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Accreditation of Gemstone Laboratory

香港寶石鑑証所認可制度

Innovation and Technology Commission

Ir C K CheungHong Kong Accreditation Service

Birthstones 誕生石

Jan Garnet 石榴石

Feb Amethyst 紫水晶

Mar Aquamarine 海藍宝石

Apr Diamond 鑽石

May Emerald 綠宝石

Jun Pearl 珍珠

Jul Ruby 紅宝石

Aug Peridot 橄欖石

Sep Sapphire 藍宝石

Oct Opal 蛋白石

Nov Topaz 黄晶

Dec Turquoise綠松石

Consumption yearly growth rate 8-10%

Jade & pearl 40 billionWorld first place

Diamond 30 billionWorld fifth place

Gold 30 billionWorld fourth place

Yearly jewelry consumption 100 billion RMB

翡翠玉石的生產過程

劃

初

形

粗杯

露水

出水

初

步

切

割

浸灰水

浸酸梅水

完

成

品

浸腊

種是指翡翠的種份

有玻璃種, 冰種, 金絲種, 油種, 豆

青種, 幹青種等等

另外種份是可以分為新坑和老坑兩種

; 新坑種的石頭是深藏地層一種礦苗, 自一九五零年代,以無開採. 而老坑種的石頭不論大小,每一件均獨立生長, 顏色大多數

比較深沉,種份比較細潤

種種 水

水是指翡翠的透明程度, 行內稱

為水頭

水頭越高就証明翡翠內裏越潤,

水頭越低就代表內裏越乾;越潤的

水頭價值就越高

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色色是指翡翠的顏色

綠色: 最有價值

紫色, 紅色, 黄色: 有價值但稀少

白色, 黑色, 灰色: 比較常見, 價值不

高

綠色有帝王綠, 翠綠, 葱心綠, 豆綠,

蛤蟆綠等等

Market Value of Jadeite Jade:Transparency & Intensity of Colour

• Green has the highest value among other colours.

• Bluish green or grayish green will lower a jadeite jade’s market value significantly.

• The higher intensity of colour, the more value it will carry.

色能夠稱得上最好的顏色, 就一定要包含濃, 陽, 俏,正, 勻:

濃是指顏色的飽和度要高

陽是指色澤要明亮

俏是指色彩鮮艶

正是指綠色的純度要正

勻是指要均勻

在同一件翡翠上面有時會有多過一種顏色; 綠色

和紫色稱之為春帶彩; 紅色, 綠色和紫色稱之福

祿壽; 而紅色, 綠色, 紫色還有白色, 稱之為福

祿壽喜

翡翠的種質

1. 玻璃種 glassy

3. 花青種 flower green

2. 荳青種 pea green

5. 油青種 oily green

4.白地青種 green with white base

6. 乾青種 dry green

Different quality descriptions of jadeite

翡翠的分級和價值

1. 色澤-顏色深淺及均勻度

2. 透明度-晶瑩通透 宝石光澤沒有任何雜質和瑕疵 如裂紋

3. 體積-大小及厚薄

4. 雕工-雕刻的手土是否細緻和對稱

5.0 Technical RequirementsISO 17025 技術規定

• 5.6 Measurement traceability測量溯源性

• 5.7 Sampling抽樣

• 5.8 Handling of test items測試品處理

• 5.9 Assuring the quality of test results保證測試結果的質素

• 5.10 Reporting the results• 報告結果

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Personnel 鑑諚人員

• Gemmologist to perform most of the test• 宝石鑑証師做主要的鑑正

• Gemmologist to sign the HOKLAS endorsed jadeite test report or certificate

• 宝石鑑証師在香港政府認可處的認可鑑正報告內簽字

• Gemmologist is defined as Fellow Member of the Gemmological Association of Hong Kong (FGAHK) with at least one year jadeite testing experience宝石鑑証師必需最少有一年有關經驗的香港宝石學栛會會員

Test Methods 鑑正方法

• Follow the national or international standards if available 國家或國際標準

• GAHK issued “Standard Testing Methods on Jadeite Jade for Hong Kong”

• 專家小組製定13個香港翡翠鑑證的物理測試標準

• 13 test methods published for standardization of testing procedures in HK

Jadeite Jade 天然玉石

Feicui 翡翠的鑑定

A貨-Jadeite Jade 天然硬玉(翡翠)

