Objective Major Questions to be addressed bullWhy there are differential glacier responses across Himalaya and what are the driving forces bullWhat are the dynamics and control of snow cover changes in Himalaya bullWhat is the response of Himalayan cryosphere to climate changevariability and associated hydrological impacts Work Plan [NCAOR IISER(Pune Kolkata) IIT (Bombay Roorke) University (JNU Himachal JampK Jharkhandhellip] bullIntegrated mass balance studies on benchmark glaciers from sub-basins of Western Central and Eastern Himalaya using glaciological geodetic geospatial and modelling approaches bullGlacio-hydrological budgeting and modelling of selected basins bullSnow cover and volume estimation in major basins of Himalaya

Challenges and Way forward bull Himalayan region is consistently warming more than Global average bull Glaciers and permanent snows are melting rapidly in the recent years bull Shrinkage and melting of glaciers Formation and expansion of glacial lakes bull Increased Risks and Hazard Glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) is a serious problem

bull Investigate and Enhanced Monitoring network (in-situ and Remote sensing-satellitesDrone) bull Strengthening Modeling efforts to understand and forecast bull Knowledge generation and understand the possible impacts of cryosphere changes bull Need effective adaptive and mitigation strategy to prevent risks and uncertainties bull Strengthening Capacity building bull Regional collaboration and Data amp Information exchange

