httpsubsaga.combbcdocumentarieshistory2016the crusades a timewatch guide.srt

8/18/2019 Httpsubsaga.combbcdocumentarieshistory2016the Crusades a Timewatch Guide.srt

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900 years ago, the Christians of Western Europe

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00:00:07,320 --> 00:00:09,480launched the First Crusade.

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Vast armies marched on the Holy Land,

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00:00:13,800 --> 00:00:17,120bent upon the reconquest of this sacred territory

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from its Muslim overlords.

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00:00:20,440 --> 00:00:24,480Determined to seize back from Islam the holiest site

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in the Christian cosmos -

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00:00:26,880 --> 00:00:28,920the city of Jerusalem.

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These warriors believed their mission was inspired by God.

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00:00:36,120 --> 00:00:39,760Their Pope had proclaimed that fighting and killing Muslims

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would cleanse their Christian souls.

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00:00:42,880 --> 00:00:46,000This is how the Crusades began

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and how they would continue for 200 years.

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00:00:51,480 --> 00:00:56,160This medieval story fascinates our modern world -

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which some believe it has helped to shape.

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And over the last 60 years, the BBC has sent cameras to join historians

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and follow, like I have done, in the footsteps of the Crusaders.

http://subsaga.com/bbc/documentaries/history/2016/the-crusa...

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1800:01:10,240 --> 00:01:12,840To make sense of the contradictions...

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00:01:12,840 --> 00:01:16,720Richard the Lionheart, one of the stars of English history.

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Actually, he was French.

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00:01:18,280 --> 00:01:19,600..the conflict...

2200:01:19,600 --> 00:01:24,440The Crusaders broke in and began their vicious slaughter of the Muslim faithful.

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00:01:24,440 --> 00:01:28,160..and the characters that shaped this 200-year story.

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Now, I want to use the BBC's unique archive to explore how

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00:01:34,560 --> 00:01:37,600our understanding of the Crusades has changed,

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to dispel the myths that shroud their history.

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00:01:41,080 --> 00:01:46,040 And to ask whether this medieval clash between Islam and the West

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really does cast its shadow over the modern world,

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00:01:49,680 --> 00:01:51,480as so many have claimed.

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That was the view expressed by Timewatch in 1983.

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00:02:03,400 --> 00:02:05,960Just months after Christian forces in Lebanon

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massacred up to 3,000 Muslims at the Sabra and Shatila refugee camps.

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To understand the present, presenter John Tusa turned to the past.

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Now, the history of both sides goes back

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well beyond the foundation of modern Lebanon 40 years ago

3600:02:23,720 --> 00:02:27,160and beyond the involvement of the imperial European powers

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in the last century.

3800:02:28,800 --> 00:02:31,560Today's bitterness is inextricably bound up

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in the history of Byzantium and Islam and the wars and massacres

4000:02:35,640 --> 00:02:37,720at the time of the First Crusade.

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00:02:39,880 --> 00:02:43,600If that's true, modern conflicts in the Near East are still

4200:02:43,600 --> 00:02:49,120intimately connected with events that began in 1095.

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With the Christian Church divided and in crisis.

4400:02:52,840 --> 00:02:57,760In the west, Rome's authority was being challenged by kings and emperors.

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00:02:57,760 --> 00:03:02,520In the east, Muslim Turks were overrunning Christian Byzantium.

4600:03:02,520 --> 00:03:06,480Its great capital, Constantinople, was under threat.

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00:03:06,480 --> 00:03:10,960Worse, the sacred places of the Holy Land were in Muslim hands.

4800:03:12,160 --> 00:03:18,160The Byzantine emperor was forced to turn for help to his European rival.

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00:03:18,160 --> 00:03:24,040Pope Urban II used this turmoil to reassert his own papal authority,

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00:03:24,040 --> 00:03:27,680 with a sermon that galvanised Europe's Christians

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against a common enemy.

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00:03:32,840 --> 00:03:36,400"A grave report has come from the lands of Jerusalem that

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"a foreign race, a race absolutely alien to God, has invaded the land

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00:03:42,040 --> 00:03:45,480"of those Christians and has reduced the people

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"with sword, rapine and fire."

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00:03:53,920 --> 00:03:57,840Pope Urban declared a holy war

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and invited Christians across Europe to enlist.

5800:04:02,920 --> 00:04:07,280In return for fighting in this new war in the Holy Land,

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the Crusaders were promised forgiveness of their sins

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00:04:10,920 --> 00:04:14,160and the prospect of a heavenly reward.

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It was an extraordinary proposition -

6200:04:17,080 --> 00:04:20,600one that fused violence and religion -

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and one that would shape the relationship between Christendom

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But there was more, Pope Urban conjured up

6600:04:30,600 --> 00:04:34,000a compelling justification for his holy war.

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"These men have destroyed the altars polluted by their foul practices.


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00:04:46,000 --> 00:04:48,920"They have circumcised the Christians,

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"either spreading the blood from the circumcisions on the altars

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00:04:52,440 --> 00:04:56,600"or pouring it into the baptismal fonts.

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"And they cut open the navels of those whom they choose to torment

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00:05:00,680 --> 00:05:04,680"with loathsome death, drag them around and flog them,

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"before killing them as they lie prone on the ground

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00:05:07,880 --> 00:05:10,320"with all their entrails out."

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This anti-Islamic onslaught was peppered with propaganda

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00:05:17,120 --> 00:05:20,760and probably bore little resemblance to reality in the Near East,

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but it was the genesis of the Crusades.

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00:05:24,080 --> 00:05:27,320Nine centuries later, in 1995,

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medievalist and Monty Python star Terry Jones

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00:05:31,000 --> 00:05:35,720examined the consequences in a series which he wrote and presented.

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It offered insights from some of our foremost historians.

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00:05:40,040 --> 00:05:45,640What the Pope was proposing was of war as a penance.

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A penitential war.

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00:05:48,080 --> 00:05:53,120 A war which assisted a man towards salvation.


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8500:05:53,120 --> 00:05:56,280War as a devotion.

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00:05:56,280 --> 00:05:59,520 And if one thinks of fasting,

8700:05:59,520 --> 00:06:02,040penance, prayer as devotions -

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00:06:02,040 --> 00:06:04,560this is war as the equivalent of prayer.

8900:06:04,560 --> 00:06:09,400Now, I can think of no precedent in Christian history for that.

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00:06:09,400 --> 00:06:13,320There were many moments of satire, as you'd expect from a Python.

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Like Jones' comic interpretation of Pope Urban's message to crusade.

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00:06:20,400 --> 00:06:23,920'A pilgrim adventure.

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'Your priest says, "Go!"

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00:06:27,280 --> 00:06:31,040'Your bishop says, "Go!"

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'Your Pope says, "Go!"

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00:06:34,840 --> 00:06:37,520'Take the cross to Jerusalem

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'as pilgrims in arms.

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00:06:46,120 --> 00:06:48,000'Ride with the heroes!

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'Get your place in heaven by sending infidels to hell!'

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Of course, the church didn't actually have movies,

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but they did have, for the first time, a means of mass communication

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and the Crusade was the first message to go on general release.

10300:07:04,120 --> 00:07:06,320The impact was stunning.

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Indeed, it was.

10500:07:08,600 --> 00:07:11,920Pope Urban's sermon gave birth to a mass movement.

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Tens of thousands of Christians from across Europe rushed to

10700:07:17,320 --> 00:07:20,080enlist in this new sacred war.

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00:07:20,080 --> 00:07:23,840Intent upon the Holy Land's reconquest.

10900:07:23,840 --> 00:07:26,920But were they driven by faith, or by greed?

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The conquering knight belongs to the world of chess.

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A game that is universal.

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00:07:33,680 --> 00:07:37,840It is the archetypal game

11300:07:37,840 --> 00:07:41,800of conquest and dominion,

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00:07:41,800 --> 00:07:45,600a metaphor of colonialism.

11500:07:45,600 --> 00:07:49,0001977's The Age Of Uncertainty

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00:07:49,000 --> 00:07:53,040 was presented by Washington economist JK Galbraith.

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00:07:53,040 --> 00:07:56,880He saw a parallel between the Crusades and the Vietnam War.

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Two cynical ventures, each in the name of colonialism.

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00:08:03,080 --> 00:08:07,080900 years ago, when the game of chess passed into Western Europe,

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its pieces had a firm physical reality.

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00:08:11,120 --> 00:08:17,160Their counterpart in life was the Crusaders and the Crusades.

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The myth was of men of the highest religious purpose

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00:08:26,120 --> 00:08:29,000committed to the redemption of Jerusalem from the infidel

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and to saving the Eastern Christians in Constantinople from the Turks.

12500:08:33,720 --> 00:08:36,840The unavowed motive was land and wealth.

