History of the History of the English English

LanguageLanguageHISTORICALHISTORICAL

BACKGROUNDBACKGROUND

Nostratic: a proto-Nostratic: a proto-languagelanguage

The Ancients

Wilfred van Soldt: "Mesopotamia gave us the wheel, writing and astronomy and can rightly call itself the birthplace of our civilisation."

Mesopotamia Egypt China India More recently: Phoenicians, the Olmec,

Greek, Romans

Indo-European Diaspora

Orange: countries with a majority of speakers of IE languagesOrange: countries with a majority of speakers of IE languages. . Yellow: countries with an IE minority language with official status. Yellow: countries with an IE minority language with official status. Grey: countries with a significant minority of speakers of IE language with unofficial Grey: countries with a significant minority of speakers of IE language with unofficial

status.status.

HittiteHittite

HittiteHittite The The HittiteHittite verb "to be" is derived from the Indo-European root *h1es-. verb "to be" is derived from the Indo-European root *h1es-. Present indicativePresent indicative Preterite indicative Imperative Preterite indicative Imperative 1st sg.1st sg. ēšmiēšmi ešun ešun Ēšlit Ēšlit

ēšlutēšlut

ašalluašallu 2nd sg. 2nd sg. ēššiēšši ēštaēšta ĒšĒš 3rd sg.3rd sg. ēšziēšzi ēštaēšta ĒšduĒšdu 1st pl.1st pl. (ašweni)(ašweni) ēšwenēšwen ———— 2nd pl.2nd pl. ēšteniēšteni ēštenēšten ēštenēšten 3rd pl.3rd pl. ašanziašanzi ešerešer ašanduašandu

Invasions of the Roman EmpireInvasions of the Roman Empire

Invasiones germánicas/Germanic invasionsInvasiones germánicas/Germanic invasions

Islas britanicas: Anglos, Sajones, Jutones.Islas britanicas: Anglos, Sajones, Jutones. Resto de Europa: Visigodos, ostrogodos, francos, suevos, Resto de Europa: Visigodos, ostrogodos, francos, suevos,

alanos, vándalos. alanos, vándalos. Angles, Saxons, JutesAngles, Saxons, Jutes Historiadores desde el punto de vista de Roma “invasión de Historiadores desde el punto de vista de Roma “invasión de

los bárbaros”los bárbaros” Esp. vandalismo;Eng. vandalism, vandalize; It. vandalismo Esp. vandalismo;Eng. vandalism, vandalize; It. vandalismo

(destroy something that is beautiful or that belongs to (destroy something that is beautiful or that belongs to someone else), Fr. vandalisme=barbarie= cruauté; Ger. someone else), Fr. vandalisme=barbarie= cruauté; Ger. vandalismus.vandalismus.

En otro punto de vista En otro punto de vista VölkerwanderungVölkerwanderung “migración de los “migración de los pueblos” pueblos”

El influjo genérico de las lenguas germánicas en el latín El influjo genérico de las lenguas germánicas en el latín inició en el siglo I d.C.inició en el siglo I d.C.

Para la mayor parte de los germanismos del español hay Para la mayor parte de los germanismos del español hay paralelos en francés, provenzal e italiano.paralelos en francés, provenzal e italiano.

Lista de palabrasLista de palabras orgullo, ufano, guerra, riqueza, talar (devastar), rapar, orgullo, ufano, guerra, riqueza, talar (devastar), rapar,