The global threat ofPolar ice melting

  • Slide Number 1
  • Slide Number 2
  • Slide Number 3
  • Slide Number 4
  • Why is it important
  • Slide Number 6
  • Slide Number 7
  • Slide Number 8
  • Retreat of Individual Himalayan glaciers
  • Slide Number 10
  • Reported loss in glacier area
  • Slide Number 12
  • Upstream basins of Indus Ganges Brahmaputra Salween and Mekong
  • Slide Number 14
  • Regional temperatures and projected glacier area
  • Slide Number 16
  • Slide Number 17
  • Slide Number 18
  • Slide Number 19
  • Slide Number 20
  • Ongoing Major Activities
  • Slide Number 22
  • Slide Number 23
  • Slide Number 24
  • Slide Number 25
  • Slide Number 26
  • Mean Mass Balance of glaciers in Baspa basin (1900 ndash 2010)
  • Slide Number 28
  • Slide Number 29
  • Slide Number 30
  • Slide Number 31
  • Slide Number 32
  • HiCom Objective
  • Challenges and Way forward
  • Slide Number 35
mean annual temperature mean annual precipitation mean of mean mean of mean tmep anomaly precipitation anomaly tmep anomaly
1900 2745680347294 04397207758 2752874116762 04240141094 -07193769468 -00157066664 -1570666644478
1901 2744235031802 04261576227 2752874116762 04240141094 -0863908496 -00021435134 -214351337819
1902 2737260143503 05015666099 2752874116762 04240141094 -15613973259 -00775525006 -775525005722
1903 2750256622135 04389712635 2752874116762 04240141094 -02617494627 -00149571542 -1495715418829
1904 2749812860002 04712944918 2752874116762 04240141094 -0306125676 -00472803824 -4728038244434
1905 2743151897327 03835583353 2752874116762 04240141094 -09722219435 0040455774 404557740167
1906 2758598193493 03499779703 2752874116762 04240141094 05724076732 00740361391 7403613909804
1907 2746204752418 0483016297 2752874116762 04240141094 -06669364344 -00590021876 -5900218760975
1908 2752209246574 03907366002 2752874116762 04240141094 -00664870188 00332775092 3327750917524
1909 2748969604497 04433523578 2752874116762 04240141094 -03904512265 -00193382485 -1933824847238
1910 2740465685906 04608032745 2752874116762 04240141094 -12408430856 -00367891651 -3678916513289
1911 2746880604723 04141381888 2752874116762 04240141094 -05993512039 00098759206 987592057543
1912 2739107654071 04227553753 2752874116762 04240141094 -13766462691 0001258734 125873401933
1913 2750637418032 04162397012 2752874116762 04240141094 -0223669873 00077744081 777440814247
1914 2742887433127 04101639254 2752874116762 04240141094 -09986683635 0013850184 1385018398561
1915 2751064614211 04824658937 2752874116762 04240141094 -01809502551 -00584517843 -5845178431788
1916 2750879612629 04226883521 2752874116762 04240141094 -01994504133 00013257572 13257572366
1917 2754572772648 04064010604 2752874116762 04240141094 01698655886 0017613049 1761304895816
1918 2748896176034 04446789921 2752874116762 04240141094 -03977940728 -00206648828 -2066488278719
1919 2753581957421 03982009919 2752874116762 04240141094 00707840659 00258131175 2581311745075
1920 2742482333098 04645340528 2752874116762 04240141094 -10391783663 -00405199434 -4051994339143
1921 275382919429 0432572784 2752874116762 04240141094 00955077528 -00085586746 -855867459524
1922 2747047671006 04097069867 2752874116762 04240141094 -05826445756 00143071227 1430712265632
1923 2755016964368 03549312577 2752874116762 04240141094 02142847607 00690828516 6908285163882
1924 2763585053236 04116706236 2752874116762 04240141094 10710936474 00123434858 1234348579096
1925 275521845525 04142291141 2752874116762 04240141094 02344338488 00097849953 978499528899
1926 2752988656254 03558005775 2752874116762 04240141094 00114539492 00682135318 6821353181531
1927 2752356112268 03525072878 2752874116762 04240141094 -00518004493 00715068215 715068215346
1928 2747032416218 03391493785 2752874116762 04240141094 -05841700543 00848647309 8486473085965
1929 2751097587795 04388463474 2752874116762 04240141094 -01776528967 -0014832238 -148322380283
1930 2748742507059 03575893726 2752874116762 04240141094 -04131609703 00664247368 6642473677189
1931 2761559177399 03755285939 2752874116762 04240141094 08685060637 00484855155 4848551545873
1932 2755910212968 04840229046 2752874116762 04240141094 03036096206 -00600087953 -6000879527331
1933 2764399171481 03506986097 2752874116762 04240141094 11525054719 00733154996 7331549961819
1934 2756327380806 037979019 2752874116762 04240141094 03453264044 00442239194 4422391940868
1935 2752571760504 04433830515 2752874116762 04240141094 -00302356258 -00193689421 -1936894212525
1936 2751185382888 03808367814 2752874116762 04240141094 -01688733873 0043177328 4317732795158
1937 2748819255831 0505989695 2752874116762 04240141094 -04054860931 -00819755857 -8197558566271
1938 2747660905441 04324668942 2752874116762 04240141094 -05213211321 -00084527848 -84527848286
1939 275797793019 02865944353 2752874116762 04240141094 05103813428 0137419674 13741967402749
1940 2759946753892 03479765729 2752874116762 04240141094 0707263713 00760375364 7603753642571
1941 2747475661882 04632338276 2752874116762 04240141094 -0539845488 -00392197182 -3921971823735
1942 2759566310257 03630157694 2752874116762 04240141094 06692193495 006099834 6099833996496
1943 2748068722686 04492628013 2752874116762 04240141094 -04805394076 -00252486919 -2524869190757
1944 2765368493942 04495821565 2752874116762 04240141094 12494377181 -00255680472 -2556804716961
1945 2754485611734 04336792495 2752874116762 04240141094 01611494972 -00096651401 -9665140117
1946 2749526963985 04742330097 2752874116762 04240141094 -03347152777 -00502189003 -5021890033014
1947 2744103831857 04080435778 2752874116762 04240141094 -08770284905 00159705316 1597053155178
1948 2754015456443 03960564959 2752874116762 04240141094 01141339682 00279576135 2795761347956
1949 2744839877956 0421387531 2752874116762 04240141094 -08034238806 00026265783 262657831909
1950 275795121994 03722505304 2752874116762 04240141094 05077103178 00517635789 517635789334
1951 2743690500383 04611635203 2752874116762 04240141094 -09183616379 -00371494109 -3714941091993
1952 2747837104849 04429897374 2752874116762 04240141094 -05037011913 -00189756281 -1897562805262
1953 2748785144182 03898812884 2752874116762 04240141094 -0408897258 0034132821 3413282098725
1954 2755568038203 04445863039 2752874116762 04240141094 02693921442 -00205721945 -2057219450129
1955 2749541013379 04346169044 2752874116762 04240141094 -03333103383 -0010602795 -1060279502768
1956 2750151687363 04233893135 2752874116762 04240141094 -02722429398 00006247959 62479590886
1957 275823422089 03983009853 2752874116762 04240141094 05360104128 0025713124 2571312402655
1958 2748903293226 04194257644 2752874116762 04240141094 -03970823536 0004588345 458834496566
1959 274815311796 03993458071 2752874116762 04240141094 -04720998802 00246683023 2466830225426
1960 275503280879 0340497273 2752874116762 04240141094 02158692028 00835168363 8351683631462
1961 2753878583228 04254456789 2752874116762 04240141094 01004466467 -00014315695 -143156953544
1962 2757433259497 03601285085 2752874116762 04240141094 04559142735 00638856009 6388560090028
1963 2755125888597 04422237061 2752874116762 04240141094 02251771836 -00182095967 -182095966915