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Preaching the First Crusade in Clermont in 1095,

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00:08:40,440 --> 00:08:43,920Pope Urban II was careful to say that good property

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would be available for the Christian taking in the Holy Land.

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And so, beneath the cross,

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beat hearts responding to the age-old appeal

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To most historians today, this view now seems outdated.

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A product of its time.

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The idea of this being kind of a parallel with Vietnam -


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00:09:07,880 --> 00:09:11,480that's very much the outcome out of the ethos

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of 1960s and '70s historians who very much reduced the Crusaders

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00:09:17,280 --> 00:09:23,360to a bunch of land-grabbing, greedy proto-colonialists

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who only went to the Middle East in order to become rich.

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00:09:27,160 --> 00:09:30,000There was a sense of apocalypse in the late 11th century,

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that something really serious was happening that required men

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00:09:33,360 --> 00:09:36,920to do something about it and that sweeps through all of Western Europe.

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So, Urban is clearly galvanising a society

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00:09:40,800 --> 00:09:43,880that is already very anxious.

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Among the first to respond to the call to crusade

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00:09:47,080 --> 00:09:49,200 were the Knights of Europe,

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like Raymond of Toulouse, Godfrey of Bouillon,

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00:09:52,880 --> 00:09:54,680Robert of Normandy -

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wealthy men with plenty to lose.

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00:09:58,320 --> 00:10:02,280The idea that Raymond of Toulouse and many like him

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joined the Crusades simply in search of material gain

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00:10:05,720 --> 00:10:08,120doesn't stand up to close scrutiny.


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15200:10:09,280 --> 00:10:12,560Raymond actually walked away from one of the richest lordships

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And like many of his fellow Crusaders,

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00:10:18,560 --> 00:10:21,280he probably expected to die in the East.

15600:10:21,280 --> 00:10:25,560In fact, I think it's clear on the basis of contemporary evidence,

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00:10:25,560 --> 00:10:29,760that Raymond and most other Crusaders really believed

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that the coming campaign would cleanse their souls of sin.

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00:10:35,600 --> 00:10:39,360The devotion, chivalry and heroism of these knights has become

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the dominant narrative of the Crusades.

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00:10:42,880 --> 00:10:45,320But on the long march to the Holy Land,

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the Crusaders engaged with an array of cultures

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00:10:49,320 --> 00:10:52,560and on television, as in academia,

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their perspectives have often been overlooked.

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00:10:57,960 --> 00:11:01,440There are multiple and many sources that don't get read by

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Western medieval historians and there are reasons for that.

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One, I suppose, is that we've prioritised Latin as the root language

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that we teach students and our children and so on

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and so engaging with Greek, Armenian, Syriac, Hebrew and Arabic

17000:11:14,240 --> 00:11:17,600is something that we're just not educationally set up to really do.

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So, when people think of the Crusades as being

17200:11:20,160 --> 00:11:23,600a kind of cosmic struggle, they're missing out the perspective

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of Eastern Christianity altogether.

17400:11:26,560 --> 00:11:30,880Terry Jones shone a light on one such alternative perspective

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00:11:30,880 --> 00:11:33,040by revealing the shocking experiences

17600:11:33,040 --> 00:11:35,800of the Jews of Germany's Rhineland.

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They were the first to face the righteous wrath

17800:11:38,360 --> 00:11:40,800of the Crusader hordes heading east.

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00:11:40,800 --> 00:11:44,400RABBI SINGS

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All of a sudden, like a thunderbolt in 1096 at the beginning

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00:11:49,760 --> 00:11:54,080of the First Crusade, a horrible pogrom -

18200:11:54,080 --> 00:11:55,760a horrible destruction -

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00:11:55,760 --> 00:11:58,680 which destroyed the community.

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00:11:58,680 --> 00:12:02,480Bands of marauders

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attacked the Jewish quarter.

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00:12:05,080 --> 00:12:09,320Some tried to find refuge at the bishop's palace,

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at the bishop's residence.

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00:12:11,600 --> 00:12:16,800 After all, they were privileged and they were protected by imperial decree -

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which it didn't help.

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00:12:19,480 --> 00:12:23,440The tombs of the victims can still be seen in the Jewish cemetery

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at Worms in Germany.

19200:12:25,920 --> 00:12:29,640It seemed nonsense to march 3,000 miles

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to kill Muslims in the Holy Land.

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00:12:32,640 --> 00:12:35,840People at that time about whom they knew virtually nothing,

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when the people who had - or so the Crusaders believed -

19600:12:39,520 --> 00:12:44,400actually killed Christ were alive and well on their very doorsteps.

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Henceforth, every time a Crusade to the Holy Land was called,

19800:12:49,760 --> 00:12:53,320there were pogroms against Jews back home.

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The Crusaders continued east, heading first for Constantinople,

20000:12:58,720 --> 00:13:02,720the city begging for Europe's help to see off the Muslim threat.

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Simon Sebag Montefiore travelled to modern-day Istanbul


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00:13:06,560 --> 00:13:10,920to understand the Crusades from the perspective of the Byzantines -

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and of their emperor Alexius.

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00:13:14,240 --> 00:13:19,160He'd hoped for a battalion or two of well-trained knights,

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what he got was the Crusades.

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00:13:25,600 --> 00:13:29,840It was as if the entire world of the West, from the Adriatic

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to the Straits of Gibraltar, had come here to Constantinople

208

00:13:34,360 --> 00:13:37,600and the Crusades really were an extraordinary and enormous

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movement of people - 80,000 of them - some of them in unruly mobs

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00:13:43,120 --> 00:13:47,840and some in organised princely armies, but they all came here.

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The first wave that arrives here behave like football hooligans

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00:13:56,240 --> 00:13:58,360on tour who've had too much to drink.

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So, they steal lead off the roofs of the churches,

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00:14:01,200 --> 00:14:03,200they go berserk through the city.

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Riot police methods are put into place to make sure that the city stays safe.

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00:14:07,360 --> 00:14:11,880They behave in a way that the polite society in Constantinople

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just thinks is absolutely horrific.

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00:14:13,960 --> 00:14:16,240 And Alexius, the emperor at that time,


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who was the architect of the Crusade,

220

00:14:18,400 --> 00:14:21,240had real concerns that he's let a genie out of the bottle.

22100:14:22,520 --> 00:14:26,760The Crusaders prepared to march on into the Holy Land.

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00:14:26,760 --> 00:14:30,720In 1961, research students from Cambridge University

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made the same journey.

224

00:14:32,880 --> 00:14:38,000They travelled in two minibuses, accompanied by a BBC cameraman.

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The narrator was David Attenborough.

226

00:14:41,560 --> 00:14:45,560'The expedition's vans had to cross from Europe into Asia Minor

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'by car ferry over the Bosporus -

228

00:14:47,960 --> 00:14:50,880'a distance of a mile and a half at this point.

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'The crusading armies numbered between 60,000 and 100,000 people,

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00:14:55,600 --> 00:14:58,360'all of them had to be ferried across the Bosporus,

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'together with their stores and horses.

232

00:15:00,920 --> 00:15:05,080'Every vessel, from galleys to rowing boats, must've been

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'commandeered by the Crusaders.

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'No doubt the Greek emperor, Alexius, who ruled the city,

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'gladly helped them on their way.

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'Here, there is water, but from now on the countryside becomes

23700:15:16,720 --> 00:15:20,320'dusty, dry and, in parts, almost desert.

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'The soldiers of the First Crusade now began the most gruelling

23900:15:23,680 --> 00:15:25,880'march southwards towards Anatolia.'

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These conditions proved more deadly than any enemy.

24100:15:32,680 --> 00:15:34,600

As Terry Jones experienced,

242

00:15:34,600 --> 00:15:39,480 walking through the arid wilderness in medieval armour.

24300:15:39,480 --> 00:15:42,080When the Crusaders set off down this road,

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they could have had little idea what lay in store for them.

24500:15:45,960 --> 00:15:47,920One Crusader wrote home that they would be

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00:15:47,920 --> 00:15:51,440in Jerusalem in five weeks

24700:15:51,440 --> 00:15:54,720but this road led to two years of hell.

248

00:15:56,800 --> 00:16:01,160The army marched into a valley called Malabrunias.

24900:16:01,160 --> 00:16:05,160There was a countless multitude in the overwhelming heat of August.

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00:16:08,480 --> 00:16:11,600Then the day came when the great shortage of water became

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00:16:11,600 --> 00:16:13,080acute among the people.

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00:16:16,320 --> 00:16:18,200

Gaping with open mouths

253

00:16:18,200 --> 00:16:23,720and throats, they tried to catch the thinnest mist to cure their thirst.

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It could not help them at all.

255

00:16:27,920 --> 00:16:31,640 And so, overwhelmed by the anguish of thirst,

25600:16:31,640 --> 00:16:35,920

as many as 500 people gave up the ghost on that same day.

