1859 +, &&l*(Charles R. Darwin, 1809-1 882)FfiB (@J@E?i6) (On the Origin 0fSpecies)-g/jjE, ji,ZZlt,F,*2&lB5-44kS0 (B @Fj$&) Zgbg+@fiU&&(John Dewey, 1859-1952)FfiS, [elJ%T-

JBEHfi$lL\B, B12!3$%i%B~%fiB$4j (I), ~H.~GI+P$Z+@~F~FZ! &-t&ET?EAB'l?E.M, @k%BZltCPa%i9,F,?E%4UH@(l853- 1921). %$ m(1866-1925). BGS(1858-1927). $@j@(1873-1929),

&BB(l891-1962)% A, %%'EB$@SH*lSt%E%(Thomas Hux le~ ,

1825--1895)iYJ~iB%, G$~$ZEk?EZB~@B$E~$P~%fi, B? %;7;B&A,

{BE, G%1'2$a%l%fi72+, $~%(1834-1924)"$P5;11.5Sj-

03, !fG!$X?%itkj&l~T@%A, % <Z.&E%S7&) "' -3 ( 1907qkH

1 John Dewey, The Influence ofDarwin on Philosophy (Bloornington: Indiana

University Press, 1965), pp. 8-9.

2 +6!& : CX&G&SfB (?G$bl: %%BE, 1907W, $*JA~FGIH&3~f% 84%

44 Hao Chang, Chinese Intellecruals in Crisis: Search for Order and Meaning,

1890--1911 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, l987),

pp. 186ff.

t&ikzhG&m*F+e+AEfTB-~a*$9qq8m+E+Eaoq, @ " @ * 89 $ f%.@ 7E1R$k @$,%ljiJ @$)$j(Thomas R. Malthus, w,

1766-1 834)jFlI &%%(Herbert Spencer, 1820--1903)B.tlA @3&56Tfij',% ~ $ k @ @ ~ f t ! & ( s o c i a l ~ a r w i n i s m ) ( ~ ~ ) , ~ ~ * @ ~ ~ ~ & @ ~ ~ * $ &

~+h~~~T+%B~+~$~+~F~D9~~E+~~F~f8R%5I@lEA09 %3, tbzEjFHgo9E3go

4 l l ~ R ~ ~ ~ ~ k ~ ~ G ~ ~ ~ + ~ ~ l l ~ M ~ F ~ T 8 & ~ 9 % ~ ~ ~ ~ a . t L @ , %!rl$k @%jRJ1TrnJRT<iLL :

45 @+James Allen Rogers, "Darwinism and Social Darwinism," Journal of the

History ofldeas, 33: 2 (Apnl-June, 1972), pp. 265-280, k*gq$$$ :James

Allen Rogers%, ?&I'@#S : (&%*Z%%Tkfit&ffX%S), WimHPD, ~ 3 8 ~ ~ 6 ~ J ( I 9 7 3 + 1 2 a ) .

46 mff?gm* ZS@h%IZ4@WJ3f &$3BB%, @%Bert James Loewenberg, "Darwinism Comes to America, 1859--1900," The Ahssissippi Valley Historical

Review, 28:3 (Dec.,1941), pp. 339-368, XgEp. 343, Loewenberggg-B

%*cPE%% :+h@RT~g%E,F,%BW R31W (evolutiofi) fi%$$W @, ft%Tg@%@?f 1+S4@#4R@B%m.B@ O% Bert James Loewenberg,"The Controversy over Evolution in New England, 1859-1873,"

New England Quarterly, 7:2 (June, 1935), pp. 232-257, zffzp. 256,

47 Bert J. Loewenberg,"Darwinism Comes to America, 1859-1900," pp. 339-

368.

48 Bert J. Loewentxrg, "The Controversy over Evolution in New England, 1859-

1873," pp. 223-257.

49 Bert J. Loewenberg, "The Reaction of American Scientists to Darwinism," Ameri-

can Historical Review, 38:4 (July, 1933), pp. 687-701.

50 Peter J . Bowler, "The Changing Meaning of Evolution," Joi~rnal ofrhe Hisfory

of Ideas, 36: 1 (Jan.-March, 1975), pp. 95-1 14.

5 1 Michael Ruse, "Charles Darwin and Artificial Selection," Journal of the Hislory

ofldeas, 36:2 (April-June, 1975), pp. 339-350.

RjLYi9#Z%941+@fiZWh92F~7(l865-l9m), [?%!LA B2BB9Il b , fiIJ4UG%%BB*(William James, 1842-1910)

a%+b9T%GXE-tH?g!k+b9?%, !'l!lzF\*E+fi9Rf~S-f~RG% @ T 9 8 S j 3 3 $ ~ + 89 IJ$~EJ~ t&Ej3ZBBR(Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.,

1 841-1 935)8St&@$aZ@K#FE--fI+Q&89Bf4, jiijE-fB$$,%,

Z fs ?& 8 @ H 2 B;tl go $i 'f @ @ @ 6 (&(Thorstein Veblen,

1 8s7-1929)s~fi~~g~;r%,~,~39~g~~l3~~g r jtl,sfiq;ez+~ 0'.1 I , , rig

f k l @%Wfj9&Nrt(Charles Peirce, 1839-1914)fiq rff?k!${R@EI3 J

(Metaphysical C l u b ) i 4 9 ~ , ~ Z ~ j f j E $ ! @ r f f ~ I t , BB-j-, %Y?j(Chauncey

Wright)%A, ~ F f i ~ ~ ~ $ % ~ f ~ ~ ~ j @ ( ~ ~ ' ,

GJlkZf~,F\?E*BZ2T, 2 8 7 xLlsPJsm*%sG+hF $zT*3z8~J%mE&7-f3Ffi~B ~$S+@k89%%1 (54', B%&H*B lkih3;fSB&i:$Ej3SFfiiF%RSkfi9@JO, 6% 3 Ab9EfPE*Bt%o F$TiZEZ#EE r$W3@lb%%%J , -%.tt;@Mi%fiS$@3%M4bR @' #z) M E S - ~ ~ rgm W ~ ~ P R ~ a i t w 1 i 4 ~ ~ m ~ , . E I ~ j$$ i;i%.lk_l b9~&Zg'~~', Herbert SchneiderE8-%RBB3SH$@!$@

WR r i m 1 m ~ f i 9 ~ ~ ~ + a ~ ~ r n i x c : ~ - ~ E E ~ S E ~ ~ Z ~ ~ ~ ~ : W

52 lAkfi%, &$Paul F. Boller, Jr., American Thought in Transition: The Impact

of Evolutionary Naturalism, 1865- 1900 (Chicago: Rand-McNally, 1969).

53 Philip P. Wiener, Evolution and the Founders of Pragmatism (New York:

Harper Torchbooks, 1949); il$gz Richard Hafstadter, Social Darwinism in

American Thought (New York: George Braziller, Inc., 1959), pp. 123-142.

54 Bj Paul A. Carterm%3, ?@$ Paul A. Carter, The Spiritual Crisis ofrhe Gilded

Age (Dekalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1971).

55 HkB0

56 Herbert H. Schneider, "The Influence of Darwin and Spencer on American

Philosophical Theology," Journal of the History of Ideas, 6:l (January, 1945),

pp. 3-18.

57 @%@, R 5 9 T (4:91;0