1964 2754510877752 04211319503 2752874116762 04240141094 0163676099 0002882159 288215903034
1965 2752912137616 04142563147 2752874116762 04240141094 00038020854 00097577947 975779469529
1966 2748532165765 03845099771 2752874116762 04240141094 -04341950997 00395041323 3950413228664
1967 2760671068349 04041794635 2752874116762 04240141094 07796951587 00198346459 1983464585155
1968 2750058890579 05020580979 2752874116762 04240141094 -02815226183 -00780439886 -7804398858702
1969 2757698275878 03486033601 2752874116762 04240141094 04824159116 00754107492 7541074921111
1970 2748931130646 04585861674 2752874116762 04240141094 -03942986116 -00345720581 -3457205807452
1971 2749049235772 04169442628 2752874116762 04240141094 -03824880989 00070698466 706984659712
1972 2745556492683 04266570574 2752874116762 04240141094 -07317624079 -00026429481 -264294807274
1973 2747355435411 05024067761 2752874116762 04240141094 -05518681351 -00783926667 -7839266672453
1974 2746969433289 05525416601 2752874116762 04240141094 -05904683473 -01285275507 -12852755069953
1975 2746654006181 0382601217 2752874116762 04240141094 -06220110581 00414128924 4141289238365
1976 2753669738797 04139139858 2752874116762 04240141094 00795622036 00101001236 1010012355619
1977 2750580281507 04864467478 2752874116762 04240141094 -02293835255 -00624326384 -6243263844048
1978 2749685851215 03902876434 2752874116762 04240141094 -03188265547 0033726466 3372646596755
1979 2760057497808 03862810312 2752874116762 04240141094 07183381047 00377330781 3773307812879
1980 2761610148139 03917713749 2752874116762 04240141094 08736031377 00322427345 3224273448989
1981 2748407024018 05197394963 2752874116762 04240141094 -04467092743 -00957253869 -957253869245
1982 2752184494223 03778351949 2752874116762 04240141094 -00689622538 00461789144 4617891443614
1983 2751931519487 03688719413 2752874116762 04240141094 -00942597275 0055142168 5514216803257
1984 2762692235791 03987151317 2752874116762 04240141094 09818119029 00252989777 2529897769122
1985 2753753795127 03644056903 2752874116762 04240141094 00879678365 00596084191 5960841909613
1986 2755770446835 04468759153 2752874116762 04240141094 02896330073 -00228618059 -2286180590033
1987 2749960603326 0420021872 2752874116762 04240141094 -02913513436 00039922373 399223732142
1988 2761002879082 04548841692 2752874116762 04240141094 0812876232 -00308700599 -3087005987977
1989 2758890468577 0320182463 2752874116762 04240141094 06016351815 01038316464 10383164640571
1990 2753495103448 04419420571 2752874116762 04240141094 00620986687 -00179279478 -1792794777444
1991 2743570490085 05080265373 2752874116762 04240141094 -09303626677 -0084012428 -8401242795514
1992 2748394160895 04891179108 2752874116762 04240141094 -04479955867 -00651038015 -6510380146998
1993 2745278426861 04597990717 2752874116762 04240141094 -07595689901 -00357849623 -3578496234378
1994 2757819970965 04067628957 2752874116762 04240141094 04945854203 00172512136 172512136351 04945854203
1995 2756952424838 04410312772 2752874116762 04240141094 04078308076 -00170171678 -170171678436 04078308076
1996 275851172109 04385862518 2752874116762 04240141094 05637604328 -00145721425 -1457214248469 05637604328
1997 2760093885115 04701612154 2752874116762 04240141094 07219768353 -00461471061 -4614710608035 07219768353
1998 2760811361483 04426284766 2752874116762 04240141094 07937244722 -00186143672 -1861436719262 07937244722
1999 2775686847643 04587752138 2752874116762 04240141094 22812730881 -00347611045 -3476110448967 22812730881
2000 2749709057826 04731987826 2752874116762 04240141094 -03165058936 -00491846732 -4918467321606 -03165058936
2001 2760355435267 04036562791 2752874116762 04240141094 07481318505 00203578303 203578302683 07481318505
2002 2758231590873 04079123785 2752874116762 04240141094 05357474111 00161017309 1610173086459 05357474111
2003 2760935704997 04730694079 2752874116762 04240141094 08061588235 -00490552985 -490552984935 08061588235
2004 2758840445324 04724105752 2752874116762 04240141094 05966328562 -00483964659 -4839646585839 05966328562
2005 2762833730134 04775793766 2752874116762 04240141094 09959613372 -00535652673 -5356526728525 09959613372
2006 2765908016328 04584896482 2752874116762 04240141094 13033899567 -00344755388 -3447553883621 13033899567
2007 2760616985414 04697657688 2752874116762 04240141094 07742868652 -00457516594 -4575165943303 07742868652
2008 2751471305562 04648149974 2752874116762 04240141094 -01402811199 -00408008881 -4080088808488 -01402811199
2009 2756650856084 04309322391 2752874116762 04240141094 03776739322 -00069181297 -69181297306 03776739322
2010 2764918985159 04837434852 2752874116762 04240141094 12044868397 -00597293758 -5972937584235 12044868397
tk Pk
262599315346 01640380166 1100
26618597347 03991935299 2100
26862819907 04176129859 3100
271781160142 06162197698 4100
276756308444 02755833857 5100
282212975906 03305373067 6100
284684884194 12235368251 7100
285527542723 12001915626 8100
282628533537 0558525639 9100
275140250991 00655462802 10100
270160155574 00256640081 11100
268511117356 -433680868994E-17 12100 2745680347294 04397207758
265318285945 01597515685 1101
265166223476 02331585507 2101
269505726626 0698376047 3101
27229517364 03645205799 4101
277257642389 03248501506 5101
284200193397 04388383585 6101
284878751727 12032869923 7101
284144600667 11177490967 8101
281994470055 0334463862 9101
273214088775 01698521989 10101
269881795098 00207803451 11101
265225086367 00482637226 12101 2744235031802 04261576227
262097963699 04667239858 1102
263424724585 02427221525 2102
267411393575 0499255376 3102
273936630323 03623008924 4102
277643897201 02522597288 5102
282813634561 04193360087 6102
284151571531 08032320053 7102
285360185238 0828301098 8102
282901446654 05880319244 9102
273887136235 0778207411 10102
268343798336 03619955244 11102
262739790265 04164332118 12102 2737260143503 05015666099
261337930391 04785409508 1103
265681775435 05109863314 2103
270241401852 05161383507 3103
272727867223 04242708349 4103
279080138902 01222341456 5103
283578350621 01730359312 6103
283835628413 0945920967 7103
285044004108 11998863644 8103
281981568454 08354857989 9103
277367166764 0006039549 10103
271907898002 00377731476 11103
267524216397 00173427911 12103 2750256622135 04389712635
26318841593 01614067038 1104
269757532438 03143751081 2104
270864705363 02699979567 3104
276170593415 00668987584 4104
279700733794 03420927268 5104
283935588097 05626480837 6104
285348301324 12660503711 7104
284433323106 10005032836 8104
280602570494 05550242767 9104
274881081922 02156678161 10104
267801088887 02853507845 11104
263091497232 06155180321 12104 2749812860002 04712944918
263411618046 01592498607 1105
265085059919 03527256948 2105
270201866282 02986839103 3105
272866730974 04023775949 4105
276691028058 02151533207 5105
281318776855 03691730487 6105
284269756858 08148933675 7105
284560862552 09623212298 8105
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28348343418 03500304303 9195
279826877321 00759557399 10195
2765287728 00641645428 11195
266739079296 0495286757 12195 2756952424838 04410312772
265125186236 06448714774 1196
264672404336 -1301042606982E-16 2196
268534771149 02428941839 3196
