Hitler violates the Treaty of Versailles• March 7, 1936 re-occupies the Rhineland• Important turning point for Hitler• Allies don’t respond – Appeasement • USA Neutrality Acts– No sale of arms to nations at war– No Americans can travel to warring nations– No loans to nations at war

Warm Up 5/221. Why did many Japanese feel dissatisfied with

the multi-party democratic system?2. How did Tojo used nationalism to rise to

power in the late 1920s early 1930s in Japan?3. Why did Japan seize Manchuria in 1931-32?4. Why was March 7, 1936 another “turning

point” for Hitler?

Hitler continued to expand• 2nd target Austria (march 1938)• next target Czechoslovakia (Sudentenland) • Demands people are given self rule• Neville Chamberlain (G.B.) convinces Czech.

Govt to give in – Appeasement • Hitler takes all of Czech.• Munich Agreement – Sept. 28, 1938– Hitler promises not more territorial gains– “Peace in our time”– Appeasement

Hitler prepares of War• By Fall ‘39 Hitler demands Polish Corridor

(Danzig)• Britain and France pledge to defend it• Aug. ‘39 Germany & USSR sign 10 year non-

aggression pact (Nazi/Soviet) – shocks world• Sept. 1, 1939 Hitler invades Poland• By end of Sept. Germany takes Poland w/

Blitzkrieg • divides it with USSR – France and Britain mobilize

for war

• Stalin takes Estonia, Latvia, & Lithuania, & Finland

• Germany overwhelms Scandinavia on April 9, 1940 attacking Denmark and Norway (airbases)

• USA “Cash and Carry” legislation

Germany blitzes west• 1940 Chamberlain forced to resign because of

appeasement – Winston Churchill takes over• France prepares for war (Maginot Line) –

thought war would be like WWI, not prepared for blitzkrieg and tanks

• May 10, 1940 Hitler attacks France through Belgium, Lux., and Neth.

• Allies pushed back to N. France & English channel (Evacuation of Dunkirk May 28 to June 4)

The Fall of France• June 10, 1940 Italy declares war and attacks

France from south.• Germany closes from north – France is

doomed!• June 22, 1940 France surrenders • Germany occupies northern 2/3 of France• Marshall Henri Petain occupies southern 1/3

(Vichy France)• Underground resistance led by Charles de

Gaulle

Germany Attacks Great Britain• Summer 1940 Operation Sea Lion• Battle of Britain starts in July 1940 last 6 months• Air battle RAF vs. Luftwaffe• 1,200 Germany fighter & 1,300 bombers vs. 700

British fighters• Britain’s 2 secret weapons – RADAR & ULTRA• Britain bombs back in late Aug. – Hitler hits major

cities & civilians 300-600 people die per day/1,000-3,000 injured

• By the end of 1940 Hitler reluctantly gives up

• America increases aid to Allies • Lend-Lease Act march 1941• US gives Britain 50 destroyers to fight “wolf

packs”• Congress approves Selective Service Act = lifts

spirits of British• US begins undeclared naval battle with

Germany when Kearney & Rueben James are sunk Oct. 1941, 100 Americans die

• Battle of the Atlantic

Hitler invades the USSR• Operation Barbarrosa• April 1941 all of SE Europe forced to join

Germany• June 22, 1941 Germany invades USSR =

surprises Red Army• Goals: take Leningrad in North, Moscow in

middle, Stalingrad in South• Germany gets to goals but cannot take them =

winter sets in, & Russians refuse to surrender

Japan conquers an Asian Empire

• War with China continues since ’37• Japan joins the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis Sept

’40 (US begins to brake diplomatic relations)• US begins to cut down exports of gas, scrap

metal, & steel • To replace these materials Japan wants S.E.