A, B and C 玉的分別

B貨-經化學處理及注入高聚脂硬玉

C貨-染色處理硬玉

Standard Methods for Testing Jadeite Jade

for Hong Kong

HKSM/JJT-2004

Issued by

The Gemmological Association of Hong Kong Limited

2004-09-25

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Standard Test Methods標準鑑正方法

1. Jadeite Jade Polariscope Examination 2. Shape and Cut Identification of Jadeite Jade 3. Measurement of Dimensions of Jadeite Jade 4. Measurement of Weight of Jadeite Jade 5. Identification of Transparency of Jadeite Jade 6. Identification of Colour of Jadeite Jade 7. Determination of Refractive Index of Jadeite Jade 8. Determination of Specific Gravity of Jadeite Jade 9. Examination of Fluorescence of Jadeite Jade 10. Chelsea Colour Filter Examination 11. Jadeite Jade Spectroscopic Examination 12. Jadeite Jade Magnification Examination 13. Jadeite Jade Infrared Spectrum Examination

折射率密度

紫外營光

光譜分析濾色鏡

紅外線光譜放大分析

形狀切割

重量

顏色

大小尺吋

透明度

偏光鏡

Jadeite 天然玉石的定義(Feicui 翡翠)

• Chemical composition 化學成分

• Sodium Aluminium Silcate• NaAlSi2O6 鈉鋁硅酸鹽 (硬玉)• Cr 鉻, Fe 鐵, Ca 鈣, Mg 鎂, Mn 錳, Ti 鈦• Colour: green, yellow, red, reddish orange, • Grey, black, purple, blue, pale purple red.

Atomic absorption spectrum

Mg 鎂 Cr 鉻

Atomic absorption spectrum

Jadeite Jade 天然硬玉

• Refractive index折射率:1.66-1.68• Specific gravity密度: 3.24 to 3.40• Hardness scale 摩氏硬度: 6.5-7.0• Texture結構:以粒狀結晶體為主

• Granular crystallization structure

Jadeite Jade天然硬玉特性分析

Shape & Cut 形狀切割

Dimensions 大小尺吋Weight 重量

Colour 顏色

Polariscope 偏光鏡

Transparency 透明度

Magnification 放大分析

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Weight 重量

Dimensions 大小尺吋

Shape & Cut 形狀切割

玉手鐲,懷古,玉扣,蛋玉,杏仁,花件

馬鞍戒指,吊墜,觀音,佛公

Colour Identification 玉石顏色

Distribution of colour1. Even 均勻2. Uneven 不均勻3. Patches 塊狀4. Veins 脈狀5. Spots 點狀

ColourGreen綠Red (Fe)紅Black黑Purple (Mn)紫White白Blue藍

Magnification Examination玉石放大分析

• Surface and internal characteristics of the test jadeite jade 1. Texture:

Type Texture Description

Fine Grain Fibrous Mostly not easily observed by naked eyes

Medium

Grain

Granular

& Fibrous

Mostly seen by naked

eyes

Coarse Grain

Granular Mostly very obvious grain sizes

1. Surface: - Iron-staining - Glistening - Pit - Orange peel - Micro crack - Groove

標準放大分析玉石件塊

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Transparency 透明度

透明 半透明 不透明

Transparency of Jadeite玉石透明度

Degree of transparency:

Transparent Capable of transmitting light with little or no blur-out

Translucent Capable of transmitting and diffusing light, but an object viewed through the test jadeite jade cannot be distinguished

