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What to do now: 1) Solve Eng/Metric conversion problems in Lab #1

2) Read PROLOGUE “History of Oceanography” Focus on topics

in the “LECTURE OUTLINE / TOPIC STUDY GUIDE”

3) Look over “Intro to Oceanography: Chapter 1 & Chap 3 on

Sea Floor Topgraphy

Annual transfer rates in

thousands of cubic kilometers

4.567 Billion

542 Million

251 million

66 million

GeologicTime

~6.3% (291my)

~88.2% (4by, 58my)

~4% (185my)

~1.4%

The Spread of Humanity

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OUTLINE OF A BRIEF "HISTORY OF OCEANOGRAPHY"http://www.cabrillo.edu/~dschwartz/documents/HistoryofOceanographyOutline.pdf

• The Polynesians: begin extensive voyages by 1500 B.C. Colonized major islands between New Zealand, Easter Island and eventually Hawaii. Colonize Hawaiian Islands between 450 – 600 A.D.

• The Phoenicians: approx. 1550 BC to 350 B.C. Excellent navigators and sailors. Sail around Africa in 590B.C.

• The Greeks: Aristotle (384 - 322 B.C.) Understands basic principles of Hydrologic Cycle. Relates tides with the moon, began classifying marine organisms Pytheas discovers the Canary Current, explores British Islands, relates tides with the moon.

• Eratosthenes: approx. 276 - 194 BC, of Alexandria Egypt. Correctly calculates circumference of the earth, distance to moon and sun, tilt of the earth’s axis and compiles a star catalog with 675 stars. Invents Latitude and Longitude and the Leap Day.

• Ptolemy: 87 - 150 AD, a Greek mathematician, astronomer, geographer makes 1st world atlas. Lists over 8,000 places with Lat / Long. Also incorrectly calculates circumference of earth, off by ~30%

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……………………………......

After Ptolemy.... “The Dark Ages” aka The Middle Ages, for approx. next 1,000 years, ~500 – 1500 or 5th to 15th century. Cultural and economic decline following the Fall of the Roman Empire

The Vikings: (AD. 700 - 1,000) Voyage to and colonize Iceland & Greenland. Eventually voyage to "Vineland" or Northeastern North America. Considered barbarians by most Europeans. Built strong, fast, stable ships. Excellent sailors.

Chinese Navigators: ~1405 – 1433 Admiral Zheng He commanded 317 ships and ~28,000 men! Explored mostly in Indian Ocean, gave away goods. Invented central rudder, sophisticated sails, distilled fresh water from seawater, grew fresh vegetables on board, could stay at sea for >4 months!

Late 1400's, early 1500's: Prince Henry the Navigator, The Age of Discovery.

1700's: Captain James Cook (1728 - 1779), Ben Franklin (1706 - 1790)

1800's: Formal beginning of scientific thought.

Ed Forbes (1815 - 1854)

Charles Darwin (1809 - 1882)

Mathew Maury (1806 - 1862)

Sir James Clark Ross (1800 - 1862)

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After Ptolemy.... THE DARK AGES for approx. next 1,000 years, ~500 – 1500.

The Vikings: (AD. 700 - 1,000) Voyage to and colonize Iceland & Greenland. Eventually voyage to "Vineland" or Northeastern North America. Considered barbarians by most Europeans. Built strong, fast, stable ships. Excellent sailors.

Bede: (AD. 673 - 735) calculates tides in the eastern Atlantic Ocean.

Chinese Navigators: ~1405 – 1433 Admiral Zheng He (“Jung huh”) commanded 317 ships and ~28,000 men! Explored mostly in Indian Ocean, gave away goods. Invented central rudder, sophisticated sails, distilled fresh water from seawater, grew fresh vegetables on board, could stay at sea for >4 months! Travelled over 50,000Km, visited over 30 countries in 28 yrs.

Late 1400's, early 1500's: Prince Henry the Navigator, The Age of Discovery.

1700's: Captain James Cook (1728 - 1779), Ben Franklin (1706 - 1790)

1800's: Formal beginning of scientific thought.

Ed Forbes (1815 - 1854)

Charles Darwin (1809 - 1882)

Mathew Maury (1806 - 1862)

Sir James Clark Ross (1800 - 1862)

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LIFE magazine list of the "Top" 100 People

who had a major impact on the Second Millennium, ranked in order of importance.