257

00:16:41,160 --> 00:16:43,880Before the Crusaders reached northern Syria,

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thousands were dead.

25900:16:45,960 --> 00:16:49,080Yet, the survivors marched on

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until, in October 1097,

261

00:16:51,800 --> 00:16:55,120they reached one of the mightiest cities of the East,

26200:16:55,120 --> 00:16:58,640

the Muslim occupied stronghold of Antioch.

26300:17:00,240 --> 00:17:03,520The Crusaders chose to lay siege,

26400:17:03,520 --> 00:17:06,440

but now, as the winter turned savage,

26500:17:06,440 --> 00:17:10,800cold and malnourishment threatened to wipe out the remaining pilgrims.

26600:17:12,600 --> 00:17:16,240

In his series, The Normans, historian Robert Bartlett

26700:17:16,240 --> 00:17:20,960described how this Crusade now teetered on the edge of disaster.

26800:17:22,200 --> 00:17:26,200

After a few months, the Crusaders had eaten all the supplies of food.


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269

00:17:26,200 --> 00:17:28,200Horses died by the thousand

27000:17:28,200 --> 00:17:31,320

and the Christian army was riddled with disease.

271

00:17:31,320 --> 00:17:34,200Earthquakes and strange lights in the sky

27200:17:34,200 --> 00:17:37,440

were interpreted as signs of coming doom.

273

00:17:37,440 --> 00:17:40,440Some of the Crusaders, including several of the leaders,

27400:17:40,440 --> 00:17:42,640

simply crept away.

275

00:17:42,640 --> 00:17:45,200The First Crusade was close to collapse.

27600:17:47,480 --> 00:17:52,080

But a Norman knight stepped in with a plan to seize Antioch,

277

00:17:52,080 --> 00:17:53,800save the Crusade

27800:17:53,800 --> 00:17:56,840

and create his own Christian state in the Holy Land.

279

00:17:58,120 --> 00:18:00,360His name was Bohemond.

28000:18:01,960 --> 00:18:05,000

Bohemond had a secret agent inside the city,

281

00:18:05,000 --> 00:18:08,240Firouz, one of the commanders of the city's defences.

28200:18:09,600 --> 00:18:12,400

He was willing to betray the Muslim garrison

283

00:18:12,400 --> 00:18:15,320by leaving a tower undefended.

28400:18:15,320 --> 00:18:17,600

Bohemond's troops prepared to attack.

285

00:18:21,480 --> 00:18:25,080Just before dawn, on June 3rd 1098,


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28600:18:25,080 --> 00:18:27,720they arrived at the Tower of the Two Sisters.

287

00:18:32,920 --> 00:18:34,760One of Bohemond's knights reports

28800:18:34,760 --> 00:18:38,880that they came to a ladder which was securely fastened to the city walls,

289

00:18:38,880 --> 00:18:40,880"..and about 60 of our men went up it."

29000:18:45,760 --> 00:18:47,480They quickly seized the tower

291

00:18:47,480 --> 00:18:51,120and then opened the great gates of the city to the Crusader army.

29200:18:53,080 --> 00:18:55,600

The Crusaders flooded into the city

293

00:18:55,600 --> 00:18:57,840and began a slaughter.

29400:18:57,840 --> 00:19:00,440

As they murdered many of the city's inhabitants,

295

00:19:00,440 --> 00:19:03,240they were unable or unwilling to tell the difference

29600:19:03,240 --> 00:19:06,520

between a Muslim and an Eastern Christian.

297

00:19:06,520 --> 00:19:08,960 Antioch was the first city in the Holy Land

29800:19:08,960 --> 00:19:11,080

to be sacked by the Crusaders

299

00:19:11,080 --> 00:19:14,520and its streets were left running with blood.

30000:19:14,520 --> 00:19:18,320

There can be little doubt that the Crusaders saw this brutality

301

00:19:18,320 --> 00:19:21,200

as an act of sacred penance.

30200:19:21,200 --> 00:19:24,800


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In fact, Western medieval accounts are peppered

30300:19:24,800 --> 00:19:27,680

with descriptions of Crusader violence.

30400:19:27,680 --> 00:19:31,200The challenge for the historian is to assess the reliability

30500:19:31,200 --> 00:19:32,760

of these accounts

30600:19:32,760 --> 00:19:35,480because getting it wrong can be incendiary.

30700:19:38,640 --> 00:19:44,000

In 1995, a sequence in Terry Jones's series began with a sober

30800:19:44,000 --> 00:19:47,840assessment of how violence became a way of life to Crusaders.

309

00:19:50,680 --> 00:19:54,360For some Crusaders, there was no need for earthly leaders.

31000:19:54,360 --> 00:19:58,120There was now a core of savage fanatics convinced that they

311

00:19:58,120 --> 00:20:01,440

were marching under the direct command of heaven

31200:20:01,440 --> 00:20:03,760

with a sacred mission of butchery.

313

00:20:06,400 --> 00:20:09,320You are dealing with very, very violent people.

31400:20:10,760 --> 00:20:13,720

After every engagement on the First Crusade,

315

00:20:13,720 --> 00:20:16,840the Crusaders would return to the camp

31600:20:16,840 --> 00:20:20,400

with the heads of the Muslim slain on spears

317

00:20:20,400 --> 00:20:22,080and even, on one occasion,

318

00:20:22,080 --> 00:20:24,440they have Muslim prisoners of war

319


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00:20:24,440 --> 00:20:27,120

carrying spears with their colleagues' heads on.

320

00:20:30,320 --> 00:20:34,080Jones's exploration of Crusader violence continued

32100:20:34,080 --> 00:20:37,640

when he considered an exceptionally controversial episode.

322

00:20:39,400 --> 00:20:43,72050 miles south of Antioch, at the little town of Ma'arrat al-Numan,

32300:20:43,720 --> 00:20:46,240

the flames spread out of control

324

00:20:46,240 --> 00:20:49,000and produced one of the most disturbing events

32500:20:49,000 --> 00:20:51,280

in this terrible journey to Jerusalem.

32600:20:55,280 --> 00:20:59,560"In Ma'arrat, our troops boiled pig and adults in cooking pots.

32700:21:00,880 --> 00:21:04,920

"They impaled children on spits and devoured them grilled."

328

00:21:09,120 --> 00:21:13,120"I shudder to tell you that many of our people, harassed by the madness

32900:21:13,120 --> 00:21:16,440

"of excessive hunger, cut pieces from the buttocks of the Saracens

33000:21:16,440 --> 00:21:19,200"already dead there, which they cooked.

33100:21:19,200 --> 00:21:21,360

"And when it was not yet roasted enough by the fire,

33200:21:21,360 --> 00:21:23,440"they devoured it with savage mouth."

33300:21:26,720 --> 00:21:29,360

I think Jones mishandled the representation of this

33400:21:29,360 --> 00:21:31,640notorious atrocity,

33500:21:31,640 --> 00:21:35,080

highlighting an extreme but ill-informed account,


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336

00:21:35,080 --> 00:21:39,000labelling another's testimony as eyewitness when it was not,

33700:21:39,000 --> 00:21:43,000

all while ignoring the most authoritative Crusader evidence

338

00:21:43,000 --> 00:21:45,920and the Muslim perspective.

33900:21:45,920 --> 00:21:49,920

Arabic Muslim historiography, there's not a single mention of any

340

00:21:49,920 --> 00:21:53,080cannibalism link to the conquest of Ma'arrat al-Numan.

34100:21:54,400 --> 00:21:56,240

And if there had been any cannibalism,

342

00:21:56,240 --> 00:21:59,320they certainly would have mentioned it because, from an Arab Muslim

34300:21:59,320 --> 00:22:03,080

perspective, again, this would have been a rather unusual deed.

344

00:22:03,080 --> 00:22:07,440 Arabic chroniclers may not have known about it, but the best Crusader

34500:22:07,440 --> 00:22:11,600

evidence suggests there was an outbreak of cannibalism at Ma'arrat,

346

00:22:11,600 --> 00:22:14,680though, crucially, one driven by starvation

34700:22:14,680 --> 00:22:18,440

and not reflective of routine Crusader savagery.

348

00:22:18,440 --> 00:22:21,400To then make a great deal of the fact that there was cannibalism

34900:22:21,400 --> 00:22:26,400

happening at Ma'arrat al-Numan is problematic.

350

00:22:26,400 --> 00:22:30,080I wouldn't wish people to take that away as the overriding

35100:22:30,080 --> 00:22:31,600

image of the Crusades.

352

00:22:32,800 --> 00:22:36,880Debate about what happened at Ma'arrat will continue,


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35300:22:36,880 --> 00:22:39,800but as the First Crusaders marched on southwards,

354

00:22:39,800 --> 00:22:42,160there was more bloodshed on the horizon.