Asian lands rich in oil, iron, tin, rubber (threat to US interests)

• Vital supplies needed to fight war with China

• July 1941, Japan overruns French Indochina – US orders a total embargo

• Japan refuses to end war with China• US brakes Japanese Code (MAGIC) – attack

imminent, but where? • Late Nov. ‘41 Japanese fleet sets sail

Pearl Harbor

• Sunday Dec. 7, 1941 “A date which will live in infamy” – FDR

• Japan attacks Pearl Harbor on the Island of Oahu in Hawaii

• 2 hours 18 American ships sunk (8 battleships)• 2,403 die, 1000’s wounded• Next day (Dec. 8) US declares war = Axis

declares war on US (Dec. 11) & Allies form; UK, USSR, USA

Japanese pilots take final preparations

Admiral Nagumo

Mitsuo Fuchida

Admiral Yamamoto

Burning ships in Pearl Harbor Dry Docks

Wheeler Air Field

USS West Virginia

USS Arizona

USS Shaw

Map of Battleship Row

USS Arizona Memorial

Allies turn the tide of war

• Japan then overruns the Pacific by Dec. ‘42 winning war in Pacific

• May ‘42 Battle of Coral Sea (Australia is saved)• June 3, ‘42 Battle of Midway – Turning point in

pacific – Admiral Nimitz• Allies go on offensive “island hoping” starts at

Guadalcanal in Solomon Isl. Aug. 7• Gen. Douglas MacArthur

Gen. Douglas MacArthur

Allies launched a drive to victory

• Battle of the Atlantic being won by Allies• North Africa dominated by Germans led by

Gen. Erwin Rommel “Desert Fox”• Allies push back at Suez Canal and El Alamein

led by British Gen. Bernard Montgomery • Turning point in Northern Africa

Gen. Erwin Rommel

Gen. Bernard Montgomery

Operation Torch

• American’s led by Gen. Dwight Eisenhower pushed from west and trapped the Axis at Tunisia

• Next move to attack Axis through Italy • The “soft underbelly” of the Axis powers

Dwight Eisenhower

Invasion of Italy

Soviet Forces take the offensive

• Most violent fighting of WWII on eastern front outside Moscow and Leningrad

• Battle of Stalingrad Aug. 1942 – turning point on eastern front

• By winter German have control of Stalin’s prize city

• Soviet Gen. Georgi Zhukov leads counter attack surrounds city and cuts supply lines

• German’s surrender on Jan. 31, 1943 against Hitler’s wishes

• Put’s Germany on defensive = beaten back to Poland

• Fall of Third Reich coming

Fascist Rule crumbles in Italy

• July 9, 1943 Allies invade Italy at beaches of Sicily led by American Gen. George Patton & British Gen. Montgomery

• Stuns people and they turn on Mussolini• Forced from power July 25, 1943, arrested

Gen. George Patton

• Pietro Badoglio takes power and turns on Hitler! Surrenders Sept 3, 1943

• Germans would occupy Northern Italy and defend it for two years

• Rome falls June 3, 1944 – Germany starts to collapse!

The Allies Invade France

• Operation Overlord• Allied force of 2 million assemble in England for

invasion with another million ready for sea and air support

• Germany knew invasion was coming – Allies go to great lengths to fool Germans as to location (Port of Calais)

• Fooled Hitler’s generals – not Hitler – he thought Normandy

• Hitler gives in and fortifies Calais • D-Day Invasion June 6, 1944 (history’s largest

amphibious assault)• Shortly after midnight 23,000 airborne troops (2 Am.,

1 Brit.) parachute/glide into France and began the attack

• 6:30 AM over 4,000 ships hit the beaches of Normandy (Americans @ Omaha and Utah, British & Canadian at Sword, June, and Gold)

• After 5 days Allies hold a strip of France 80 miles long• Less than 3 weeks later 1 million men on shore and

pushing inland (St. Lo and Caen)

The German Reich Collapsed

• July 20th, 1944 Operation Valkyre fails • Aug. 24th, 1944 Allies liberate Paris, France

(Patton leading the way)

Gen. Klaus von Stauffenberg

Liberation of France

Battle of the Bulge

• Dec. 16, 1944 Battle of the Bulge begins in the Ardennes Region of Belgium and Lux.

