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Is petroleum formation likely to happen again soon?• No.• No petroleum found in rocks younger than 1-2 million years so it’s

extremely likely it takes at least this long for petroleum to form.

• It’s estimated that <0.1% of all marine organic matter buried on the sea floor is eventually trapped as usable petroleum.

• Some settings lack adequate heat to convert kerogen to petroleum

• Some settings lack sufficient depth or the necessary cap rock to burry and trap fluids from escape.

• Conditions required to produce, concentrate, trap and retain hydrocarbons are rarely observed together--> most marine sedimentary rocks lack petroleum.

• Geologic processes can destroy oil traps. Uplift, erosion and faulting can remove cap rocks or rupture traps allowing oil or gas to escape at the surface. Majority of current oil reserves are in rocks < 160 my old. 90 &150my common

• >90% of all petroleum formed escapes @ Earth’s surface.

ES 10

Nonrenewable Energy Resources

Oil and Natural Gas continued…

Past to Present (1st 31 slides)

What are fossil fuelsWhere doe the oil come from?Oil Traps; Source, Reservoir & Cap RocksWhy use Oil / Natural GasDrawbacksAbiotic Oil?How much is there and who has the oil? How long will it last?Where does US get it’s oil?Unconventional sources of oil and gas: Oil Shale, Tar Sands,Methane Clathrates, aka Gas Hydrates

Abiotic Oil?Some challenge the accepted view of petroleum formation being

exclusively from biological material.

Extraterrestrial occurrences used to support hydrocarbons may

be inorganic:

� Outer planets and moons contain methane.

� Some stony meteorites (chondrites) contain hydrocarbons. Carbonaceous chondrites (5% of all chondrites) are a type of stony meteorites that contain Silicates, Oxides, Sulfides and traces of various hydocarbons, including amino acids. Most chondrites (86% of all meteorites) are rich in silicate minerals olivine and pyroxenes. (Iron meteorites account for <6% of all meteorites but make up ~90% of the mass of all known meteorites.)

� Since hydrocarbons formed from inorganic reactions in the above 2 examples, some think hydrocarbons on earth may have formed in a similar way.

Abiotic Oil?� Methane is present in volcanoes (1% - 15%). Abiotic oil from

the mantle that migrated upward, or volcanoes erupting through a

cover of sediments already containing some hydrocarbons?

� Some laboratory experiments using a high-pressure and high

temperature apparatus have produced petroleum from solid iron

oxide (FeO), marble (CaCO3) and H2O –with no biotic compounds

or hydrocarbons originally present.

Could petroleum be produced abiotically? Yes, inassociation with extraterrestrial and internal igneousactivity but it’s not commercial grade.

Could petroleum be produced from recycling various waste?

Yes….

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• Thermal Conversion Process (TCP)Changing of manure and/or animal & vegetable waste to crude

oil.

• Thermal Depolymerization (TDP)

Can change many carbon-based materials into crude oil and

methane, and is not limited to manure or vegetable waste. Web

Link: ““““Anything into Oil””””, Discover Vol. 27 April 2006

http://discovermagazine.com/2006/apr/anything-oil

• Pyrolysis

Decomposition of organic material at high temperatures without

oxygen. Web link: Clean Oceans International

http://cleanoceansinternational.org/

Carthage Missouri plant opens in Feb 2005.

270 tons turkey guts & 20 tons of pig fat can yield 500 barrels oil worth ~$42,000/day. Other by-products: fertilizer and water.

Problems: initial high cost, odors and emission violations. US consumes >22 million bpd

175lb human = 38lbs oil, 7lbs gas, 7lbs mineral & 123 lbs water

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ES 10

Nonrenewable Energy Resources

Past to Present (29 slides)

What are fossil fuelsWhy use Oil / Natural GasDrawbacksWhere does oil come from? Oil Traps; Source, Reservoir & Cap RocksAbiotic Oil?

How much is there, who has the oil & how long will it last?Where does US get it’’’’s oil?Unconventional sources of oil and gas: Oil Shale, Tar Sands,Methane Clathrates, aka Gas Hydrates

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What are the World’s Proven Conventional Oil Reserves?

This chart shows how much crude oil the world consumes each day.

Top Producing Oil Countries as of 2014 BBL/Day

1 United States 13,973,000

2 Saudi Arabia (OPEC) 11,624,000

3 Russia 10,853,000

4 China 4,572,000

5 Canada 4,383,000

6 United Arab Emirates (OPEC) 3,471,000

7 Iran (OPEC) 3,375,000

8 Iraq (OPEC) 3,371,000

9 Brazil 2,950,000

10 Mexico 2,812,000

11 Kuwait (OPEC) 2,780,000 1

2 Venezuela (OPEC) 2,689,000

13 Nigeria (OPEC) 2,427,000

14 Qatar (OPEC) 2,055,000

15 Norway 1,904,000

16 Angola (OPEC) 1,756,000

17 Algeria (OPEC) 1,721,000

18 Kazakhstan 1,719,000

19 Colombia 1,016,000

20 India 978,000 t

List includes conventionaland unconventional sources

Where are global petroleum deposits located and

how much oil is there?

Percent World Crude Oil Reserves by Country

Latin America

former USSR

China

Asia

USA

Europe

Africa

OPEC

Countries

OPEC Countries Latin America former USSR China Asia USA Europe Africa

67%

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries:Saudi Arabia

Iran

Iraq

Venezuela

Kuwait

UAE

Nigeria

Libya

Angola

Ecuador

Algeria

Qatar

USA 3%

79%

http://www.eia.gov/countries/index.cfm?view=production

Approximate US Energy breakdown(notice 86% is from Fossil Fuels)

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How long will current conventional oil reserves last?