Opaque Incapable of transmitting light

標準透明度分析玉石件塊

Polariscope Examination玉石偏光鏡分析

• Determine optic character of gemstones• Amorphous, isotropic, anisotropic or

polycrystalline Observations Conclusions Stone remains dark through 360°

Isotropic – amorphous or cubic

Stone goes light and dark 4 times through 360°

Anisotropic - uniaxial or biaxial

Stone stay light through 360°

Polycrystalline

Stone shows anomalous extinction effect

Strain anisotropy, often in otherwise isotropic material

偏光鏡分析儀

Jadeite Jade天然硬玉 ABC玉分析

Refractive Index 折射率

Specific gravity 比重密度

UV Fluorescence 紫外營光

Colour Filter 濾色鏡

FT Infrared Spectrum 紅外線光譜

Spectroscope 光譜分析

Specific gravity 比重密度

天然翡翠比重值 3.32 至 3.38

化學處理翡翠,比重值低於 3.30

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Specific Gravity 玉石比重密度

• Weigh to nearest 0.001 carat

• Specific gravity密度: • 3.32 to 3.38

wa

a

WWWSG−

=

Refractive Index 折射率

天然翡翠折射率值 1.66 至 1.68

Refractometer 折射率分析

• Refractive index RI• Depend quality of stone face’s polish,

flatness, cleanliness and hemicylinder• Calibration: 1.48 to 1.75

•Jade refractive index:1.66

標準折射率校正玻璃件塊

UV Fluorescence 紫外營光

紫外燈下,分為長波及短波營光

天然翡翠,沒有營光反應

天然翡翠含有雜質,出現微弱粉白色營光反應

化學處理翡翠,如含有樹脂,出現強烈粉白色營光反應

Ultraviolet fluorescence玉石紫外營光分析

• Emission of light of jadeite when excited by radiation of short wavelength of high energy

• Detect oil and dye in some gemstones• LW 365nm or SW 254nm• 4 grades of strength• Strong, medium, faint• None/inert

標準紫外營光分析玉石件塊

紫外營光分析儀

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Colour Filter 濾色鏡

天然綠色翡翠,允許紅色及橙光透過

染色綠色翡翠,濾色鏡下可能呈現紅色

Chelsea Colour filter玉石陶氏濾色鏡分析

• Detect dye in certain gems• Identify the colouring agent in certain gems

Spectroscope光譜分析

天然綠色翡翠,紅色區域吸收線只為數條幼線

分光儀下

染色翡翠,紅色區域吸收線會變粗成吸收帶

Spectroscopic Examination 玉石光譜分析

• Examine absorption and emission patterns• Natural or detect dye treatments

Absorption Spectrum of Natural Green Jadeite Jade

天然翡翠吸收光譜

Absorption Spectrum of Green dyed Jadeite Jade

Absorption Spectrum of resin impregnated dyed Jadeite Jade

染綠翡翠吸收光譜

灌注樹脂染色翡翠吸收光譜

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標準濾光鏡分析玉石件塊

FT Infrared Spectrum 紅外線光譜

測試出翡翠是否含有高聚脂或過量的蠟

高聚脂包括樹脂,膠質等

化學處理翡翠則大多含有高聚脂

Infrared Spectrometer紅外線光譜分析

Typical Pol ymer Impregnated Jadeite Jade FTIR Spectrum

2875

.51

2930

.31

2965

.70

3035

.17

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.5

6.0

6.5

Abs

2500 3000 3500 4000 cm-1

紅外線光譜分析儀

紅外線光譜分析儀

Proficiency Test 能力考驗Inter-laboratory test 鑑定所亙相比較

• By giving artefact test specimens巳知結果的玉石件給各鑑定所鑑定to participant labs to conduct tests

• To find out whether they are outliers• 找出能力不合格鑑定所

• Outliers - results which have been identified as significantly different by statistical technique運用統計學方法分析

• If outliers, labs have to do corrective action 執行糾正措施

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Sample J Sample K Sample L Sample M

Sample N Sample O Sample P Sample Q

巳知結果的玉石件 用來考驗鑑定所能力

巳知結果的玉石件 用來考驗鑑定所能力

5.10 Reporting the results鑑定報告結果

• HOKLAS endorsed test report : name & address of lab, sample number, sample description香港認可處認可鑑定報告

• Refer to the test methods, to Hong Kong Gem Standard Testing Method根據香港玉石鑑正標準鑑定

• Signed by a HOKLAS approved signatory• 由香港認可處認可核準授權玉石鑑諚師簽名

Accredited Jadeite Laboratory已認可翡翠鑑定所

• Asian Gemmological Institute & Lab• 亞洲宝石學院及鑑定所

• China Gem Laboratory Limited• 中華珠宝鑑定中心

• Hong Kong Jade & Stone Laboratory• 香港玉石鑑定中心

• SGS (HK) Ltd 香港通用公證行

• Hong Kong Gems Laboratory香港宝石鑑定所

Future Developments未來發展

• Jadeite jade verification of authentication• 辨別翡翠真偽

• Diamond verification and grading• 鑽石真偽鑑定及4C評級

• Other gemstones (Ruby, Sapphire & Emerald) testing and verification

• 其他宝石測試及鑑定

Diamond Verification and Grading

鑽石真偽鑑定及4C評級

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參考國際鑽石技術報告

Which DiamondStandard ?