• Last ditch German offensive had early success but unable to take key city of Bastogne

• Allies hold and defeat Germans by Jan. ’45• Largest battle ever fought by US Army;

600,000 GIs, 80,000 killed/wounded. Germans lost 100,000.

• Hitler now fighting and losing the war on 3 fronts but refuses to surrender

• Mussolini is assassinated April 28, 1945• Hitler commits suicide on April 29, 1945 as

Soviets close in on Berlin• Admiral Karl Donitz takes over discusses peace• Soviets take Berlin next day April 30, 1945• Germany Surrenders May 7, 1945 V-E Day• FDR dies April 12, 1945, Harry Truman takes

over

VE Day

President Truman

A Final Horror in the Pacific

• By ‘45 MacArthur and Allies have most of pacific back. Liberates Philippines.

• Feb. ’45 Iwo Jima (bloodiest battle) & Okinawa (last battle) open path to Japan

• Japan refuses to surrender goes to kamikaze tactics

• America begins heavy bombing of Japan • March 9, 1945 Tokyo

Iwo Jima – Mt. Suribachi

The flag flies at Mt. Suribachi

Fire Bombing of Tokyo

Manhattan Project and the Atomic Bomb

• Robert J. Oppenheimer• July 16, 1945 Successful test in NM• July 26, 1945 Truman warns Japan of “prompt &

utter destruction”• Aug. 6, 1945 The Enola Gay (B-29 Bomber) drops

“little Boy” on Hiroshima • 2/3 of city instantly destroyed 80,000 die• Aug. 9, 1945 “fat man” dropped on Nagasaki

40,000 die

• Japan surrenders on Sept. 2, 1945 after Emperor overrule of war council

• WWII is over

Toll of War

• Economic costs:• USA = 288 billion• U.K. = 117 billion• France = 111.3 billion• USSR = 93 billion• Germany = 212.3 billion• Japan = 41.3 billion• Death Tolls…

The Homefront

• People pay a heavy price – war fought in towns/cities

• Mobilizing for war”• Factories convert to war time production (WPB)• Rationing• War stamps & bonds to help finance war• Propaganda in all countries• U.S. Japanese internment camps

Japanese Internment

The Holocaust – Phase One = Isolate the Jew

• “Aryan” race proclaimed “master race”• Anti-Semitic propaganda blames Jews for

Germany’s problems• Boycott of Jewish businesses (1933)• Nuremburg Laws (1935)• Kristallnacht (1938)• Jews flee Germany – flood of Jewish refugees

The Holocaust – Phase Two = Extermination

• Jewish Ghetto’s (1939)• Wannsee Conference Jan. 20, 1942• Reinhard Heydrich & Hinrich Himmler• Deportations throughout Germany (‘42-’45)• Einsatzgrupen• Death Camp’s – gas chambers – crematorium• Final Solution = Genocide (‘42-’45) 6 million

Jews murdered

Reinhard Heydrich

The Holocaust

• Liberation (‘44-’45) 300,000 Jews freed• Resistance – Jewish Fighting Organization in

Warsaw (’43)• Treblinka, Poland uprising (Aug. ‘43) – camp

closed

Post War Issues

• Approx. 50 million dead• 50 million homes lost• Europe in ruins (agriculture and industry)• Many die from famine and disease• Political unrest / instability

Nuremberg Trials 1946

• 1st time in history leaders held accountable for actions during war time.

• Nazi leaders rounded up and convicted of…• “Crimes against humanity”• 22 defendants, 12 sentenced to death• 200 eventually convicted of “war crimes”• Operation “Last Chance” led by Efraim Zuroff,

Israel director of the Simon Wiesenthal Center continues today.

Important meetings

• Yalta Conference Feb. ‘45• Big three meet • July ‘45 Potsdamn • Germany divided into 4 zones• Beginning of Cold War

The Big Three