273467349726 03822424937 4196
279063665406 03191296389 5196
283423406276 06116159413 6196
285963444132 098283829 7196
285870829652 13201356252 8196
28437184715 06071496042 9196
279173430715 00814060489 10196
273532522878 -1301042606982E-16 11196
267015207652 00707517186 12196 275851172109 04385862518
267450838722 02165753889 1197
265085739328 05427088825 2197
270949607949 00644739589 3197
276473890145 02409260531 4197
278288447911 04406925112 5197
28363436148 04113912 6197
286104080934 13504286863 7197
28616582392 12662863581 8197
282742518343 06362963532 9197
278454810957 00223025564 10197
272824193618 01610289243 11197
263938348831 02888237122 12197 2760093885115 04701612154
260930093329 04017800408 1198
265156057729 08240848384 2198
269625563908 04085874038 3198
275520304022 00459489299 4198
278753235391 0355665518 5198
283176434331 01954066839 6198
285565544886 11095553161 7198
286234427238 09180916299 8198
285258545037 08758221176 9198
280729010955 00677928928 10198
273517087132 -1301042606982E-16 11198
268507329822 01088063473 12198 2760811361483 04426284766
26537730343 04191253202 1199
268797178841 -1301042606982E-16 2199
27421855606 -1301042606982E-16 3199
276991845197 01459101376 4199
282337758766 01306631963 5199
285421477918 0752705333 6199
28568388561 15883505385 7199
285802226334 14394455061 8199
284231210348 03800715673 9199
278346760731 01661282561 10199
275324784566 -1301042606982E-16 11199
26829122937 04829027111 12199 2775686847643 04587752138
261600690765 01249823668 1100
267366799657 02479503882 2100
268550206896 03912426368 3100
274623315637 02900510939 4100
27973940809 00694679535 5100
285165930558 0796069085 6100
285707896771 15566036476 7100
285095612157 10277563516 8100
28258987596 02685005857 9100
277201085318 01857714911 10100
27059630086 02939788827 11100
261413746722 04260109079 12100 2749709057826 04731987826
261804785636 01117555749 1101
268262072959 01514515721 2101
271747121523 01744152594 3101
275166996934 04222553205 4101
279701676265 03248720406 5101
28422091985 07116231365 6101
285553539306 12478130923 7101
285891410648 07441618579 8101
284485042625 0469073751 9101
277804794518 01897546629 10101
271308060286 00186343582 11101
26648010177 02780647229 12101 2760355435267 04036562791
264125292873 01312985031 1102
266502397848 06373623904 2102
267941352447 07424845217 3102
274480963752 02414930006 4102
278343330565 02084774882 5102
284869221207 03330482318 6102
285922282141 10563244561 7102
285483220904 10865523996 8102
28253156314 03395315341 9102
278338185316 00420054079 10102
271539596485 00763706085 11102
269800502369 -1301042606982E-16 12102 2758231590873 04079123785
265238381711 01851723806 1103
264284795588 03921047238 2103
271011350935 01925404377 3103
274954326647 02208467696 4103
279825162238 01019598645 5103
284653120754 07302350209 6103
286277304312 15862799842 7103
286423086363 12892239367 8103
28458108727 0608408868 9103
278197548514 00164980425 10103
272410858626 00979778721 11103
265265823038 02555849937 12103 2760935704997 04730694079
26305508111 02342067637 1104
26509259966 02132739867 2104
272153596183 01894602431 3104
274378058775 03079664388 4104
280176754244 00742865768 5104
284304958915 0822146875 6104
286028617284 11631449013 7104
285798796168 12167367584 8104
282912311556 10264630369 9104
277909414578 00648210831 10104
271342361945 00087659037 11104
267455983971 03476543352 12104 2758840445324 04724105752
262391344006 03099162735 1105
265346431937 03727481903 2105
271448697089 00610540601 3105
278377632224 01734420026 4105
284591377768 00619267454 5105
284942969774 07873620691 6105
286565438249 14666360765 7105
285802226334 12005345582 8105
282401216835 03327611756 9105
277242247309 01655059068 10105
269649575069 02997536171 11105
266641319567 04993118446 12105 2762833730134 04775793766
265404744757 02059049829 1106
268793748675 01947958372 2106
270860423635 04288245508 3106
277888833582 -1301042606982E-16 4106
283209020907 -1301042606982E-16 5106
28548665107 06209745293 6106
286081784855 12801602419 7106
286330471884 13539702697 8106
284997852428 03283369789 9106
275326499648 06959115291 10106
269713033139 01621886058 11106
264996555014 02308082528 12106 2765908016328 04584896482
266231414741 00053059561 1107
266306878391 03105455959 2107
269400888041 03689989434 3107
273877254552 02403081479 4107
279545603716 0208934798 5107
286160678671 02964798406 6107
286037192699 1748892288 7107
285592986213 09223160106 8107
284208914269 05703852752 9107
277386314277 06185038478 10107
272668121069 00406307638 11107
265324135858 03058877581 12107 2760616985414 04697657688
25854441294 03010639436 1108
263729108711 02563931003 2108
271073093922 03541980586 3108
275796432378 01309946545 4108
279945218045 01828042083 5108
283975662987 03924969604 6108
285039014419 11460237408 7108
285733623016 13517204289 8108
284461031464 06546982659 9108
275973085922 06670677143 10108
271524160739 -1301042606982E-16 11108
265970722132 01403188938 12108 2751471305562 04648149974
265704884274 02465003666 1109
265987872962 00991458453 2109
272055836454 02356512508 3109
274383204024 03134405326 4109
279639933279 01966315602 5109
284934394359 0410716423 6109
286196695413 12525743633 7109
286318466303 11915552451 8109
282799116081 09896967017 9109
274784533435 00192651233 10109
268363262854 01870834029 11109
266812827863 00289260543 12109 2756650856084 04309322391
264540342948 0408973102 1110
266497252599 0241477499 2110
271860316998 0186677284 3110
275434549875 04435583413 4110
278339900399 03140059035 5110
285013288175 01983461231 6110
285464354992 14376095662 7110
286162393754 13240870531 8110
284546785611 08193883272 9110
278826983958 03299480333 10110
271371518356 01008505898 11110
269845094526 -1301042606982E-16 12110 2764918985159 04837434852
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994 04945854203
1995 04078308076
1996 05637604328
1997 07219768353
1998 07937244722
1999 22812730881
2000 -03165058936
2001 07481318505
2002 05357474111
2003 08061588235
2004 05966328562
2005 09959613372
2006 13033899567
2007 07742868652
2008 -01402811199
2009 03776739322
2010 12044868397
SNo Name Area Total Average 1976-2005
1 Changme 545 -78 -26
2 Changsang 924 -671 -2237
3 Chuma 394 -247 -823
4 E Lango 494 -719 -2397
5 Gyamtang 257 -360 -12
6 Jongsang 1023 -1146 -382
7 Jumthul 797 -355 -1183
8 KangKyong 2331 -230 -767
9 Lohank 545 -813 -271
10 N Lohank 543 -398 -1327
11 Onglaktang 79 -298 -993
12 Rathong 523 -546 -182
13 Rula 385 -58 -193
14 SLhonak 10 -993 -331
15 S Simpu 738 -518 -1727
16 Talung 2551 -133 -443
17 Tasha 401 -63 -21
19 Tenbawa 659 -124 -413
20 Theukang 22 -283 -943
21 Tista 82 -445 -1483
22 Toklung 274 -331 -1103
23 Tongshong 593 -420 -14
24 Umaram 614 -421 -1403
26 Zemu 9094 -422 -1407
Average 0 -1302
Changme
Changsang
Chuma
E Lango
Gyamtang
Jongsang
Jumthul
KangKyong
Lohank
N Lohank
Onglaktang
Rathong
Rula
SLhonak
S Simpu
Talung
Tasha
Tenbawa
Theukang
Tista
Toklung
Tongshong
Umaram
Zemu
Average
Page 9: Himalayan Cryosphere in a changing climate ClimateChange...Himalayan Cryosphere in a changing climate Parmanand Sharma ESSO-National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (ESSO -NCPOR)