35500:22:43,480 --> 00:22:47,360In the series Jerusalem, The Making Of A Holy City,

356

00:22:47,360 --> 00:22:51,320Simon Sebag Montefiore recounted the expedition's last

35700:22:51,320 --> 00:22:56,240desperate weeks as, after travelling thousands of miles,

358

00:22:56,240 --> 00:22:59,400the pilgrims at last laid eyes on their sacred prize.

35900:23:02,760 --> 00:23:07,840

On Tuesday, 7th June 1099 in punishing heat,

360

00:23:07,840 --> 00:23:12,760the Crusaders finally received the reward for all their suffering.

36100:23:12,760 --> 00:23:17,440

They emerged from the hills around Jerusalem to see before them

362

00:23:17,440 --> 00:23:19,760this city of the King of Kings

36300:23:19,760 --> 00:23:21,200

and before them, too,

364

00:23:21,200 --> 00:23:24,040the tomb of their Lord Jesus Christ.

36500:23:24,040 --> 00:23:27,280

By nightfall they were encamped around Jerusalem.

366

00:23:33,360 --> 00:23:37,160Far from home, the Crusaders' choice was stark...

36700:23:38,720 --> 00:23:43,280

..death or victory on the ramparts of the holy city.

368

00:23:47,520 --> 00:23:51,400

For the Crusaders, victory meant one thing,

36900:23:51,400 --> 00:23:53,800


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the liberation of Jerusalem

37000:23:53,800 --> 00:23:59,000

and an end to an era of supposed Muslim aggression and tyranny.

37100:23:59,000 --> 00:24:02,800The First Crusaders had been fed the papacy's message

37200:24:02,800 --> 00:24:08,200

of Islam's systematic abuse of Eastern Christians and pilgrims.

37300:24:08,200 --> 00:24:10,960But was there any truth to these accusations

37400:24:10,960 --> 00:24:13,440

or was it pure papal propaganda?

37500:24:15,960 --> 00:24:18,320Terry Jones was in no doubt.

376

00:24:18,320 --> 00:24:22,120For him, the arrival of the First Crusade at the walls of Jerusalem

37700:24:22,120 --> 00:24:26,960in 1099 marked the end of an entirely unnecessary enterprise.

378

00:24:30,360 --> 00:24:32,960

The truth is, Jerusalem was and always had been

37900:24:32,960 --> 00:24:34,720a multicultural city,

380

00:24:34,720 --> 00:24:39,120sacred not just to Christians but to Jews and Muslims alike.

38100:24:39,120 --> 00:24:43,400Judaism, Christianity and Islam all venerated the city

382

00:24:43,400 --> 00:24:45,800and respected each other's right to do so.

38300:24:48,520 --> 00:24:51,200You had a mixture of Jews, Christians and Muslims.

384

00:24:51,200 --> 00:24:53,800Jews were indispensable for finance,

385

00:24:53,800 --> 00:24:56,280Christians for administration and it was a big city.

386


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00:24:56,280 --> 00:24:58,560

About 100,000 people is the estimate

387

00:24:58,560 --> 00:25:00,360and the Christians had their own quarter.

38800:25:00,360 --> 00:25:02,920

That whole area, that was all the Christian quarter,

389

00:25:02,920 --> 00:25:05,840separated from the rest by its own wall.

39000:25:05,840 --> 00:25:09,280

Did the Christians in Jerusalem need rescuing?

391

00:25:09,280 --> 00:25:11,080Not really.

39200:25:11,080 --> 00:25:15,160

The idea that the Christians of the Near East needed to be saved

39300:25:15,160 --> 00:25:19,760is really not at all obvious. Not from any sources I have read.

39400:25:19,760 --> 00:25:22,640

We hear the story told through the prism of conflict.

395

00:25:22,640 --> 00:25:24,640There is also another side to that story,

39600:25:24,640 --> 00:25:27,960

which is the story of the contacts

39700:25:27,960 --> 00:25:32,120and the non-conflictual encounters

39800:25:32,120 --> 00:25:36,560

between peoples from Western Europe and peoples of the Near East.

39900:25:38,520 --> 00:25:41,640Terry Jones revealed one such peaceful encounter

40000:25:41,640 --> 00:25:43,840

between Christians and Muslims,

40100:25:43,840 --> 00:25:46,840a centuries-old tradition still practised today.

40200:25:48,240 --> 00:25:51,920

Christians were, in fact, being helped by the Muslims.


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403

00:25:51,920 --> 00:25:56,480This is not a daring secret escape by a Christian priest held prisoner.

40400:25:56,480 --> 00:26:00,920

It's the daily ritual of opening the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.

405

00:26:00,920 --> 00:26:04,120The gentleman with the key, who has the privilege of locking

40600:26:04,120 --> 00:26:08,400

and unlocking the church in this rather strange way, is a Muslim.

407

00:26:08,400 --> 00:26:11,240His family claim they were given this responsibility

40800:26:11,240 --> 00:26:13,840

when Muslims first conquered Jerusalem

409

00:26:13,840 --> 00:26:16,720and guaranteed Christians the right to worship there.

41000:26:16,720 --> 00:26:18,680

The Nusaybah family do it now

411

00:26:18,680 --> 00:26:21,560and they were doing it when the Crusaders arrived.

41200:26:24,360 --> 00:26:27,080

But for the Western Christians encamped around the walls

413

00:26:27,080 --> 00:26:30,920of Jerusalem, there could be no turning back.

41400:26:30,920 --> 00:26:34,680

Their divine goal was finally within their grasp.

415

00:26:34,680 --> 00:26:38,240Simon Sebag Montefiore gave what, in my view,

41600:26:38,240 --> 00:26:42,600

is a sensationalised account of what happened next.

417

00:26:42,600 --> 00:26:44,120In almost the last moment,

41800:26:44,120 --> 00:26:48,480

the Crusaders identified the weakest point in Jerusalem's defences

419

00:26:48,480 --> 00:26:51,760and somewhere around here, they rolled up their siege engines


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42000:26:51,760 --> 00:26:55,920against the wall where it was lowest and fought their way into the city.

421

00:27:00,200 --> 00:27:05,520Simultaneously, they broke in through the southern walls, too,

42200:27:05,520 --> 00:27:09,040and began their vicious slaughter of the Muslim faithful,

423

00:27:09,040 --> 00:27:10,960 whether citizens or soldiers.

42400:27:13,960 --> 00:27:16,040The battle raged for hours.

425

00:27:16,040 --> 00:27:18,960The Crusaders killed everyone they could find

42600:27:18,960 --> 00:27:20,840

in the streets and alleyways.

427

00:27:23,040 --> 00:27:28,120They didn't just chop off heads, but also feet and hands,

42800:27:28,120 --> 00:27:32,080

delighting in the fountains of cleansing infidel blood.

429

00:27:32,080 --> 00:27:34,240They seized babies from their mothers

43000:27:34,240 --> 00:27:36,880

and dashed their heads against the walls.

431

00:27:36,880 --> 00:27:41,600Ultimately, they hacked and diced so much human flesh

43200:27:41,600 --> 00:27:45,800

that they literally rode up to their bridles in blood.

433

00:27:51,440 --> 00:27:54,760The fleeing Jerusalemites took refuge on the roofs

43400:27:54,760 --> 00:27:58,200

of the Al-Aqsa and the Dome of the Rock,

435

00:27:58,200 --> 00:28:00,600

but the Crusaders smashed their way

43600:28:00,600 --> 00:28:03,080


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onto this crowded sacred esplanade.

43700:28:05,720 --> 00:28:07,800

Some Muslims leapt to their deaths.

43800:28:09,480 --> 00:28:11,800Jews sought refuge in their synagogues,

43900:28:11,800 --> 00:28:14,000

but the Crusaders set them on fire.

44000:28:21,480 --> 00:28:23,200

After 48 hours,

44100:28:23,200 --> 00:28:25,240

the slaughter was over.

44200:28:27,240 --> 00:28:30,080From a 21st century perspective,

443

00:28:30,080 --> 00:28:32,760the close union between violence

44400:28:32,760 --> 00:28:36,640and Christianity can seem almost inconceivable,

445

00:28:36,640 --> 00:28:37,880

an abomination.

44600:28:38,880 --> 00:28:41,800But the Crusaders lived in a different age,

447

00:28:41,800 --> 00:28:44,160the medieval age,

44800:28:44,160 --> 00:28:47,000and I think that there can be little doubt

449

00:28:47,000 --> 00:28:49,280that many, if not most of them,

45000:28:49,280 --> 00:28:53,160really believed that they were doing the work of God,

451

00:28:53,160 --> 00:28:56,720freeing Jerusalem and killing for Christ

452

00:28:56,720 --> 00:29:00,480and thereby opening their own path to heaven.