• Known and projected global oil reserves expected to be 80% depleted in 42 – 93 yrs. At the rate of consumption in 2008, OPEC’s reserves will last ~85 yrs.

• Known recoverable US reserves is ~21 billion barrels and US consumes ~22 million barrels/day.

US reserves with no oil imported:21 billion barrels/22 million barrels/day = 2.6 years

US imports ~13.5 million barrels of oil/day (~61% of 22 mill). 21 billion barrels/the remaining 8.5 million US barrels use/day = 6.7 years

• Opening the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to drilling would add ~4 – 10 months

• Saudi Arabia alone could supply world for ~10 yrs.

• Global oil consumption is expected to increase >30% by 2020.» Source: G.Griggs, UCSC

Peak Oil = the midpoint of depletion, when ½ the total has been taken.

Other sources of Oil / UnconventionalOil Shale and Oil Sand (aka “Heavy Oils”)

Oil still in Source RockOil Shale:

Sedimentary rock containing organic

kerogen (altered org matter in Sed Rk)

– never buried deep enough to raise

temperature required to convert

Kerogen to liquid oil

– Massive deposits underlie US

(estimate 2-5 trillion barrels)

Oil Sand/ aka Tar Sand:

mixture of sand, clay, water and

Bitumen (a viscous, heavy oil, too thick

to flow out of rock, the soluble portion

of Kerogen).

– Alberta Canada extensive deposits--

few in US

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Oil Shale Resources of North AmericaIt’s estimated that the Green River Formation in Colorado,

Wyoming and Utah contain >400 billion barrels of oil.

“Monterey Shale”

Oil Shale Booming

• Hydraulic Fracturing (Fracking): a drilling process

designed to increase the yield of oil and/or gas out

of rock; method involves fracturing surrounding

rock (increasing permeability) and pumping fluids

into the fractures under extremely high pressures to

force the desired gas or liquids out.

• As of 2012, 2.5 million "frac jobs" had been performed worldwide on oil and gas wells; over one million of those within the U.S.

• Oklahoma Earthquakes: between 1978 and 2008 ~2-6/yr. In 2010 there were 1,047 earthquakes

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Web Link: Horizontal Wells and Frackinghttp://www.northernoil.com/drilling

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VY34PQUiwOQ (6.5min)

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Some Fracking Practices

Steel casing, cement sleeve – protect aquifers

Horizontal drilling

Perforation

Water + sand + slickening agents + salt

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_additives_for_hydraulic_fracturing

https://fracfocus.org/chemical-use/what-chemicals-are-used

http://www.propublica.org/special/hydraulic-fracturing-national

Read this slide at home

electrical gunshots perforate

steel casing & cement, then

slickwater pressure + propping

agents fracture the shale

How Fracking Can Impact The Environment

• water consumption, C02 output; use of diesel pumps, compressors,

drills, etc.

• methane escape & flaring

• truck traffic, emissions, habitat impacts, pipelines

The number of people who have died in Texas car crashes involving commercial vehicles has increased

by more than 50 percent since the fracking boom started there in 2008. Fatal car accidents in Texas

rose from 301 incidents in 2009 to 454 incidents in 2013, according to Texas Dept of Transportation data.

• wastewater disposal

– underground / aquifer contamination

– untreated in streams

– burden on sewage treatment plants

24~93x54 Miles

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Making Fracking Greener?

• Run equipment with cleaner natural gas rather than diesel

pumps, compressors, drills

• Replace water trucks & traffic with temporary water pipelines

• “Kitchen counter” frack fluids as safe as what’s under your

kitchen sink

• Recycle fracking fluids – commonly done now

• Use gas as a fracking medium rather than water

– CO2 or propane

- produces 30% more natural gas

The Athabasca Tar

Sands of Alberta,

Canada

McMurray FormationFluvial and estuarine,

Early Cretaceous (146 -100my)

How much Oil Shale and Tar Sand (aka oil sand)?

• Global supplies are estimated to be 200X larger than

conventional oil.

• More oil is trapped in Canadian tar sands than Saudi Arabia

has in all it’s reserves.

• It is estimated that tar sand in Alberta & Orinico Oil Belt in

Venezuela contain nearly 3.4 trillion barrels of oil.

At end of 2010, world proven conventional crude oil reserves

stood at >1.49 trillion Barrels

Athabasca Oil Sands

• Suncore, Syncrude and Shell Canada combined oil production in 2006 was 1.126 million bpd (barrels per day).

• By 2020, Canadian oil production may reach 3 million bpd & by 2030 ~5 million bpd

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Why not use these resources?

• Oil shale and sand extraction requires surface mining

– ecosystem disruption; forests, wetlands, grasslands

– huge volumes of waste rock-- only ~3 barrels of shale oil for 1 ton of rock processed

– 3 barrels of H2O/1 barrel of shale oil produced

– tailing ponds created: hold leftover water, sand, clay, bitumen, salts, metals (Ni, V, Hg, As, Pb)

– pollution floats downstream

– land reclamation issues

– lower useful energy yield than conventional oil and gas

Web Link: http://www.nature.com/news/2010/100831/full/news.2010.439.html

Web Link: Garth Lenz: The True Cost of Oil

– http://www.ted.com/talks/garth_lenz_images_of_beauty_and_devastation.html

17.4 min