Retreat of Individual Himalayan glaciers

(Kulkarni and Karyakarte 2014)

Glaciers in different regions of the Himalaya respond differently

Cogley [2011]

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Observed retreat of glaciers in various parts of the Himalaya It shows that retreat is varying from almost 5ma to almost 35ma Major retreat is observed for glaciers in the western Himalaya

Chart1

Average
Name of the glacier
Mean retreat (myr)
-26
-2237
-823
-2397
-12
-382
-1183
-767
-271
-1327
-993
-182
-193
-331
-1727
-443
-21
-413
-943
-1483
-1103
-14
-1403
-1407
-1302

Sheet1

Sheet1

Average
Name of the glacier
Mean retreat (myr)

Sheet2

Sheet3

Vincent et al 2013

Azam et al 2018

Pratap et al 2016

949 01 Glacial retreating Advancing Not retreating

9575 Total Himalayan glaciers (GSI)

5

Himalayan glaciers may vanish in long run

bull Glaciated area 40000 km2

bull loss in glacier area 13 (1960rsquos-2000)

Reported loss in glacier area

(Kulkarni and Karyakarte2014)

bull Almost 4ndash30 overall loss in glacier area in the last 40 years (1960-2000) depending upon terrain and geomorphological parameters

bull Mean loss in glacier mass in the Indian Himalaya has accelerated from ndash9 +-4 to ndash20 +- 4 Gtyear from the decade 1975ndash1985 to 2000ndash2010

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Similarly loss in areal extents were mapped and it suggests that the glaciers in western and eastern Himalaya are losing more mass than glaciers in central Himalayan region Glaciers located in the Karakorum region was showing thickening due to continuous snow accumulation and its high altitude location

Glacier meltrsquos contribution to stream flow in present decade

Lutz et al 2014

Changes in the timing or amount of snowmelt due to increasing temperatures or decreasing winter precipitation may have far-reaching societal consequences

Presenter
Presentation Notes
As a fraction of the total annual discharge snowmelt constitutes up to 50 in the far western (Indus area) catchments ~25 in far eastern (Tsangpo) catchments and lt20 elsewhere Despite these along-strike variations snowmelt in the pre- and early-monsoon season (April to June) is significant and important in all catchments although most pronounced in the western catchments Thus changes in the timing or amount of snowmelt due to increasing temperatures or decreasing winter precipitation may have far-reaching societal consequences

Upstream basins of Indus Ganges Brahmaputra Salween and Mekong

Lutz et al 2014

bullTR Average runoff (1997-2007) bullPTR Mean Projected runoff (2014-2050 ndash RCP 45) bullBF Baseflow bullGM Glacier melt bullSM Snow melt bullRR Rainfall runoff

bullModel is forced with an ensemble of 4 GCMs

Modelled changes in

mass loss conditions

in HKH region under

various scenarios

(Chaturvedi et al 2014)

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Study by Chaturvedi etal 2014 (Climate Change) has suggested that the mass loss is significantly higher for 2080rsquos under RCP85 scenario Whereas observed changes varying from -04 to -08 meters water equivalent under RCP26 Scenario However overall it suggests a significant reduction in mass balance of glaciers which may cause severe threat to downstream communities

Regional temperatures and projected glacier area

Kraaijenbrink et al (2017)

The 15 degC global increase implies a warming of around 21degC for the glacierized areas in HMA

bull Possible explanations for this

elevation-dependent warming in

mountains include the effects of

snow albedo and surface-based

feedback water vapour changes

and latent heat release radiative

flux changes surface heat loss and

temperature change and aerosols

Projected Warming and HKH Glacier mass loss

Kraaijenbrink et al 2017

HMA-High mountains of Asia

Glaciers in most of the HKH region are losing mass in response to climate warming Glaciers in the Karakoram region have been expanding in recent years but the underlying reasons for this anomaly are not yet fully understood Total ice volume measurements vary considerably because of the difficulties in measuring ice volumes in situ or from remote sensing products and uncertainties in volume-area scaling relationships No strong trends have been observed in snow cover minor increases or decreases have been reported for different areas Little is known about the distribution of permafrost in the HKH region and its importance for regional hydrology remains unclear Estimates of future glacier volume and area are uncertain and hampered because thus far modelling of ice flow has been restricted to catchment scale studies However strong decreases in glacier volume and area are projected for the entire HKH region

Key limitations to measure glacier changes snow cover area ice thickness etc Not enough long-term in situ observations and insufficient spatial coverage Insufficient representation of climatic conditions and glacier types No consensus on measuring methods Lack of in situ measurements of glacier volume to validate the widespread use of area-volume parameterizations Shortage of energy balance measurements in the region IceSAT uncertainty about penetration of radiation into the snow and reliance on assumptions of density to determine glacier losses Airborne sensing is efficient but poorly used (LiDar photogrammetry) in Himalaya Lack of relevant input information for example glacier thickness climatic data Precipitation gradients and snowrain transitions affect glacier dynamics Spatial distributions in debris thickness and thermal conductivity are nearly impossible to measure

Objectives

1 To study the Antarctic climate variability and its global linkages during the past 2000 years using ice core records

2 To study the biogeochemical cycling within the supraglacial ecosystems like snow ice etc

3 To study the glaciological processes dynamics and evolution of Antarctic ice shelves and ice rises

4 To study the glacier processes and mass balance in selected glaciers of Svalbard Arctic

5 To study the dynamics and the rate of change of selected Himalayan glaciers to understand its impact on hydrology

CRYOSPHERE amp CLIMATE - ESSO MoES Project

ANTARCTICA

HIMALAYA

ARCTIC

HIMANSH ndash Field Station 4000 m Lahaul-Spiti

Ongoing Major Activities bull Long term monitoring programme for glaciological observations and modelling in Western

Himalaya for better understanding of glacier dynamics and their link with hydrology and climate

bull Mass balance (SMB Ice Flux Glacier Flow) bull EnergyHeat Balance (Energy Budget Degree Day Model) bull Hydrological Balance (discharge measurements and modelling)

bull Mass balance studies ndash field glaciological geodetic geospatial data based Regular monitoring of an extensive stake network for annual spring and summer mass balance are carried out

for all six glaciers (Sutri Dhaka Batal Samudra Tapu Bara Shigri Gepang Gath and Kunzam) Ice thickness measurements by GPR

bull Energy balance studies ndash a network of AWS systems Surface energy fluxes near the glacier areas measured using 4 AWS systems installed at Sutri Dhaka (ELA) Bara