453


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00:29:02,720 --> 00:29:06,320

The Christians' savagery described in Western chronicles

454

00:29:06,320 --> 00:29:09,600 may even have been overstated,

45500:29:09,600 --> 00:29:12,040

exaggerated by Latin historians

456

00:29:12,040 --> 00:29:14,600to emphasise the Crusaders' devotion to God.

45700:29:16,280 --> 00:29:20,120

Their gruesome descriptions are certainly in stark contrast

458

00:29:20,120 --> 00:29:21,840to early Arabic records.

45900:29:24,080 --> 00:29:29,520

All the massacres, atrocities and barbaric acts which we find in Latin

46000:29:29,520 --> 00:29:33,800and old French chronicles hardly appear in the Arabic chronicles.

46100:29:33,800 --> 00:29:36,440

So when they write about the conquest of Jerusalem,

462

00:29:36,440 --> 00:29:40,360the longest contemporaneous description which we have are three lines.

46300:29:40,360 --> 00:29:44,160

The only barbaric acts Muslim authors report about Christian

46400:29:44,160 --> 00:29:49,320conquerors is a massacre of Jewish population in Jerusalem.

46500:29:51,000 --> 00:29:55,000

But the First Crusade had, without doubt, succeeded.

46600:29:55,000 --> 00:29:58,640Jerusalem was in the hands of Western Christianity

46700:29:58,640 --> 00:30:02,680

and the Crusaders had to adapt to their new role,

46800:30:02,680 --> 00:30:04,880no longer an invading army,

46900:30:04,880 --> 00:30:06,600

but rulers of a region in which


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470

00:30:06,600 --> 00:30:09,120Eastern Christians, Jews and Muslims

47100:30:09,120 --> 00:30:12,080

had been living side-by-side for centuries.

472

00:30:13,480 --> 00:30:16,680When the First Crusaders conquered cities like Antioch

47300:30:16,680 --> 00:30:20,840

and Jerusalem, they carried out bloody massacres

474

00:30:20,840 --> 00:30:24,200but, in time, Western European settlers in the East

47500:30:24,200 --> 00:30:27,680

began to adopt a more pragmatic approach,

476

00:30:27,680 --> 00:30:29,520negotiating, trading,

47700:30:29,520 --> 00:30:32,800

sometimes even cooperating with their Muslim neighbours.

478

00:30:34,040 --> 00:30:37,320Some Westerners even began to Orientalise.

47900:30:37,320 --> 00:30:41,400

To adopt habits and practices from Eastern cultures.

480

00:30:41,400 --> 00:30:45,800In 1961, David Attenborough imagined this cultural shift

48100:30:45,800 --> 00:30:49,080

taking place within the great Crusader castles.

482

00:30:50,440 --> 00:30:53,240From the moment the Crusaders arrived here,

48300:30:53,240 --> 00:30:56,680

a process of Orientalisation began.

484

00:30:56,680 --> 00:30:58,760In these fallen halls,

48500:30:58,760 --> 00:31:01,760

the knights, and the ladies they had brought with them,

486

00:31:01,760 --> 00:31:07,360drank the local wines from goblets made by Turkish silversmiths.


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48700:31:07,360 --> 00:31:11,520The best chambers were floored with rich Persian carpets.

488

00:31:11,520 --> 00:31:15,000Knights began to grow beards in Muslim fashion

48900:31:15,000 --> 00:31:17,120and to veil their wives.

490

00:31:17,120 --> 00:31:21,680Many received guests seated cross-legged, in Oriental style.

49100:31:21,680 --> 00:31:24,760

And Tancred of Antioch wore a turban

492

00:31:24,760 --> 00:31:27,560 with a cross in front, for the sake of appearances.

49300:31:29,800 --> 00:31:34,520

But outside the Crusader states, the Islamic world was changing.

494

00:31:35,680 --> 00:31:39,640Muslims gradually began to react to the coming of the Crusades,

49500:31:39,640 --> 00:31:42,680

rekindling their own form of holy war.

496

00:31:42,680 --> 00:31:44,800Jihad.

49700:31:44,800 --> 00:31:49,520

Terry Jones introduced his audience to a man often depicted

498

00:31:49,520 --> 00:31:53,120as the first jihadi of the crusading era.

49900:31:53,120 --> 00:31:57,000

An ambitious Turkish warlord called Zengi.

500

00:31:57,000 --> 00:31:59,080His stronghold was Aleppo,

50100:31:59,080 --> 00:32:02,480

but he was intent on expanding his power.

502

00:32:02,480 --> 00:32:05,760

Zengi was a Turk of the old school, a restless,

50300:32:05,760 --> 00:32:09,920


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hard-drinking warrior, always on the lookout for new conquests.

50400:32:09,920 --> 00:32:13,000

So, in 1144, he and his army

50500:32:13,000 --> 00:32:16,480and his elite corps of engineers rode out of Aleppo,

50600:32:16,480 --> 00:32:20,320

heading for the most vulnerable outpost of the Crusader kingdom.

50700:32:28,120 --> 00:32:31,080His target was their very first conquest, Edessa.

50800:32:31,080 --> 00:32:34,760

And it was here that Zengi undermined the very foundations

50900:32:34,760 --> 00:32:36,320of Latin rule in the East.

510

00:32:36,320 --> 00:32:40,520The ground was quite literally dug away from under the Crusaders' feet.

51100:32:42,240 --> 00:32:45,880Zengi's engineers lit the blue touchpaper and retired.

512

00:32:54,920 --> 00:32:56,600

SINGING

51300:33:02,360 --> 00:33:05,120The Fall of Edessa was celebrated throughout the Islamic world

514

00:33:05,120 --> 00:33:08,920as the first real blow against the Christian invaders from the West

51500:33:08,920 --> 00:33:13,560and Zengi was hailed as the first leader of the holy war, the jihad.

516

00:33:15,040 --> 00:33:19,240Islam's network of tribal leaders began at last

51700:33:19,240 --> 00:33:21,840to unite against the Crusaders,

518

00:33:21,840 --> 00:33:24,720behind Zengi and the jihad.

519

00:33:25,760 --> 00:33:31,440In 2012, I met a leading scholar of Islamic history, Taef Al Azhari,

520


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00:33:31,440 --> 00:33:34,600

to understand how the literature of Islam

521

00:33:34,600 --> 00:33:38,000sheds light on jihad and the Crusades.

52200:33:38,000 --> 00:33:42,520

The art poetry from pre-Islamic time through the Islamic history

523

00:33:42,520 --> 00:33:47,000 was one of the tools to galvanise society

52400:33:47,000 --> 00:33:51,880

and you have thousands of lines of poetry.

525

00:33:51,880 --> 00:33:54,040Let me read you just a few lines.

52600:33:54,040 --> 00:33:57,520

HE READS IN ARABIC

52700:34:01,800 --> 00:34:06,840Here, the poet is reminding the Muslim community about how important

52800:34:06,840 --> 00:34:13,720

Jerusalem is and he's calling for its capture and the only way

529

00:34:13,720 --> 00:34:17,560to capture it is through blood, which would purify Jerusalem.

53000:34:19,520 --> 00:34:23,080

In the 12th century, the torch of jihad was taken up

53100:34:23,080 --> 00:34:27,240by a new, powerful Turkish dynasty, the Zengids.

53200:34:27,240 --> 00:34:29,680

In the name of Islam, they conquered great

53300:34:29,680 --> 00:34:34,000swathes of territory in the East and brought the promise of a new era,

53400:34:34,000 --> 00:34:37,280

one in which the Christians might be driven from the Holy Land.

53500:34:40,120 --> 00:34:45,840In 1146, the Sunni warlord, Nur al-Din Zengi, came to power.

53600:34:47,040 --> 00:34:51,360

In the course of his career, he united Aleppo and Damascus,


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537

00:34:51,360 --> 00:34:53,960consolidating the Zengid hold on Syria

53800:34:53,960 --> 00:34:56,960

and pushed their rule further into Egypt.

539

00:34:58,920 --> 00:35:04,520But rising up through the ranks of his armies was an ambitious Kurdish soldier.

54000:35:04,520 --> 00:35:07,880

Born Yusuf, son of Ayyub, he is known to history

541

00:35:07,880 --> 00:35:11,840by the honorific title, Salah al-Din, "goodness of the faith".

54200:35:11,840 --> 00:35:14,240

In the Western tongue, Saladin.

543

00:35:16,920 --> 00:35:19,600By the 1100s, the two branches of Islam,

54400:35:19,600 --> 00:35:23,760

Sunni and Shia, had been feuding for centuries,

545

00:35:23,760 --> 00:35:28,040and Saladin found himself at the heart of this conflict.