參考國際鑽石最後草議標準 參考中国

鑽石標準

ChineseDiamond

Standard ?

製定本地需要附加鑽石規範

根據Cibjo 鑽石標準為香港標準

World JewelleryConfederation

The 4 “C”Grading of Diamond

Carat

Cut Clarity

Colour

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Diamond Carat

鑽石重量(卡)

1 Carat = 0.2 gram 1 gram = 5 Carat

Diamond Colour (GIA)

鑽石的顏色

GIA D-Z Color Grading Scale製定第二代標準顏色鑽石塊伴的鑑定機制及方法

Cubic Zirconia (CZ)

GIA Colour Master

鑽石比色石國家標準樣品Diamond Cut

鑽石的切割

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Modern Ideal Cut proportions

Round Brilliant ShapeCut with 58 facets, counting the cullet and table with brilliant and/or ideal cuts and angles.

More engagement rings are sold with round brilliant shape diamonds than any other.

Fancy ShapesAny shape other than round is referred to as a fancy.

There are many popular fancy shapes, including those shown below.

製定鑽石切割分析儀的校正

Proportions比例

Proportion refers to the angles and relative measurements of a polished diamond. More than any other feature, proportions determine a diamond's optical properties. Studies have shown that table size, crown angle, and pavilion depth have a dramatic effect on a diamond's appearance

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Brilliance閃爍 閃躍

The combination of all the white light reflections from the surface and the inside of the stone - it gives a polished diamond its brightness.

Dispersion好火

Sometimes called "fire," dispersion is the breaking up of white light into spectral hues and the "rainbow" colors you see when light passes through a prism. Diamonds are more dispersive than most other gems.

Scintillation閃鑠 火花

Sometimes called "sparkle," scintillation refers to the tiny flashes of light when the diamond, the light source, or the observer moves. It depends on the number, size, and position of the facets. The quality of the polish affects scintillation, too

Diamond Clarity (GIA)

鑽石的淨澈度

改進的Clarity分類標準

GIA

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Diamond Simulant 鑽石彷製品

Natural Diamond 天然鑽石

Clarity Treated Diamond淨澈度改造鑽石Laser drilled or Fracture filled

Colour Treated Diamond顏色改造鑽石Irradiation or HPHT treated

Synthetic Diamond人造鑽石-CVD

鑽石彷製品

人造鑽石顏色改造鑽石

淨澈度改造鑽石

天然鑽石

人造鑽石顏色改造鑽石天然鑽石 天然鑽石

Synthetic Diamond Synthetic Diamond 人造人造鑽石鑽石Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD)Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD)

化學化學氣相沉積法氣相沉積法

Diamond Sure Diamond Sure 鑽石確認鑽石確認儀儀–– Detection of Detection of Natural Natural vs vs Synthetic DiamondSynthetic Diamond

Use visible absorption spectrumUse visible absorption spectrumVerify Type II diamondsVerify Type II diamondsIdentify all synthetics, heat treatedIdentify all synthetics, heat treatedDetermine synthetic Determine synthetic moissanitemoissanite

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Diamond View Diamond View 鑽石鑽石內物內物分析分析儀儀 –– Detection of Detection of Natural Natural vsvs Artificial Inclusions in DiamondArtificial Inclusions in Diamond

Produce a fluorescence imageProduce a fluorescence imageExpose to Expose to shortwaveshortwave UV lightUV lightHigh temp grown synthetic diamondHigh temp grown synthetic diamonddiffer greatly from natural diamonddiffer greatly from natural diamond

Detect whether Type II diamond to Detect whether Type II diamond to near near colourless colourless syntheticsynthetic

HRD HRD Antwerp World Diamond CentreAntwerp World Diamond CentreDD--Screen Screen -- Detection of Natural DiamondDetection of Natural Diamond

Hoge Raad voor DiamantHoge Raad voor Diamant or or the the ‘‘Diamond High CouncilDiamond High Council

Optical transmission throughOptical transmission throughPolished stone at deep UV rayPolished stone at deep UV ray

GreenGreen –– no synthetic or color enhancedno synthetic or color enhancedOrangeOrange –– further test in a laboratoryfurther test in a laboratory