Sigri (4300m) Gepang Gath (4400 m) and the Himansh station

bull Hydrological balance studies ndash a network of water level recorders in Chandra R Five recorders (Waterlog Radar series) at Sutri Dhaka Chatru Chota Dhara Sissu Tandi)

Ablationaccumulation process on the different glaciers

-18

-16

-14

-12

-1

-08

-06

-04

-02

0

Sutri Dhaka Batal Samudra Tapu Bada Shigri Gepang Gath Kunzam

2013-14

2014-15

2015-16

2016-17

2017-18()

Net

mb

(m w

e)

Annual net smb of studied glaciers of Chandra basin

Spatial distribution of Ice density over glacier surface

Specific ablationaccumulation over Chandra basin glaciers

Accumulation measurement Stakes network over glaciers surface

Annual net surface mass balance of Chandra basin glaciers

Glacier retreat observed by satellite monitoring between 1960rsquos and 2014 in Western Himalaya ndash retreat of glaciers and expansion of proglacial lakes

Gaddam et al 2016 Patel et al 2017

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Observed retreat of glaciers in Baspa (small size) and Chandra basin (large) glaciers Western Himalaya In Chandra Basin this is alos leading to enhancement of the proglacial lakes Such lakes pose a a threat to GLOF ndash glacial lake outburst flood

1973 (KH-9 Image) 1979 (LANDSAT MSS Image) 1989 (LANDSAT TM Image)

2000 (LANDSAT ETM+ Image) 2013 (LANDSAT OLI Image) 2013 (IRS2 LISS IV Image)

Development of glaciers lake in Samudra Tapu glacier since 1973

bullGeospatial studies carried out in two major proglacial lakes of Samudra Tapu

and Gepang Gath (Chandra basin Western Himalaya) showed substantial

expansion in their area and volume over the last four decades (1971-2014)

bullThe results show that increased melting of the feeder glaciers over this period is

major contributor to expand the volumes approximately 20 times of both the

lakes Samudra Tapu and Gepang Gath

A geospatial analysis of Samudra Tapu and Gepang Gath glacial lakes in the Chandra basin Western Himalaya Patel et al 2017

Mean Mass Balance of glaciers in Baspa basin (1900 ndash 2010)

(Gaddam et al 2017a)

Temperatures anomalies using ERA20CM data

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Geospatial data based study - The mean mass loss estimated for glaciers in Western Himalaya suggests that the glaciers have experienced positive mass balance conditions during 1900-1914 After 1914 there is a decline in mass balance mainly due to rise in temperatures The mass loss of glaciers was observed more after 1995 due to significant changes occurred in temperature

Chart1

Temperature anomaly on century scale
Temperature anomaly for present decade
Period of observation
Temperature (kelvin)
-07193769468
-0863908496
-15613973259
-02617494627
-0306125676
-09722219435
05724076732
-06669364344
-00664870188
-03904512265
-12408430856
-05993512039
-13766462691
-0223669873
-09986683635
-01809502551
-01994504133
01698655886
-03977940728
00707840659
-10391783663
00955077528
-05826445756
02142847607
10710936474
02344338488
00114539492
-00518004493
-05841700543
-01776528967
-04131609703
08685060637
03036096206
11525054719
03453264044
-00302356258
-01688733873
-04054860931
-05213211321
05103813428
0707263713
-0539845488
06692193495
-04805394076
12494377181
01611494972
-03347152777
-08770284905
01141339682
-08034238806
05077103178
-09183616379
-05037011913
-0408897258
02693921442
-03333103383
-02722429398
05360104128
-03970823536
-04720998802
02158692028
01004466467
04559142735
02251771836
0163676099
00038020854
-04341950997
07796951587
-02815226183
04824159116
-03942986116
-03824880989
-07317624079
-05518681351
-05904683473
-06220110581
00795622036
-02293835255
-03188265547
07183381047
08736031377
-04467092743
-00689622538
-00942597275
09818119029
00879678365
02896330073
-02913513436
0812876232
06016351815
00620986687
-09303626677
-04479955867
-07595689901
04945854203
04078308076
05637604328
07219768353
07937244722
22812730881
-03165058936
07481318505
05357474111
08061588235
05966328562
09959613372
13033899567
07742868652
-01402811199
03776739322
12044868397

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Temperature anomaly on century scale
Temperature anomaly for present decade

Sheet3

Sutri Dhaka Glacier surface ice melts during 2015ndash16 and 2016ndash17 (a c) cumulative winter and summer ablation (m we) (b d) annual ablation circled values are measurements at the stakes installed on the debris-covered parts of the glacier

Comparative plot of observed and modeled surface melting for (ab) Sutri Dhaka Glacier as a function of elevation corresponds to the cumulative positive degree days (CPDD) and degree day factor of ice and debris

Evaluation of Modeled and Observed Melting

Energy fluxes at the glacier surface and proportional contribution of each flux

Winter2015-16

Summer 2015-16

Winter2016-17

Summer 2016-17

Geospatial observations of topographical control over the glacier retreat Miyar basin Western Himalaya India (Patel et al 2018)

bullIn this study an attempt has been made to understand the role of topographical parameters and debris cover for glacier recession in Miyar basin

bullA total of 29 glaciers covering an area of ~227 km2 were studied

bullObservations revealed that almost 9 km2 plusmn 07 km2 recessions in glacier area (4) for studied glaciers of Miyar basin during 1989-2014

bullIn Miyar basin glaciers with large size having a steep slope with high debris cover and northward aspect showed low retreat than glaciers of small size gentle slope and low debris cover with southward aspect

Mean mass loss for the Chandra basin -067plusmn014 m weyear during last two decades It was much less in nineties(1990-1999) and estimated observed cumulative mass loss was close to zero The mean annual mass balance of Chandra basin is -077plusmn014m we with loss of 505plusmn 060 Gigatons of glacial mass during 2013 ndash 2017 Mean ELA has significantly shifted(gt200m) up during last two decades Some of the glaciers have experienced four positive balance year between 2000-2013 but experienced negative mass balance during last five years(2013-2018) There has been a gradual warming with an apparent stronger trend observed in Himalayan region during the last two decades The temperature trends are much more pronounced for the winter seasons than for the summer seasons Solid precipitation is most dominant factor to control the ablation during peak ablation Most of the glaciers of Chandra basin are in state of instability and their volume may significantly reduce if the climate stabilizes at its present state Increase in number and volume of glacier lakes has increase the threat of GLOFs in Chandra basin region

HiCOM Project (Himalayan Cryospheric Observations and Modeling)

NCAOR coordinated multi-organizational project for study of benchmark Himalayan glaciers to understand the impact on glaciers and hydrology

HiCom Objective Major Questions to be addressed bullWhy there are differential glacier responses across Himalaya and what are the driving forces bullWhat are the dynamics and control of snow cover changes in Himalaya bullWhat is the response of Himalayan cryosphere to climate changevariability and associated hydrological impacts Work Plan [NCAOR IISER(Pune Kolkata) IIT (Bombay Roorke) University (JNU Himachal JampK Jharkhandhellip] bullIntegrated mass balance studies on benchmark glaciers from sub-basins of Western Central and Eastern Himalaya using glaciological geodetic geospatial and modelling approaches bullGlacio-hydrological budgeting and modelling of selected basins bullSnow cover and volume estimation in major basins of Himalaya

Challenges and Way forward bull Himalayan region is consistently warming more than Global average bull Glaciers and permanent snows are melting rapidly in the recent years bull Shrinkage and melting of glaciers Formation and expansion of glacial lakes bull Increased Risks and Hazard Glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) is a serious problem

bull Investigate and Enhanced Monitoring network (in-situ and Remote sensing-satellitesDrone) bull Strengthening Modeling efforts to understand and forecast bull Knowledge generation and understand the possible impacts of cryosphere changes bull Need effective adaptive and mitigation strategy to prevent risks and uncertainties bull Strengthening Capacity building bull Regional collaboration and Data amp Information exchange