54600:35:28,040 --> 00:35:34,800

Saladin was a Sunni Muslim, placed in control of Shia forces in Egypt.

547

00:35:34,800 --> 00:35:38,760For anyone else it would have been an impossible position.

54800:35:38,760 --> 00:35:42,320

But Saladin possessed the strength of leadership not only to

549

00:35:42,320 --> 00:35:48,680suppress a Shia rebellion, but also to unite Egypt under his own rule.

55000:35:48,680 --> 00:35:52,680

And when Nur al-Din died five years later,

551

00:35:52,680 --> 00:35:54,800Saladin saw his opportunity.

55200:35:56,720 --> 00:36:01,720

He married Nur al-Din's widow, seized power in Damascus

553

00:36:01,720 --> 00:36:05,600and expanded into northern Syria and Mesopotamia.


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55400:36:05,600 --> 00:36:09,960Vowing to wage a glorious jihad and reclaim Jerusalem,

555

00:36:09,960 --> 00:36:15,560Saladin assumed the title of Sultan and united the Muslim Near East as neverbefore.

55600:36:18,960 --> 00:36:24,040

By the 1180s, his empire stretched from the Nile to the Euphrates,

55700:36:24,040 --> 00:36:28,600but the promise of victory in the holy war now had to be fulfilled.

55800:36:29,720 --> 00:36:33,960

Saladin's primary objective was to orchestrate a decisive

55900:36:33,960 --> 00:36:36,520confrontation with the Christians,

560

00:36:36,520 --> 00:36:40,160luring them into open battle where he hoped

56100:36:40,160 --> 00:36:43,640they could be destroyed with one fatal blow.

562

00:36:43,640 --> 00:36:50,560

In 1187 he assembled a huge force, some 40,000 strong,

56300:36:50,560 --> 00:36:54,600and masterminded a strategy in which the key weapons would be

564

00:36:54,600 --> 00:36:58,280local knowledge, guile and water.

56500:37:00,160 --> 00:37:03,800First, he attacked the Christian town of Tiberius.

566

00:37:03,800 --> 00:37:08,960He expected the Crusaders to retaliate, and had a plan.

56700:37:08,960 --> 00:37:12,640He secured a source of water for his own army and then ordered

568

00:37:12,640 --> 00:37:18,280his men to fill in every accessible well and spring for miles around.

569

00:37:18,280 --> 00:37:22,840He would destroy the Christians when they came with thirst,

570


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00:37:22,840 --> 00:37:26,000

and all he had to do was wait.

571

00:37:26,000 --> 00:37:28,280To understand Saladin's genius,

57200:37:28,280 --> 00:37:31,440

Terry Jones visited the very scene of the battle.

573

00:37:31,440 --> 00:37:34,760The whole army of the kingdom swallowed Saladin's bait

57400:37:34,760 --> 00:37:37,160

and marched towards Tiberius.

575

00:37:40,560 --> 00:37:45,280They got as far as these two hills, the Horns Of Hattin.

57600:37:48,320 --> 00:37:51,520

Well, the Franks were coming from the West,

57700:37:51,520 --> 00:37:56,160trying to reach the lake of Tiberius over there,

57800:37:56,160 --> 00:38:02,200

and Saladin tried and succeeded in blocking their way to the lake.

579

00:38:02,200 --> 00:38:05,000 And, of course, it is dry here, there's no water up on the Horns.

58000:38:05,000 --> 00:38:09,480

There is no water not only here on the Horns, but in the close vicinity,

58100:38:09,480 --> 00:38:13,080and that is why the Franks were so thirsty and so desperate.

58200:38:14,400 --> 00:38:18,760

Having fallen into Saladin's trap, the Christians now found themselves

58300:38:18,760 --> 00:38:24,760in a hellish waterless killing zone, cut off from Tiberius and the lake.

58400:38:24,760 --> 00:38:29,400

Driven half mad by thirst, faltering under a rain of arrows,

58500:38:29,400 --> 00:38:35,120the Christians gathered on the Horns Of Hattin to make a forlorn last stand,

58600:38:35,120 --> 00:38:40,240

launching a desperate downhill charge towards Saladin's men, and destruction.


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587

00:38:41,840 --> 00:38:45,400"I saw the limbs of the fallen cast naked on the field of battle,

58800:38:45,400 --> 00:38:50,400

"lacerated and disjointed with heads cracked open, throats slit,

589

00:38:50,400 --> 00:38:53,600"spines broken, necks shattered,

59000:38:53,600 --> 00:38:58,240

"members dismembered, noses mutilated, breasts flayed,

591

00:38:58,240 --> 00:39:02,480"spirits flown, their very ghosts crushed

59200:39:02,480 --> 00:39:05,120

"like stones among stones."

593

00:39:12,040 --> 00:39:17,080Saladin destroyed Jerusalem's army and captured its king.

59400:39:17,080 --> 00:39:19,760

The holy city was his for the taking.

595

00:39:19,760 --> 00:39:25,600In September 1187, Saladin's army surrounded the city.

59600:39:25,600 --> 00:39:30,160

Simon Sebag Montefiore brought to life the scene inside,

597

00:39:30,160 --> 00:39:32,560 where everyone expected a massacre.

59800:39:35,120 --> 00:39:36,960

BELLS TOLL

599

00:39:36,960 --> 00:39:40,080Women prayed for mercy at the sepulchre.

60000:39:41,200 --> 00:39:44,040

Without a king, the Jerusalemites appointed

601

00:39:44,040 --> 00:39:47,160a respected baron, Balian, to lead them.

60200:39:48,160 --> 00:39:50,640

As Saladin's troops attacked the city,

603

00:39:50,640 --> 00:39:53,280the walls were defended by mere boys.


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60400:39:54,400 --> 00:39:58,200So Balian made an uncompromising offer.

605

00:39:58,200 --> 00:40:03,600He told Saladin, "First we will kill all our own women and children,

60600:40:03,600 --> 00:40:07,480"then we will demolish your Dome of the Rock and your Al-Aqsa mosque,

607

00:40:07,480 --> 00:40:09,480"and only then will you get the city."

60800:40:11,440 --> 00:40:13,640To save Islam's holy places,

609

00:40:13,640 --> 00:40:16,600Saladin agreed to negotiate a peaceful surrender.

61000:40:19,360 --> 00:40:22,560

But the Christians would still pay a heavy price.

611

00:40:24,320 --> 00:40:28,520 All the Jerusalemites would be ransomed or enslaved,

61200:40:28,520 --> 00:40:33,200

but for Saladin this was the fulfilment of his entire life's work.

613

00:40:33,200 --> 00:40:35,080Saladin got Jerusalem.

61400:40:43,480 --> 00:40:47,480

The loss of Jerusalem shocked Western Christendom.

615

00:40:47,480 --> 00:40:49,920On hearing news of the disaster in the East,

61600:40:49,920 --> 00:40:53,480

the Pope promptly had a heart attack and died.

617

00:40:53,480 --> 00:40:58,160In the months that followed a new call to arms was issued,

61800:40:58,160 --> 00:41:03,200

demanding vengeance for Hattin and the recovery of the holy city.

619

00:41:05,040 --> 00:41:10,320

This grand expedition would be led by a legend of the crusading era,

62000:41:10,320 --> 00:41:14,040


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one of England's most controversial kings,

62100:41:14,040 --> 00:41:16,280

Richard The Lionheart.

62200:41:16,280 --> 00:41:18,040We revere Richard The Lionheart.

62300:41:18,040 --> 00:41:21,880

There's a statue of him with sword drawn outside the Houses of Parliament.

62400:41:21,880 --> 00:41:25,200Richard is the archetypal English hero,

62500:41:25,200 --> 00:41:29,520

and so I think there is a disconnect between the reality

62600:41:29,520 --> 00:41:32,840and what he was really like, because in the 19th century, in fact,

627

00:41:32,840 --> 00:41:37,040English historians would write about Richard that he wasn't even English,

62800:41:37,040 --> 00:41:40,280that he was an awful husband, awful son, awful warrior.

629

00:41:41,880 --> 00:41:45,840

Richard The Lionheart - one of the stars of English history.

63000:41:45,840 --> 00:41:48,480

Actually he was French. Richard Coeur de Lion.

631

00:41:48,480 --> 00:41:50,880He couldn't even speak a word of English.

63200:41:50,880 --> 00:41:55,560Nevertheless, for the Brits he is the greatest hero of the Crusades.

633

00:41:55,560 --> 00:41:59,480Richard was an extremely undesirable man.

63400:41:59,480 --> 00:42:06,000He was a bad son, a bad husband, a very bad ruler.

635

00:42:06,000 --> 00:42:08,800But he was a magnificent soldier

636

00:42:08,800 --> 00:42:12,360 who took a great deal of trouble over his men.

637


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00:42:12,360 --> 00:42:16,360

So, in a way, it was easy to make a hero of him.