robar, triscar (pisotear), estampar (aplastar), gana (avidez), robar, triscar (pisotear), estampar (aplastar), gana (avidez), guardar, botín, ropa (despojo, enseres robados), ganar, guardar, botín, ropa (despojo, enseres robados), ganar, galardón (pago, indemnización), lastar (pagar, sufrir por galardón (pago, indemnización), lastar (pagar, sufrir por otro), escarnir (escarnecer), honta (afrenta), bando, otro), escarnir (escarnecer), honta (afrenta), bando, bandido, banda, bandera, guiar, espía, heraldo, barón bandido, banda, bandera, guiar, espía, heraldo, barón (hombre apto para el combate), ardido (intrépido), sayón (hombre apto para el combate), ardido (intrépido), sayón (el que hace la intimidación), estribo, brida, espuela, anca. (el que hace la intimidación), estribo, brida, espuela, anca. albergue (campamento), burgo, feudo, , yelmo, esgrimir, albergue (campamento), burgo, feudo, , yelmo, esgrimir, blandir, dardo, tregua, guarir (guarecerse),blandir, dardo, tregua, guarir (guarecerse),

toldo, sala, banco, jabón, toalla, guante, fieltro, estofa, toldo, sala, banco, jabón, toalla, guante, fieltro, estofa, cofia, falda, atavío, sopa, aspa, tapa, estaca, guadaña, cofia, falda, atavío, sopa, aspa, tapa, estaca, guadaña, brote, parra, marta, tejón, ganso, blanco, gris, arpa, brote, parra, marta, tejón, ganso, blanco, gris, arpa, escanciar.escanciar.

List of Spanish words of Germanic originList of Spanish words of Germanic origin

This is an initial list of many Spanish words that This is an initial list of many Spanish words that come from Germanic languages. It is further come from Germanic languages. It is further divided into words that come from Visigothic, divided into words that come from Visigothic, Frankish, Langobardic, Middle Dutch, Middle Frankish, Langobardic, Middle Dutch, Middle High German, Middle Low German, Old English, High German, Middle Low German, Old English, Old High German, Old Norse, Old Swedish, Old High German, Old Norse, Old Swedish, English, and finally, words which come from English, and finally, words which come from Germanic with the specific source unknown. Germanic with the specific source unknown. Some of these words existed in Latin as Some of these words existed in Latin as loanwords from other languages. Some of these loanwords from other languages. Some of these words have alternate etymologies and may also words have alternate etymologies and may also appear on a list of Spanish words from a different appear on a list of Spanish words from a different language. Some words contain non-Germanic language. Some words contain non-Germanic elements (see béisbol in the Middle English elements (see béisbol in the Middle English section). Any form with an asterisk (*) is section). Any form with an asterisk (*) is unattested and therefore hypothetical.unattested and therefore hypothetical.

Old English

Before circa 1150 Middle English c 1150-c 1475 Modern (New) English since c 1475

Celtic languages left little trace The working of convenience: The Anglo-Saxons took over the

Celtic name simply because it was widely known. A similar pragmatism would be seen many times in the later development of place names (Crystal, 2004, p.26)

Words have meaning to do with features of the landscape, such as cumb/comb ‘deep valley’, dun ‘hill fort’, lin ‘lake’, and several words for ‘hill’ – torr, pen, crug, bre.

Celtic element is italicized in the following selection: Berkshire, Bray, Bredon, Cambridge, Carlisle, Cirencester,

Doncaster, Gloucester, Ilfracombe, Lancaster, Leicester, Lincoln, Malvern, Manchester, Penkridge, Penrith, Penzance, Wiltshire, Winchester, Worcester.

Why England not Saxonland?

To the Celts, their German conquerors were all Saxons, but gradually the terms Angli(i) and Anglia crept into the language, also referring to the invaders generally.

About 150 years after the first raids, King Æthelbert of Kent was styled rex Anglorum by Pope Gregory.

The Venerable Bede, writing in Latin, composed a history of what he called “The English church and people”. In the vernacular, the people were Angelcynn (Angle-kin) and their language was Englisc. By AD 1000, the country was generally known as Englaland, the land of the Angles. (McCrum, 61)

Long period of varied usage, and we find such forms as Engle land, Englene londe, Engle lond, Engelond, and Ingland. The spelling of England emerged in the 14th century, and soon after became established as the norm. (Crystal, 2004, p.26-27)

Statue of Alfred The Great at Winchester