The global threat ofPolar ice melting

  • Slide Number 1
  • Slide Number 2
  • Slide Number 3
  • Slide Number 4
  • Why is it important
  • Slide Number 6
  • Slide Number 7
  • Slide Number 8
  • Retreat of Individual Himalayan glaciers
  • Slide Number 10
  • Reported loss in glacier area
  • Slide Number 12
  • Upstream basins of Indus Ganges Brahmaputra Salween and Mekong
  • Slide Number 14
  • Regional temperatures and projected glacier area
  • Slide Number 16
  • Slide Number 17
  • Slide Number 18
  • Slide Number 19
  • Slide Number 20
  • Ongoing Major Activities
  • Slide Number 22
  • Slide Number 23
  • Slide Number 24
  • Slide Number 25
  • Slide Number 26
  • Mean Mass Balance of glaciers in Baspa basin (1900 ndash 2010)
  • Slide Number 28
  • Slide Number 29
  • Slide Number 30
  • Slide Number 31
  • Slide Number 32
  • HiCom Objective
  • Challenges and Way forward
  • Slide Number 35
mean annual temperature mean annual precipitation mean of mean mean of mean tmep anomaly precipitation anomaly tmep anomaly
1900 2745680347294 04397207758 2752874116762 04240141094 -07193769468 -00157066664 -1570666644478
1901 2744235031802 04261576227 2752874116762 04240141094 -0863908496 -00021435134 -214351337819
1902 2737260143503 05015666099 2752874116762 04240141094 -15613973259 -00775525006 -775525005722
1903 2750256622135 04389712635 2752874116762 04240141094 -02617494627 -00149571542 -1495715418829
1904 2749812860002 04712944918 2752874116762 04240141094 -0306125676 -00472803824 -4728038244434
1905 2743151897327 03835583353 2752874116762 04240141094 -09722219435 0040455774 404557740167
1906 2758598193493 03499779703 2752874116762 04240141094 05724076732 00740361391 7403613909804
1907 2746204752418 0483016297 2752874116762 04240141094 -06669364344 -00590021876 -5900218760975
1908 2752209246574 03907366002 2752874116762 04240141094 -00664870188 00332775092 3327750917524
1909 2748969604497 04433523578 2752874116762 04240141094 -03904512265 -00193382485 -1933824847238
1910 2740465685906 04608032745 2752874116762 04240141094 -12408430856 -00367891651 -3678916513289
1911 2746880604723 04141381888 2752874116762 04240141094 -05993512039 00098759206 987592057543
1912 2739107654071 04227553753 2752874116762 04240141094 -13766462691 0001258734 125873401933
1913 2750637418032 04162397012 2752874116762 04240141094 -0223669873 00077744081 777440814247
1914 2742887433127 04101639254 2752874116762 04240141094 -09986683635 0013850184 1385018398561
1915 2751064614211 04824658937 2752874116762 04240141094 -01809502551 -00584517843 -5845178431788
1916 2750879612629 04226883521 2752874116762 04240141094 -01994504133 00013257572 13257572366
1917 2754572772648 04064010604 2752874116762 04240141094 01698655886 0017613049 1761304895816
1918 2748896176034 04446789921 2752874116762 04240141094 -03977940728 -00206648828 -2066488278719
1919 2753581957421 03982009919 2752874116762 04240141094 00707840659 00258131175 2581311745075
1920 2742482333098 04645340528 2752874116762 04240141094 -10391783663 -00405199434 -4051994339143
1921 275382919429 0432572784 2752874116762 04240141094 00955077528 -00085586746 -855867459524
1922 2747047671006 04097069867 2752874116762 04240141094 -05826445756 00143071227 1430712265632
1923 2755016964368 03549312577 2752874116762 04240141094 02142847607 00690828516 6908285163882
1924 2763585053236 04116706236 2752874116762 04240141094 10710936474 00123434858 1234348579096
1925 275521845525 04142291141 2752874116762 04240141094 02344338488 00097849953 978499528899
1926 2752988656254 03558005775 2752874116762 04240141094 00114539492 00682135318 6821353181531
1927 2752356112268 03525072878 2752874116762 04240141094 -00518004493 00715068215 715068215346
1928 2747032416218 03391493785 2752874116762 04240141094 -05841700543 00848647309 8486473085965
1929 2751097587795 04388463474 2752874116762 04240141094 -01776528967 -0014832238 -148322380283
1930 2748742507059 03575893726 2752874116762 04240141094 -04131609703 00664247368 6642473677189
1931 2761559177399 03755285939 2752874116762 04240141094 08685060637 00484855155 4848551545873
1932 2755910212968 04840229046 2752874116762 04240141094 03036096206 -00600087953 -6000879527331
1933 2764399171481 03506986097 2752874116762 04240141094 11525054719 00733154996 7331549961819
1934 2756327380806 037979019 2752874116762 04240141094 03453264044 00442239194 4422391940868
1935 2752571760504 04433830515 2752874116762 04240141094 -00302356258 -00193689421 -1936894212525
1936 2751185382888 03808367814 2752874116762 04240141094 -01688733873 0043177328 4317732795158
1937 2748819255831 0505989695 2752874116762 04240141094 -04054860931 -00819755857 -8197558566271
1938 2747660905441 04324668942 2752874116762 04240141094 -05213211321 -00084527848 -84527848286
1939 275797793019 02865944353 2752874116762 04240141094 05103813428 0137419674 13741967402749
1940 2759946753892 03479765729 2752874116762 04240141094 0707263713 00760375364 7603753642571
1941 2747475661882 04632338276 2752874116762 04240141094 -0539845488 -00392197182 -3921971823735
1942 2759566310257 03630157694 2752874116762 04240141094 06692193495 006099834 6099833996496
1943 2748068722686 04492628013 2752874116762 04240141094 -04805394076 -00252486919 -2524869190757
1944 2765368493942 04495821565 2752874116762 04240141094 12494377181 -00255680472 -2556804716961
1945 2754485611734 04336792495 2752874116762 04240141094 01611494972 -00096651401 -9665140117
1946 2749526963985 04742330097 2752874116762 04240141094 -03347152777 -00502189003 -5021890033014
1947 2744103831857 04080435778 2752874116762 04240141094 -08770284905 00159705316 1597053155178
1948 2754015456443 03960564959 2752874116762 04240141094 01141339682 00279576135 2795761347956
1949 2744839877956 0421387531 2752874116762 04240141094 -08034238806 00026265783 262657831909
1950 275795121994 03722505304 2752874116762 04240141094 05077103178 00517635789 517635789334
1951 2743690500383 04611635203 2752874116762 04240141094 -09183616379 -00371494109 -3714941091993
1952 2747837104849 04429897374 2752874116762 04240141094 -05037011913 -00189756281 -1897562805262
1953 2748785144182 03898812884 2752874116762 04240141094 -0408897258 0034132821 3413282098725
1954 2755568038203 04445863039 2752874116762 04240141094 02693921442 -00205721945 -2057219450129
1955 2749541013379 04346169044 2752874116762 04240141094 -03333103383 -0010602795 -1060279502768
1956 2750151687363 04233893135 2752874116762 04240141094 -02722429398 00006247959 62479590886
1957 275823422089 03983009853 2752874116762 04240141094 05360104128 0025713124 2571312402655
1958 2748903293226 04194257644 2752874116762 04240141094 -03970823536 0004588345 458834496566
1959 274815311796 03993458071 2752874116762 04240141094 -04720998802 00246683023 2466830225426
1960 275503280879 0340497273 2752874116762 04240141094 02158692028 00835168363 8351683631462
1961 2753878583228 04254456789 2752874116762 04240141094 01004466467 -00014315695 -143156953544
1962 2757433259497 03601285085 2752874116762 04240141094 04559142735 00638856009 6388560090028
1963 2755125888597 04422237061 2752874116762 04240141094 02251771836 -00182095967 -182095966915
1964 2754510877752 04211319503 2752874116762 04240141094 0163676099 0002882159 288215903034
1965 2752912137616 04142563147 2752874116762 04240141094 00038020854 00097577947 975779469529
1966 2748532165765 03845099771 2752874116762 04240141094 -04341950997 00395041323 3950413228664
1967 2760671068349 04041794635 2752874116762 04240141094 07796951587 00198346459 1983464585155
1968 2750058890579 05020580979 2752874116762 04240141094 -02815226183 -00780439886 -7804398858702
1969 2757698275878 03486033601 2752874116762 04240141094 04824159116 00754107492 7541074921111
1970 2748931130646 04585861674 2752874116762 04240141094 -03942986116 -00345720581 -3457205807452
1971 2749049235772 04169442628 2752874116762 04240141094 -03824880989 00070698466 706984659712
1972 2745556492683 04266570574 2752874116762 04240141094 -07317624079 -00026429481 -264294807274
1973 2747355435411 05024067761 2752874116762 04240141094 -05518681351 -00783926667 -7839266672453
1974 2746969433289 05525416601 2752874116762 04240141094 -05904683473 -01285275507 -12852755069953
1975 2746654006181 0382601217 2752874116762 04240141094 -06220110581 00414128924 4141289238365
1976 2753669738797 04139139858 2752874116762 04240141094 00795622036 00101001236 1010012355619
1977 2750580281507 04864467478 2752874116762 04240141094 -02293835255 -00624326384 -6243263844048
1978 2749685851215 03902876434 2752874116762 04240141094 -03188265547 0033726466 3372646596755
1979 2760057497808 03862810312 2752874116762 04240141094 07183381047 00377330781 3773307812879
1980 2761610148139 03917713749 2752874116762 04240141094 08736031377 00322427345 3224273448989
1981 2748407024018 05197394963 2752874116762 04240141094 -04467092743 -00957253869 -957253869245
1982 2752184494223 03778351949 2752874116762 04240141094 -00689622538 00461789144 4617891443614
1983 2751931519487 03688719413 2752874116762 04240141094 -00942597275 0055142168 5514216803257
1984 2762692235791 03987151317 2752874116762 04240141094 09818119029 00252989777 2529897769122
1985 2753753795127 03644056903 2752874116762 04240141094 00879678365 00596084191 5960841909613
1986 2755770446835 04468759153 2752874116762 04240141094 02896330073 -00228618059 -2286180590033
1987 2749960603326 0420021872 2752874116762 04240141094 -02913513436 00039922373 399223732142
1988 2761002879082 04548841692 2752874116762 04240141094 0812876232 -00308700599 -3087005987977
1989 2758890468577 0320182463 2752874116762 04240141094 06016351815 01038316464 10383164640571
1990 2753495103448 04419420571 2752874116762 04240141094 00620986687 -00179279478 -1792794777444
1991 2743570490085 05080265373 2752874116762 04240141094 -09303626677 -0084012428 -8401242795514
1992 2748394160895 04891179108 2752874116762 04240141094 -04479955867 -00651038015 -6510380146998
1993 2745278426861 04597990717 2752874116762 04240141094 -07595689901 -00357849623 -3578496234378
1994 2757819970965 04067628957 2752874116762 04240141094 04945854203 00172512136 172512136351 04945854203
1995 2756952424838 04410312772 2752874116762 04240141094 04078308076 -00170171678 -170171678436 04078308076
1996 275851172109 04385862518 2752874116762 04240141094 05637604328 -00145721425 -1457214248469 05637604328
1997 2760093885115 04701612154 2752874116762 04240141094 07219768353 -00461471061 -4614710608035 07219768353
1998 2760811361483 04426284766 2752874116762 04240141094 07937244722 -00186143672 -1861436719262 07937244722
1999 2775686847643 04587752138 2752874116762 04240141094 22812730881 -00347611045 -3476110448967 22812730881
2000 2749709057826 04731987826 2752874116762 04240141094 -03165058936 -00491846732 -4918467321606 -03165058936