638

00:42:19,400 --> 00:42:22,080Richard has become a legendary figure,

63900:42:22,080 --> 00:42:26,800

but most historians now agree that he was not only a military genius

640

00:42:26,800 --> 00:42:30,560but also an able diplomat and skilled statesman.

64100:42:31,640 --> 00:42:36,280

Terry Jones focused on the most controversial moment of Richard's Crusade,

642

00:42:36,280 --> 00:42:40,160 which began as a joint project with King Philip of France,

64300:42:40,160 --> 00:42:45,080

picking up the story as they arrived at the siege of Acre.

64400:42:45,080 --> 00:42:47,920When Richard and Philip arrived, this very citadel

64500:42:47,920 --> 00:42:49,920

was in the hands of Saladin's troops.

646

00:42:49,920 --> 00:42:53,640They'd been under siege by the local Franks for the last two years.

64700:42:53,640 --> 00:42:58,760

It had dragged on that long because the defenders could always get supplies inby sea.

64800:42:58,760 --> 00:43:01,400

However, Richard and Philip had a big enough fleet to be able

649

00:43:01,400 --> 00:43:03,760to stop all that sort of nonsense.

65000:43:03,760 --> 00:43:10,920

Eventually, on 12 July 1191, the Saracen garrison decided they'd had enough andcapitulated.

65100:43:10,920 --> 00:43:16,280

It was agreed that the Muslims would be set free in return for 200,000 golddinars,

652

00:43:16,280 --> 00:43:21,0401,500 Christian prisoners and the holiest of holy relics,

653


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00:43:21,040 --> 00:43:25,840

the fragment of the True Cross that Saladin had captured at Hattin.

654

00:43:28,640 --> 00:43:31,480Unfortunately, it didn't turn out like that at all.

65500:43:31,480 --> 00:43:35,640

You see, the garrison had come to these terms without actually referring toSaladin,

65600:43:35,640 --> 00:43:38,880

and there was no way he could raise that sort of money in the time.

657

00:43:38,880 --> 00:43:42,560Eventually, Richard, who was impatient to get on to Jerusalem,

65800:43:42,560 --> 00:43:46,320

and who didn't want to be encumbered with nearly 3,000 prisoners,

659

00:43:46,320 --> 00:43:48,440grew tired of waiting for his money.

66000:43:48,440 --> 00:43:51,680

So he simply had the entire garrison chained up outside the city walls,

661

00:43:51,680 --> 00:43:55,080along with their wives and family, and slaughtered.

66200:43:55,080 --> 00:43:57,120

It took three days to kill them all.

663

00:44:06,080 --> 00:44:10,080Jones's account was again embroidered.

66400:44:10,080 --> 00:44:13,880

Eyewitness testimony indicates that the killing was completed

665

00:44:13,880 --> 00:44:19,200in one day, not three, and makes no mention of women and families.

66600:44:19,200 --> 00:44:24,600

Nonetheless, such a large-scale systematic massacre was not common,

667

00:44:24,600 --> 00:44:26,200even in the medieval world.

66800:44:34,880 --> 00:44:41,920

Contrast that with other massacres committed by military leaders.

669

00:44:41,920 --> 00:44:44,440When Zengi captured Edessa,


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67000:44:44,440 --> 00:44:47,600he did kill a number of its inhabitants,

671

00:44:47,600 --> 00:44:51,400but that was in the hurly-burly of war,

67200:44:51,400 --> 00:44:53,280in the hurly-burly of a siege,

673

00:44:53,280 --> 00:44:57,440and the success of his siege, and the aftermath of that siege,

67400:44:57,440 --> 00:45:02,920

whereas Richard's action did not have that contextual

675

00:45:02,920 --> 00:45:04,320"justification".

67600:45:04,320 --> 00:45:08,480

The brutal massacre at Acre gave Richard the opportunity

677

00:45:08,480 --> 00:45:12,960to march south to Jaffa, resting his men frequently

67800:45:12,960 --> 00:45:15,920

and refusing to be drawn into open battle.

679

00:45:15,920 --> 00:45:19,920This self-assured strategy began to unsettle Saladin.

68000:45:19,920 --> 00:45:23,200

Eyewitness testimony from within Saladin's camp tells us

681

00:45:23,200 --> 00:45:26,680that he was deeply frustrated by Richard's inexorable advance

68200:45:26,680 --> 00:45:32,000

and wrong-footed by the Lionheart's policy of resting his troops every two tothree days.

68300:45:32,000 --> 00:45:36,160What the Sultan needed now was to engineer a confrontation, a pitched battle.

684

00:45:37,200 --> 00:45:40,800In the morning, Richard and his men set out for Arsuf

685

00:45:40,800 --> 00:45:45,200and were almost immediately met with the full strength of Saladin's army.

686


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00:45:45,200 --> 00:45:50,560

The Sultan had decided that this was where the Franks would be stopped.

687

00:45:50,560 --> 00:45:53,080Richard ordered his men not to engage,

68800:45:53,080 --> 00:45:58,680

but overcome with bloodlust, his knights charged at Saladin's forces.

689

00:45:58,680 --> 00:46:01,440Richard could see there was now no turning back.

69000:46:01,440 --> 00:46:05,680

He spurred his horse, led the rest of his men into the melee

691

00:46:05,680 --> 00:46:07,600and smashed the Muslim army.

69200:46:09,480 --> 00:46:11,960

Saladin fled back to Jerusalem,

69300:46:11,960 --> 00:46:15,760taking up a defensive position inside the city.

69400:46:15,760 --> 00:46:19,040

A Christian siege now seemed inevitable

695

00:46:19,040 --> 00:46:22,480and his generals advised Saladin to leave,

69600:46:22,480 --> 00:46:24,880

rather than risk being trapped inside.

69700:46:27,880 --> 00:46:31,360Saladin wavered but he knew that if he left the city,

69800:46:31,360 --> 00:46:33,920

his generals would surrender it to Richard.

69900:46:36,000 --> 00:46:39,760The thought of abandoning his prize was too much.

70000:46:42,400 --> 00:46:45,000

Still a few days' march away,

70100:46:45,000 --> 00:46:49,000Richard realised that even if he captured Jerusalem,

70200:46:49,000 --> 00:46:51,080

he would not be able to hold her


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703

00:46:51,080 --> 00:46:53,960 while Saladin's vast empire was intact.

70400:46:55,760 --> 00:46:58,360

Richard's only option was to negotiate.

705

00:47:00,800 --> 00:47:03,680First, Richard wrote to Saladin.

70600:47:03,680 --> 00:47:06,840

"The Muslims and the Christians are both done for.

707

00:47:06,840 --> 00:47:10,240"The lands are ruined at the hands of both of us.

70800:47:10,240 --> 00:47:14,080

"All we have to discuss is Jerusalem, the True Cross

709

00:47:14,080 --> 00:47:15,800"and the territories.

71000:47:18,000 --> 00:47:21,440

"But, Jerusalem is the centre of our worship,

711

00:47:21,440 --> 00:47:24,640"which we will never renounce."

71200:47:24,640 --> 00:47:26,560

Saladin replied to this.

713

00:47:26,560 --> 00:47:29,960He said, "Jerusalem is as much ours as yours.

71400:47:31,200 --> 00:47:32,960

"But it is greater for us

715

00:47:32,960 --> 00:47:35,360"because it is the place that our Prophet visited

71600:47:35,360 --> 00:47:37,840

"on his night journey."

717

00:47:37,840 --> 00:47:41,560Either way, there was a big problem in the way of a deal,

71800:47:41,560 --> 00:47:45,120

both men wanted to possess Jerusalem totally.

719

00:47:46,640 --> 00:47:49,600 And so, on the 2nd September 1192,


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72000:47:49,600 --> 00:47:53,080the Sultan and King agreed the Treaty of Jaffa.

721

00:47:54,960 --> 00:47:57,160The first partition of Palestine.

72200:48:00,200 --> 00:48:03,640The Christian kingdom received a new lease of life,

723

00:48:03,640 --> 00:48:06,000 with Acre as its capital.

72400:48:06,000 --> 00:48:08,960Saladin kept his treasured Jerusalem,

725

00:48:08,960 --> 00:48:12,400only granting the Christians access to the Holy Sepulchre.

72600:48:15,400 --> 00:48:19,160

Richard, it seemed, had got the raw end of the deal.

727

00:48:21,960 --> 00:48:26,000Richard's Crusade was, at best, a limited success.

72800:48:26,000 --> 00:48:28,920

He recovered a thin strip of coastal territory

729

00:48:28,920 --> 00:48:31,680but never reclaimed Jerusalem.

73000:48:31,680 --> 00:48:35,640

Yet, he has become an icon of British history.