1 THOMAS EDISON 1847-19312 CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 1451-15063 MARTIN LUTHER 1483-15464 GALILEO GALILEI 1564-1642

5 LEONARDO DA VINCI 1452-15196 ISAAC NEWTON 1642-17277 FERDINAND MAGELLAN c.1480-15218 LOUIS PASTEUR 1822-18959 CHARLES DARWIN 1809-1882

10 THOMAS JEFFERSON 1743-1826

11 WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE 1564-161612 NAPOLEON BONAPARTE 1769-182113 ADOLF HITLER 1889-194514 ZHENG HE 1371-c.1435In the early decades of the 15th century, the seas off Asia were dominated by the huge Chinese treasure ships of Admiral Zheng He--each one of them five times as large as a typical European caravel. Zheng led seven naval expeditions between 1405 and 1433. His assignment was to extend China's political sway overseas. His first entourage included 62 ships and 27,800 men; the others were of similar scale, making them the most fantastic naval ventures the world had yet seen. His journeys took him to the east coast of Africa, to Mecca and to India. Zheng always brought back exotic souvenirs

as proof of his exploits, including, once, an African giraffe.

15 HENRY FORD 1863-194716 SIGMUND FREUD 1856-193917 RICHARD ARKWRIGHT 1732-179218 KARL MARX 1818-188319 NICOLAUS COPERNICUS 1473-154320 ORVILLE & WILBUR WRIGHT 1871-1948 & 1867-1912

• After Ptolemy.... THE MIDDLE AGES for approx. next 1,000 years,

~500 – 1500.

• The Vikings: (AD. 700 - 1,000) Voyage to and colonize Iceland & Greenland. Eventually voyage to "Vineland" or Northeastern North America. Considered barbarians by most Europeans. Excellent sailors.

• Bede: (AD. 673 - 735) calculates tides in the eastern Atlantic Ocean.

• Chinese Navigators: ~1405 – 1433 Admiral Zheng He commanded 317 ships and 37,000 men! Explored mostly in Indian Ocean, gave away goods.

• Late 1400's, early 1500's: Prince Henry the Navigator, The Age of Discovery.

• 1700's: Captain James Cook (1728 - 1779), Ben Franklin (1706 - 1790)

• 1800's: Formal beginning of scientific thought.

• Ed Forbes (1815 - 1854)

• Charles Darwin (1809 - 1882)

• Mathew Maury (1806 - 1862)

• Sir James Clark Ross (1800 - 1862)

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• After Ptolemy.... THE MIDDLE AGES for approx. next 1,000 years,

~500 – 1500.

• The Vikings: (AD. 700 - 1,000) Voyage to and colonize Iceland & Greenland. Eventually voyage to "Vineland" or Northeastern North America. Considered barbarians by most Europeans. Excellent sailors.

• Bede: (AD. 673 - 735) calculates tides in the eastern Atlantic Ocean.

• Chinese Navigators: ~1405 – 1433 Admiral Zheng He commanded 317 ships and 37,000 men! Explored mostly in Indian Ocean, gave away goods.

• Late 1400's, early 1500's: Prince Henry the Navigator, The Age of Discovery.

• 1700's: Captain James Cook (1728 - 1779), Ben Franklin (1706 - 1790)

• 1800's: Formal beginning of scientific thought.

• Ed Forbes (1815 - 1854)

• Charles Darwin (1809 - 1882)

• Mathew Maury (1806 - 1862)

• Sir James Clark Ross (1800 - 1862)

(a) Fringing Reef…. (b) Barrier Reef….. (c) Atoll

Fringing Reef

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Barrier Reef Atoll

• 1872 - 1876: H.M.S. Challenger expedition. Known as the “NEW AGE OF OCEANOGRAPHY”. Sir Wyville Thomson (1830 – 1882)

• Fridtjof Nanson (1861 – 1930) Pioneering Scandinavian zoologist, explorer, oceanographer. Crosses Greenland in 1888 sledding, skiing and camping. Designs wooden Fram, frozen in Arctic ice for nearly 4 years with 13 men in June 1893. 1st professor of Oceanography. Nobel Peace Prize 1922

• Late 1800's: Radioactivity discovered. Eventually global radiometric age dating revises ideas of geologic time before W.W.II

• Between H.M.S. Challenger & W.W. II: Transportation, defense, fisheries and marine resources in relationship with temperatures, salinity and currents, plankton studies

• Alfred Wegener (1880 - 1930) "Continental Drift"

• The Titanic sinks the night of April 14th, 1912.