2001 2760355435267 04036562791 2752874116762 04240141094 07481318505 00203578303 203578302683 07481318505
2002 2758231590873 04079123785 2752874116762 04240141094 05357474111 00161017309 1610173086459 05357474111
2003 2760935704997 04730694079 2752874116762 04240141094 08061588235 -00490552985 -490552984935 08061588235
2004 2758840445324 04724105752 2752874116762 04240141094 05966328562 -00483964659 -4839646585839 05966328562
2005 2762833730134 04775793766 2752874116762 04240141094 09959613372 -00535652673 -5356526728525 09959613372
2006 2765908016328 04584896482 2752874116762 04240141094 13033899567 -00344755388 -3447553883621 13033899567
2007 2760616985414 04697657688 2752874116762 04240141094 07742868652 -00457516594 -4575165943303 07742868652
2008 2751471305562 04648149974 2752874116762 04240141094 -01402811199 -00408008881 -4080088808488 -01402811199
2009 2756650856084 04309322391 2752874116762 04240141094 03776739322 -00069181297 -69181297306 03776739322
2010 2764918985159 04837434852 2752874116762 04240141094 12044868397 -00597293758 -5972937584235 12044868397
tk Pk
262599315346 01640380166 1100
26618597347 03991935299 2100
26862819907 04176129859 3100
271781160142 06162197698 4100
276756308444 02755833857 5100
282212975906 03305373067 6100
284684884194 12235368251 7100
285527542723 12001915626 8100
282628533537 0558525639 9100
275140250991 00655462802 10100
270160155574 00256640081 11100
268511117356 -433680868994E-17 12100 2745680347294 04397207758
265318285945 01597515685 1101
265166223476 02331585507 2101
269505726626 0698376047 3101
27229517364 03645205799 4101
277257642389 03248501506 5101
284200193397 04388383585 6101
284878751727 12032869923 7101
284144600667 11177490967 8101
281994470055 0334463862 9101
273214088775 01698521989 10101
269881795098 00207803451 11101
265225086367 00482637226 12101 2744235031802 04261576227
262097963699 04667239858 1102
263424724585 02427221525 2102
267411393575 0499255376 3102
273936630323 03623008924 4102
277643897201 02522597288 5102
282813634561 04193360087 6102
284151571531 08032320053 7102
285360185238 0828301098 8102
282901446654 05880319244 9102
273887136235 0778207411 10102
268343798336 03619955244 11102
262739790265 04164332118 12102 2737260143503 05015666099
261337930391 04785409508 1103
265681775435 05109863314 2103
270241401852 05161383507 3103
272727867223 04242708349 4103
279080138902 01222341456 5103
283578350621 01730359312 6103
283835628413 0945920967 7103
285044004108 11998863644 8103
281981568454 08354857989 9103
277367166764 0006039549 10103
271907898002 00377731476 11103
267524216397 00173427911 12103 2750256622135 04389712635
26318841593 01614067038 1104
269757532438 03143751081 2104
270864705363 02699979567 3104
276170593415 00668987584 4104
279700733794 03420927268 5104
283935588097 05626480837 6104
285348301324 12660503711 7104
284433323106 10005032836 8104
280602570494 05550242767 9104
274881081922 02156678161 10104
267801088887 02853507845 11104
263091497232 06155180321 12104 2749812860002 04712944918
263411618046 01592498607 1105
265085059919 03527256948 2105
270201866282 02986839103 3105
272866730974 04023775949 4105
276691028058 02151533207 5105
281318776855 03691730487 6105
284269756858 08148933675 7105
284560862552 09623212298 8105
283557795505 03855757143 9105
276707662669 026017476 10105
271685673589 00486629039 11105
261425445485 03337086187 12105 2743151897327 03835583353
263745111715 0058762994 1106
269147673277 03326608714 2106
268241361207 01793974304 3106
276495695072 01493330419 4106
277953529145 03804773929 5106
283705836367 01510622848 6106
285397394702 10614597361 7106
285669792764 10653925863 8106
283120684974 06583963621 9106
275110164189 01627929433 10106
271182251394 -433680868994E-17 11106
270548337386 -433680868994E-17 12106 2758598193493 03499779703
264436686937 00274807993 1107
265795747724 02030714605 2107
269355031453 04573888452 3107
274273375969 05400420692 4107
278467339393 01830715441 5107
28381895858 07349382668 6107
2855249776 15118823686 7107
284499335213 10928967501 8107
28244635796 06160997728 9107
274733730307 01881978334 10107
268852365134 02411258535 11107
263241796631 -433680868994E-17 12107 2746204752418 0483016297
263896888523 03389614268 1108
268451242678 04008840313 2108
270607130959 00504524636 3108
274064263285 02805995863 4108
278335877993 01679467811 5108
283452498094 05547827113 6108
284752135664 11413898045 7108
28441959552 11463068026 8108
28066526548 03399655796 9108
276359914815 -433680868994E-17 10108
27213649433 01987086268 11108
265509788548 00688413885 12108 2752209246574 03907366002
262343531818 02134914997 1109
266025750604 03144609896 2109
269870345599 0038589988 3109
277094395409 00916217407 4109
28022352024 0055159633 5109
284836019381 03782708452 6109
28503898964 13127814935 7109
284907058972 14170128603 8109
283482884319 07088116343 9109
275384370975 0226609806 10109
267828803074 02239568422 11109
261727855365 03394609614 12109 2748969604497 04433523578
260228775098 02081026104 1110
262630289769 03688256149 2110
267866054217 05814348893 3110
272515479113 04872679941 4110
278314459863 0090789507 5110
282641810921 03098795252 6110
28415308047 12984358822 7110
284656836986 12710799359 8110
282526194671 03470227905 9110
276553789547 00815745055 10110
27257659056 00388095979 11110
263895461872 0446416441 12110 2740465685906 04608032745
261956275788 0317223811 1111
265635549118 09250951532 2111
269656586059 03570027347 3111
27299573101 03618564406 4111
278813888569 00919623139 5111
283165242493 05282867688 6111
28444399438 08725307441 7111
284303364377 10662993482 8111
28279731516 03284033694 9111
277150857024 00430604739 10111
269568283499 00779371077 11111
26576963819 867361737988E-17 12111 2746880604723 04141381888
268261591716 01891654358 1112
264239329078 05564842455 2112
267518636592 04154692917 3112
272428456359 05168181247 4112
27641913925 03988940696 5112
281260813244 01731791908 6112
284342331811 11818992703 7112
283562810663 13547158306 8112
280017568428 00811555955 9112
272697715263 0131464068 10112
26885495856 00290135892 11112
267325833921 00448057924 12112 2739107654071 04227553753
264112970544 03371030879 1113
263152268714 03298224897 2113
269145829218 02812784664 3113
274295768414 01016291968 4113
281360695901 01059749146 5113
284476962441 06716565353 6113
285179445583 0996602653 7113
284791315628 07927161286 8113
28318266131 08115784559 9113
276651813472 01315510844 10113
271636597069 00525057288 11113
262778573344 03824576733 12113 2750637418032 04162397012
259063979533 01915635395 1114
26506526789 01442819831 2114
26879423932 03122310965 3114
272826079508 02672012569 4114
279163888707 01483192931 5114
285036978648 04664628034 6114
285968019646 08985746033 7114
285363884609 12552626593 8114
283339952114 04126758051 9114
275348383346 0479079327 10114
269725280317 00894047443 11114
261768966114 02569099931 12114 2742887433127 04101639254
260979652832 02133740591 1115
263209038347 05626559157 2115
269260686845 03368586069 3115
273999135655 03433705308 4115
276974328581 03285943293 5115
283675343876 0042886761 6115
285319656336 11297595393 7115
285938483606 14934272093 8115
284691185005 08938431738 9115
277448494931 03286404162 10115
272801664704 00257345172 11115
266979866335 00904456655 12115 2751064614211 04824658937
262711012781 00632570718 1116
265233717354 02483404949 2116
268466995048 05093768863 3116
273899989534 02004165312 4116
278556113406 01718061655 5116
28508386648 01402121551 6116
285938934135 12538559802 7116
285384755098 15135470162 8116
282498264286 06736305866 9116
275224239441 01235394453 10116
269447857945 00563793862 11116
268609789647 01178985062 12116 2750879612629 04226883521
265223513777 02130568869 1117
262745123715 01895604429 2117
268765284359 01262649702 3117
272760605419 02814590626 4117
278745093553 01455414432 5117
28451214925 06078316537 6117
285317328749 12798282857 7117
285186529547 11320643311 8117
283217746763 06932888789 9117
27703451179 01580521161 10117
273412902734 00304707126 11117
268566537521 00193939409 12117 2754572772648 04064010604
264003797852 01525771363 1118
267619360097 867361737988E-17 2118
268941125587 02425003317 3118
274546724817 01942991352 4118
277850317568 04576004914 5118
283817144634 04610285119 6118
284776040343 13020286275 7118
28504696122 1312975104 8118
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275973085922 06670677143 10108
271524160739 -1301042606982E-16 11108
265970722132 01403188938 12108 2751471305562 04648149974
265704884274 02465003666 1109
265987872962 00991458453 2109
272055836454 02356512508 3109
274383204024 03134405326 4109
279639933279 01966315602 5109
284934394359 0410716423 6109
286196695413 12525743633 7109
286318466303 11915552451 8109
282799116081 09896967017 9109
274784533435 00192651233 10109
268363262854 01870834029 11109
266812827863 00289260543 12109 2756650856084 04309322391
264540342948 0408973102 1110
266497252599 0241477499 2110
271860316998 0186677284 3110
275434549875 04435583413 4110
278339900399 03140059035 5110
285013288175 01983461231 6110
285464354992 14376095662 7110
286162393754 13240870531 8110
284546785611 08193883272 9110
278826983958 03299480333 10110
271371518356 01008505898 11110
269845094526 -1301042606982E-16 12110 2764918985159 04837434852
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
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1910
1911
1912
1913
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1915
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1930
1931
1932
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1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994 04945854203
1995 04078308076
1996 05637604328
1997 07219768353
1998 07937244722
1999 22812730881
2000 -03165058936
2001 07481318505
2002 05357474111
2003 08061588235
2004 05966328562
2005 09959613372
2006 13033899567
2007 07742868652
2008 -01402811199
2009 03776739322
2010 12044868397
SNo Name Area Total Average 1976-2005
1 Changme 545 -78 -26
2 Changsang 924 -671 -2237
3 Chuma 394 -247 -823
4 E Lango 494 -719 -2397
5 Gyamtang 257 -360 -12
6 Jongsang 1023 -1146 -382
7 Jumthul 797 -355 -1183
8 KangKyong 2331 -230 -767
9 Lohank 545 -813 -271
10 N Lohank 543 -398 -1327
11 Onglaktang 79 -298 -993
12 Rathong 523 -546 -182
13 Rula 385 -58 -193
14 SLhonak 10 -993 -331
15 S Simpu 738 -518 -1727
16 Talung 2551 -133 -443
17 Tasha 401 -63 -21
19 Tenbawa 659 -124 -413
20 Theukang 22 -283 -943
21 Tista 82 -445 -1483
22 Toklung 274 -331 -1103
23 Tongshong 593 -420 -14
24 Umaram 614 -421 -1403
26 Zemu 9094 -422 -1407
Average 0 -1302
Changme
Changsang
Chuma
E Lango
Gyamtang
Jongsang
Jumthul
KangKyong
Lohank
N Lohank
Onglaktang
Rathong
Rula
SLhonak
S Simpu
Talung
Tasha
Tenbawa
Theukang
Tista
Toklung
Tongshong
Umaram
Zemu
Average
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