731

00:48:35,640 --> 00:48:39,600Britain's connection with the Crusades is fairly tenuous

73200:48:39,600 --> 00:48:40,960

and fairly patchy.

733

00:48:40,960 --> 00:48:43,400We don't really have much to do with the whole process,

73400:48:43,400 --> 00:48:44,560

apart from Richard.

735

00:48:44,560 --> 00:48:47,200

So, we've taken the idea of the Crusades being good things,

73600:48:47,200 --> 00:48:49,640


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we've taken King Richard, who took part in the Crusades.

73700:48:49,640 --> 00:48:51,200

We've put the two together and go,

73800:48:51,200 --> 00:48:53,240"It doesn't really matter what he's really like.

73900:48:53,240 --> 00:48:54,760

"Maybe we didn't quite understand.

74000:48:54,760 --> 00:48:56,840"And Saladin seemed quite a nice guy too.

74100:48:56,840 --> 00:48:59,760

"So, let's try to create a romantic story about Richard

74200:48:59,760 --> 00:49:01,800"and hang all sorts of baggage onto it."

743

00:49:01,800 --> 00:49:06,120I suppose, in that, in itself, goes the Western view of the Crusades.

74400:49:08,080 --> 00:49:12,600Saladin is also often remembered as a legendary hero of the age.

745

00:49:13,640 --> 00:49:16,280

Though historians continue to debate

74600:49:16,280 --> 00:49:19,120

whether he was driven first and foremost

747

00:49:19,120 --> 00:49:22,800by personal ambition or authentic, pious devotion

74800:49:22,800 --> 00:49:24,760to the cause of Jihad

749

00:49:24,760 --> 00:49:26,880and Jerusalem's reconquest.

75000:49:28,880 --> 00:49:32,360The overriding impression you get, in both Arabic

751

00:49:32,360 --> 00:49:36,560and Latin sources of the time, are that this is a man of greatness

752

00:49:36,560 --> 00:49:40,320and a man of unusual leadership qualities.

753


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00:49:40,320 --> 00:49:45,040

And he behaves in a way that Western gentlemen think is appropriate.

754

00:49:45,040 --> 00:49:48,440So, there's a renaissance of Saladin's reputation,

75500:49:48,440 --> 00:49:51,240

also in the Arabic speaking world, as a result of the fact

756

00:49:51,240 --> 00:49:53,960he becomes so highly prized and valued in the West.

75700:49:58,080 --> 00:50:00,720

The Crusader states endured in the aftermath

758

00:50:00,720 --> 00:50:04,160of Richard and Saladin's Treaty of Jaffa.

75900:50:04,160 --> 00:50:06,240

Then, in 1248,

76000:50:06,240 --> 00:50:11,080the French King Louis launched yet another assault on Islam.

76100:50:11,080 --> 00:50:13,520

A meticulously planned Crusade

762

00:50:13,520 --> 00:50:17,480to reclaim the Holy Land from its Muslim overlords

76300:50:17,480 --> 00:50:21,320

by destroying the source of their wealth and power in Egypt.

76400:50:22,480 --> 00:50:24,280It was a disaster.

76500:50:24,280 --> 00:50:26,920

The French army was routed on the banks of the Nile

76600:50:26,920 --> 00:50:30,080and the King himself taken prisoner.

76700:50:32,840 --> 00:50:37,560

The French Crusaders were crushed by a new kind of army.

76800:50:37,560 --> 00:50:39,960One more ruthless than any previously encountered

76900:50:39,960 --> 00:50:41,560

in the Levant.


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770

00:50:41,560 --> 00:50:43,400 And led by a slave soldier

77100:50:43,400 --> 00:50:48,040

for whom the Crusader states were little more than a sideshow

772

00:50:48,040 --> 00:50:51,480on the path to the Near East's total conquest.

77300:50:52,520 --> 00:50:56,880

This warrior initiated the last bloody chapter

774

00:50:56,880 --> 00:51:00,880in a 200-year war for dominion of the Holy Land.

77500:51:00,880 --> 00:51:02,560

In places like Egypt,

776

00:51:02,560 --> 00:51:06,360he's still revered as a great Muslim hero of the age.

77700:51:06,360 --> 00:51:10,120

But, in the West, his name is barely known.

778

00:51:16,880 --> 00:51:19,640Terry Jones was one of the first

77900:51:19,640 --> 00:51:24,320

to bring this man's story to a Western TV screen, in 1995.

780

00:51:33,120 --> 00:51:35,640Baybars was leader of the Mamluks.

78100:51:35,640 --> 00:51:38,520

Now, the Mamluks were the slave soldiers of Egypt.

782

00:51:38,520 --> 00:51:40,960Generally, they were captured as small children

78300:51:40,960 --> 00:51:44,600

and brought back to Egypt to be trained exclusively as warriors.

784

00:51:44,600 --> 00:51:47,480They knew of no other life except warfare and, what's more,

78500:51:47,480 --> 00:51:51,560

they'd been hardened in over 100 years of battles with the Crusaders.

786

00:51:51,560 --> 00:51:53,120Under the leadership of Baybars,


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78700:51:53,120 --> 00:51:55,720the Mamluks swept everything before them.

788

00:51:58,320 --> 00:52:02,160They created a state whose whole purpose was war.

78900:52:02,160 --> 00:52:04,480One of the first targets was Antioch.

790

00:52:06,120 --> 00:52:08,520Once it was captured, the gates were sealed

79100:52:08,520 --> 00:52:13,000and every Christian man, woman and child was butchered.

792

00:52:17,120 --> 00:52:19,960The Mamluk war machine moved from town to town,

79300:52:19,960 --> 00:52:23,120

from castle to castle, tearing stone from stone

794

00:52:23,120 --> 00:52:24,840and killing the inhabitants,

79500:52:24,840 --> 00:52:28,080

destroying the last remnants of the Crusader kingdom.

796

00:52:33,240 --> 00:52:37,880In May 1291, the Mamluk army laid siege to Acre.

79700:52:39,000 --> 00:52:43,520

Inside, its Christian rulers were isolated and outnumbered,

798

00:52:43,520 --> 00:52:45,320their fate inevitable.

79900:52:51,080 --> 00:52:56,400

This was to be the bloody conclusion to 200 years of crusading.

800

00:52:56,400 --> 00:52:58,520Which, in 1977,

80100:52:58,520 --> 00:53:03,560

JK Galbraith likened to America's chaotic flight from Saigon.

802

00:53:04,560 --> 00:53:06,920

The attackers at Acre promised a bloodbath

80300:53:06,920 --> 00:53:11,280


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for any surviving Christians and such promises, in those days,

80400:53:11,280 --> 00:53:13,360

had to be taken very seriously.

80500:53:19,040 --> 00:53:22,800

As later in Saigon, to have planned for an evacuation

80600:53:22,800 --> 00:53:25,960

would have been to concede defeat in advance.

80700:53:25,960 --> 00:53:28,280So, instead, at the last moment,

80800:53:28,280 --> 00:53:31,400

there came the wholly anarchic rush to escape.

80900:53:31,400 --> 00:53:35,560In Vietnam, only the words were different.

810

00:53:35,560 --> 00:53:38,040Is there any other way we can get the hell out of here?

81100:53:38,040 --> 00:53:40,120Maybe travel with you guys, or something?

812

00:53:40,120 --> 00:53:42,400

As at Acre, we came with the cash,

81300:53:42,400 --> 00:53:45,840this time it was for space on the planes and helicopters.

814

00:53:45,840 --> 00:53:49,360These were faster than the galleys and the trip was over more quickly.

81500:53:50,400 --> 00:53:53,520By this much, had colonial enterprise, effort to govern,

816

00:53:53,520 --> 00:53:58,160shape development from afar changed in 700 years.

81700:54:00,120 --> 00:54:02,360For Galbraith in 1977,

818

00:54:02,360 --> 00:54:07,240the Crusades were overwhelmingly a simple act of colonialism,

819

00:54:07,240 --> 00:54:09,920one that continued to shape the 20th century.

820


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00:54:10,960 --> 00:54:14,800

The long shadow of colonialism has been mentioned

821

00:54:14,800 --> 00:54:18,120and none is so long as that of the Crusades.

82200:54:18,120 --> 00:54:23,240

It remained in the memory of Islam that man had come from afar

823

00:54:23,240 --> 00:54:27,640 with religious purpose and sanction to occupy Jerusalem

82400:54:27,640 --> 00:54:29,760

and to take up the land.

825

00:54:29,760 --> 00:54:34,280 And it continued to be feared that one day they would come back.

82600:54:34,280 --> 00:54:36,880

It was inevitable that any who did return

82700:54:36,880 --> 00:54:39,840

would be viewed with the utmost hostility

82800:54:39,840 --> 00:54:43,720

and especially so if they claimed religious sanction.

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