• Post W.W.II: Echo Sounding

1960's: Sea Floor Spreading (SFS) & The Theory of Plate Tectonics

between 1965 and 1968. R/V (research vessel) Glomar Challenger

DSDP Deep Sea Drilling Project established

IPOD International Phase of Ocean Drilling establishedIDOE International Decade of Ocean Drilling established

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The Nansen Bottle

• 1872 - 1876: H.M.S. Challenger expedition. Known as the “NEW AGE OF OCEANOGRAPHY”. Sir Wyville Thomson (1830 – 1882)

• Fridtjof Nanson (1861 – 1930) Pioneering Scandinavian zoologist, explorer, oceanographer. Crosses Greenland in 1888 sledding, skiing and camping. Designs wooden Fram, frozen in Arctic ice for nearly 4 years with 13 men in June 1893. 1st professor of Oceanography. Nobel Peace Prize 1922

• Late 1800's: Radioactivity discovered. Eventually global radiometric age dating revises ideas of geologic time before W.W.II

• Between H.M.S. Challenger & W.W. II: Transportation, defense, fisheries and marine resources in relationship with temperatures, salinity and currents, plankton studies

• Alfred Wegener (1880 - 1930) "Continental Drift"

• The Titanic sinks the night of April 14th, 1912.

• Post W.W.II: Echo Sounding

1960's: Sea Floor Spreading (SFS) & The Theory of Plate Tectonics

between 1965 and 1968. R/V (research vessel) Glomar Challenger

DSDP Deep Sea Drilling Project established

IPOD International Phase of Ocean Drilling establishedIDOE International Decade of Ocean Drilling established

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Glomar Challenger

• 1980's & 1990's: The JOIDES Resolution,• Submersibles and ROV Robotics, AUV’s “Autonomous”

• Robert Ballard: underwater archeology; Titanic, Bismarck, USS Yorktown, PT 109

• Marine Resources: food & fresh water, oil, gas, minerals, Aquiculture

• Energy: currents, waves, tides oil, gas, solar

• Transportation

• Defense.... Computers....... Satellites....... Remote Sensing GIS, GPS, POLLUTION

• Institutes currently doing active research include:

Scripps Institute of Oceanography U.C. San Diego, La Jolla

Lamont Doherty Geological Observatory, Columbia University, NY

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, MIT, Massachusetts

Texas A & M University of Rhode Island

University of Miami University of Washington, Seattle

Oregon State University, Corvalles

University of Delaware

Duke University, Boeford N.C. Corpus Christy

JOIDES Resolution

Local Monterey Bay Institutions

• MLML: Moss Landing Marine Labs, San Jose State & the Cal State System

• Long Marine Lab, U.C. Santa Cruz

• Hopkins Marine Station in Monterey, Stanford University

• CSUMB, California State University Monterey Bay

• Naval Post Graduate School, Monterey

• MBARI, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute

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Who’s doing marine science, engineering and

education in the Monterey Bay region?

• MBARI• Stanford: Hopkins Marine Station• CSU Monterey Bay• Cal State University MLML or ML2

• Institute of Marine Sciences UCSC: Long Marine Lab and The Seymore Marine Discovery Center

• National Marine Fisheries Service• USGS• MATE (Marine Advanced Technology

Education)• Monterey Bay Aquarium• Naval Post Graduate School

• Elkhorn Slough Research Reserve

Who’s also here……..

• Fish and Game• Camp Sea Lab Monterey Bay• Maritime Museum of Monterey• Marine Mammal and Sea Turtle Stranding

Network, with MLML• Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary• Watsonville Wetlands Watch

• American Cetacean Society• Año Nuevo State Park and Point Lobos State

Reserve

• Pelagic Shark Research Foundation• Cabrillo, Hartnell and MPC• AND MORE! See web site below

http://library.stanford.edu/depts/miller/research_help/organizations.html