holt, rinehart and winston world geography today holt 1 human systems section 1: economic geography...

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

World World Geography Geography TodayToday

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Human SystemsHuman SystemsSection 1: Economic GeographySection 1: Economic Geography

Section 2: Section 2: Urban and Rural GeographyUrban and Rural Geography

Section 3: Political GeographySection 3: Political Geography

CHAPTER 6, SECTION 2CHAPTER 6, SECTION 2



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Objectives:Objectives:How have people used land throughout How have people used land throughout

human history?human history?How does urban geography describe How does urban geography describe

human settlements?human settlements?What are some of the ways people use What are some of the ways people use

land in rural areas?land in rural areas?

Chapter 6, Section 2Chapter 6, Section 2

Urban and RuralUrban and Rural GeographyGeography



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Definitions:Definitions:

Domestication – being able to grow Domestication – being able to grow plants and tame animals for human use; plants and tame animals for human use; many scientists believe that the many scientists believe that the domestication of plants and animals first domestication of plants and animals first began in Southwest Asiabegan in Southwest Asia

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Urbanization – the growth in the Urbanization – the growth in the proportion of people living in towns and proportion of people living in towns and cities (more people living in cities than in cities (more people living in cities than in the country)the country)

World Cities – the most important World Cities – the most important centers of economic power and wealth. centers of economic power and wealth. Examples would include New York, Examples would include New York, London, Tokyo and Paris.London, Tokyo and Paris.

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Definitions:Definitions: Central Business District (CBD) – the Central Business District (CBD) – the

place in a city where large stores, offices place in a city where large stores, offices and buildings are locatedand buildings are located

Edge Cities – clusters of buildings or Edge Cities – clusters of buildings or shopping centers that are away from the shopping centers that are away from the central business districtcentral business district

In developed countries, about 75 percent In developed countries, about 75 percent of the people live in citiesof the people live in cities

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Subsistence Agriculture – food is Subsistence Agriculture – food is produced by a family for its own needs; produced by a family for its own needs; the kind of agriculture practiced most the kind of agriculture practiced most widely around the worldwidely around the world

Shifting Cultivation – farmers clear trees Shifting Cultivation – farmers clear trees or brush for planting, then the land is or brush for planting, then the land is farmed for a few years until it is no farmed for a few years until it is no longer fertile, then a new field is clearedlonger fertile, then a new field is cleared

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Pastoralism – a type of subsistence Pastoralism – a type of subsistence agriculture in which a person herds agriculture in which a person herds animals – usually cattle, goats, horses or animals – usually cattle, goats, horses or sheep.sheep.

Market-Oriented Agriculture – Market-Oriented Agriculture – commercial agriculture; farmers grow commercial agriculture; farmers grow products to sell to consumersproducts to sell to consumers

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Agribusiness – is the operation of Agribusiness – is the operation of specialized commercial farms for more specialized commercial farms for more efficiency and profitsefficiency and profits

Many cities were built along trade routesMany cities were built along trade routes

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HOLTHOLTCHAPTER 6, SECTION 2Urban and Rural Geography

Question:How have people used land throughout human history?



HOLTHOLTCHAPTER 6, SECTION 2

Urban and Rural Geography

Agriculture and Human HistoryAgriculture and Human History

Humans domesticate plants and animals.

Towns and cities grow as civilizations develop.

Hunter-gatherers move with the seasons in search of food.

Trade between cities increases cultural diffusion.

Agriculture provides surplus food and allows people to learn new crafts and skills.

People develop agriculture and transform their environments.



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Using the land:Using the land: for hunting and gathering (this was the for hunting and gathering (this was the

main way of life for most of human main way of life for most of human history)history)

for agriculture (agriculture began about for agriculture (agriculture began about 10,000 years ago)10,000 years ago)

for citiesfor cities





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Urban geographyUrban geography

Urban geography describes urban Urban geography describes urban settlements in various ways: settlements in various ways:



locationlocation size and distributionsize and distribution land useland use urban problemsurban problems



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Rural land use:Rural land use:The key economic activity is agriculture.The key economic activity is agriculture.

subsistencesubsistencemarket-orientedmarket-oriented

Rural land is also used for forestry, Rural land is also used for forestry, mining, and recreation.mining, and recreation.





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People usually must travel to find all the People usually must travel to find all the resources they need.resources they need.





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Cities grow because of the following:Cities grow because of the following: Location of key resources – resources must Location of key resources – resources must

be relatively closebe relatively close location along transportation and trade location along transportation and trade

routesroutes fresh waterfresh water Easily defended from attackEasily defended from attack


Urban and RuralUrban and Rural GeographyGeographyCity Growth:City Growth:



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There basically are four different sizes of There basically are four different sizes of cities:cities:

1.1. Villages – a few hundred people Villages – a few hundred people (Normangee)(Normangee)

2.2. Towns – have some stores that sell Towns – have some stores that sell things like groceries, cars, furniture; things like groceries, cars, furniture; also may have a county courthouse also may have a county courthouse (Madisonville)(Madisonville)





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3.3. Cities – several thousand to a few Cities – several thousand to a few million people (College Station, million people (College Station, Dallas, Austin)Dallas, Austin)

4.4. Giant Urban Areas – also called World Giant Urban Areas – also called World Cities – London, New York, Tokyo, Cities – London, New York, Tokyo, ParisParis



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